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Causes of the Rev. in Fr.
“Little by little, the old world crumbled, and not once did the king imagine that some of the pieces might fall on him.”
― Jennifer Donnelly, Revolution * In regards to Louis XVI
Objectives
Understand the causes that led to the French Revolution
The Old Regime
The Estates General 1st & 2nd estates have privileges 3rd estate pays most of the taxes
Why would this lead to a revolution?
Enlightened Ideas Montesquieu:
divide power so no 1 person can have absolute power
Rousseau: Believed in individual freedoms Direct Democracy
Locke: 3 natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property If govt fails to protect, people can overthrow
Why would this lead to a revolution?
Economic Crisis
Unemployment rate extremely high, especially among lower
class workers
Taxes Tax system - corrupt The ppl w/o money were paying the
most
Economic Crisis Food Shortage/High Prices
The harvest of 1788 was extremely small If not a lot of bread, what happens to the
price? Price of bread skyrockets
High Debt Louis XIV & XVI fought many wars: Fr. support the American Rev The kings rich lifestyle
Versailles Marie – “Madame Deficit”
Why would this lead to a revolution?
Weak Ruler
Indecisive king Put off dealing with the problem
until it was too late Marie
interfered w/Govt Gave bad advice She was Austrian
Why would this lead to a revolution?
Review
The Estates General
Enlightened Ideas Division of Power Individual rights
Economic Crisis Unemployment Taxes Food
shortage/high prices
High debt
Weak Ruler
Solution?
Louis XVI has a huge debt, & needs to pay it off to restore the nations economy
How can he solve this? Can’t tax the lower class or middle class
they have no more money to give Tax the upper class?
When Louis wants to tax the upper class he needs to ….
call the Estates General and the real problems begin
Objectives: Dawn of Revolution
• Explain the outcome of the Estates General meeting
• Explain the effects of Louis the XVI stationing troops at Versailles
The Estates General Meets• The Rules
– 1st & 2nd Estate wanted old rules
– 3rd Estate wanted to meet together
– King sided w/nobles
• The National Assembly– Created by the 3rd
Estate– Pass laws in the
name of the French people
– Declared end to the Absolute Monarchy
– 1st deliberate act of the revolution
The Suggested Voting Pattern:
Voting By Estates
Pattern suggested by the 3rd Estate: Vote by Head!
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
Clergy 1st Estate1
1
1
• Commoners• 3rd Estate
• Aristocracy• 2nd Estate
• Clergy• 1st Estate
• 300
• 300
• 648
Tennis Court Oath
• 3rd Estate– Locked out of the meeting
room
• Broke into a tennis court– Wanted a new constitution– Stay there until they get it– “Tennis Court Oath”
• Louis stations troops in Versailles
• Predict what happens…
The Bastille• WHO:
– City people/third estate
• WHAT:– Parisians storm the Bastille
• WHY:– Swiss guards at Versailles – What message is this
sending?– feared troops were coming to break up the assembly &
kill citizens– Mobs decided to storm the Bastille to get gunpowder
• Great symbolic act of the revolution– still celebrate today – “Bastille Day”
Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789
Y A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.
Y 18 died.
Y 73 wounded.
Y 7 guards killed.
Y It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].
The Great Fear
• WHO:– Peasants in the country
• WHAT:– rebellion spread to the country – peasants attacked nobles – broke into their
houses– tore up papers that show feudal dues they owe
• WHY:– rumors of a plot against common people
Bread Riot• WHO:
– Parisian women
• WHAT:– and broke into Versailles– Demanded that the National Assembly provide
bread– demanded that Louis and Marie return to
Paris
• WHY:– joined in the “Great Fear”– mad about bread prices
• Louis XVI and his family left Versailles, never to return
• Signaled a change of power and reforms• “Let them eat cake”, not really
Objectives
Identify the rights adopted by the National Assembly
Explain the division in the Legislative Assembly
Video: Chapter 4-5 (19:57-30)
The National Assembly adopted:A Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Some nobles and clergy responded to the uprisings• August 27, 1789 – adopted “A
Declaration….”• Stated that men are equal:
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion• Women? Slaves?
Go over answers to the reading
Louis & family tried to escape France
Advisors warned, he was in danger• Tried to escape to the Austrian Netherlands
He was caught• What does this do to his reputation?
people didn’t trust him anymore Increased the influence of his enemies
• Radicals
The National Assembly completed a new constitution
Created a limited constitutional monarchy• like Britain• Their job was done
(remember the Tennis Court?)
Elected the Legislative Assembly• This body could create the laws• the king still had power to enforce the
laws
The Legislative Assembly
split into 3 groups
Radicals - left side
-Opposed the monarchy
-wanted major changes
-wanted a republic
Sans-culottes
Moderates - center
- wanted some reforms
Conservatives – right
-few changes
-liked the king wanted limited monarchy
Émigrés
People influence the government
Sans-culottes
– Parisian workers & shopkeepers
– Wanted revolution to bring change
Émigrés
– Nobles who fled France
– Hoped to undo the revolution
– Restore the Old Regime
Objectives
Identify of the National Convention cause the revolution to become violent.
Analyze how the Directory was formed.
September Massacre
Rumors spread king supporters were going to take over the city
Citizens responded Raided prisons, murdered over 1,000 prisoners nobles and priests were killed as well
Under pressure from the radicalsSet aside the constitutionKing was deposedThe Legislative Assembly ended
The Revolution Gets ViolentThe National Convention
The National Convention Abolished the monarchy declared France a
republic every man had the
right to vote
Leaders were Radicals – Jacobins wanted to remove the
king Jean-Paul Marat
Called for death of all king supporters
Set the revolution on a violent path Louis is tried for treason beheaded by the
Guillotine
Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)
c The trial of the king discovered a secret cupboard of documents.
c Proved Louis’ knowledge of foreign intervention.
c The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.
Robespierre begins the “Reign of Terror”
Set out to build a “Republic… of virtue”wiping out any trace of Monarchydetermined who was an “enemy” of the
stateCommittee for Public Safety
Many killings by Guillotinesome of the Jacobin leaders
Marat
Ruled as a dictatorThis period was the “Reign of Terror”
National Convention turned on Robespierre
Nobody was safe Turned on Robespierre
to save themselves“Down with the
tyrant”
Killed by Guillotine
The Directory is formed
because people were sick of the terror– moderate leaders drafted a new plan – A new Constitution (again)
The Directory– Called for a two-house legislature– 5 man executive body
some were corrupt All moderates but they brought order
– found a general to command France’s armies
Napoleon Bonaparte