ANGEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGYTIRUPUR- 641 665

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai(An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution)

DEPARTMENT FASHION TECHNOLOGYTWO MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

Subject code & name : FT6503 & GARMENT FINISHING AND CLOTHING CARESemester & Year : V & III

UNIT –I

1. Define water hardness.

The presence in water of dissolved calcium or magnesium ions, which form a scum with soap and prevent the formation of lather.

2. What is meant by temporary and permanent hardness?

Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). This "temporary" hardness can be reduced either by boiling the water, or by the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) through the softening process of lime softening

Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfates in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion exchange column.

3. What is hard water? Hard water is the type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard

water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits. The predominant source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful.

4. How is hard water measured?Hard water is usually measured in either PPM (parts per million) or GPG (grains per gallon).17.1 PPM or Mg/L = 1 GPG or PPM or Mg/L divided by 17.1 = GPG (grains per gallon).

5. What is meant by scaling or fouling?Fouling refers to the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces, most often in an aquatic environment. The fouling material can consists of either living organisms (biofouling) or be a non-living substance (inorganic or organic).Fouling phenomena are common and diverse, ranging from fouling of ships, natural surfaces in the marine environment (marine fouling), fouling of heat-transferring components through ingredients contained in the cooling water or gases, and even the development of plaque or calculus on teeth, or deposits on solar panels on Mars, among other examples

6. What do you mean by softening of water?Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water is more compatible with soap and extends the lifetime of plumbing. Water softening is usually achieved using ion-exchange resins.

7. What is the difference between hard water and soft water?It’s the amount of calcium and magnesium in the water. The Water Quality Association of the United States defines hard water as having dissolved mineral hardness of 1 GPG (grain per gallon) or more. Scales are given below:Soft Water - less than 1 gpgSlightly Hard - 1-3.5 gpgModerately Hard - 3.5-7 gpgVery Hard - 7-10 gpgExtremely Hard - over 10 gpg

Unit –II

1. Give the function surface active agents?

Surface active agents is a substance which lowers the surface tension of the water in which it is dissolved Or Surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties

2. What do you mean by saponification?

The reaction between sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide with animal fats or vegetable oils to make soap. This reaction is known as saponification

3. Give the chemical structure for Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate and sops

R – O – SO Na

4. Define: Detergent

Detergent is a synthetic cleansing agents which is made from hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum fraction. It is a kind of petrochemicals.

5. Give the % of carboxylic acid in various oils

OilsPalmitic

acidSteric acid

Oleic acid Linolic acid

Olive oil 7-15 1-3 70-85 3-15

Palm oil 35-45 5 40-50 10

Coconut oil

10 - 7 -

Tallow 30 15-25 40-50 -

6. Give the function of brighteners and builders

Brighteners: The brighteners absorb the invisible ultraviolet and re-radiate it as blue light. Brighteners make fabrics appear whiter and brighter because the blue light can hide any

yellowing on the fabrics. Blue light added to the yellow light reflected on old fabrics make them look white.

Builders To make bulk the soap and it is consists up to 80% in soap content.

7. What are the two parts consists for carboxylate ions in soap when it’s dissolved in water?

a) The ‘Head’1. Negatively charged2. Contains the – C – O – ion (carboxylate)3. It is hydrophilic (like to dissolves water)

b) The ‘Tail’1. Positively charged2. It is s a long hydrocarbon chain3. It is hydrophobic (do not like to dissolves water)

8. Write short notes on Rita-nut and Shikakai

• Shikakai is a natural herbal powder derived from the fruit of the Acacia Concinna tree. The world’s original pH balanced soap

• Rita nuts are a fruit of Sapindus Mukorossi trees. These trees grow in south east India, China, Indonesia and Nepal. This tree has about five to twelve species of shrubs and small tree which grow in tropical and warm climate

9. Give the short notes on a) Optical brightener b) Blueing agents

Optical brightener:The OBA s (optical brightening agents) are most widely used in textiles, paper, detergents and plastics

The optical brightening effect is obtained by the addition of light, which means that the amount of light reflected by the Fluorescent Whitening Agents (also called optical brightener) absorb high energy radiation in the ultraviolet to violet region (330nm-380nm) on the part of characteristic molecules and emit lower energy radiation in blue region in visible spectrum (400nm-450nm), which yields the counteracting the yellowing appearance.

FWA should be transparent on the substrate and should not absorb the visible region of the spectrum. The OBAs are effective only when the incident light has a significance proportion (such as daylight) of UV rays. When material treated with OBAs is exposed to UV black light source, it glows in the dark. Anionic OBA’s exhaust on cotton, wool and silk. cationic OBA’s exhaust on acrylic and certain polyesters and nonionic OBA’s are exhaust on all synthetics.The application of a fluorescent whitening agent on textile material a "whiter than white" optical effect can be achieved. Blueing agents

It is a household product used to improve the appearance of textiles, especially white fabrics. Used during laundering, it adds a trace of blue dye to the fabric.

To make fabrics appear whiter and brighter because the blue light can hide any yellowing on the fabrics.

10. What do you mean by soap?

Soap is a cleaning agents produced by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide with animal fats or vegetable oils

11. What are the two alkali used for soap making process?

The common alkalis used in soap making are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic soda; and potassium hydroxide (KOH), and also called caustic potash.

12. Give the chemical structure for soaps.

General formula: RCOOˉNa+ or The structure of a soap molecule is represented below:

CH3-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2- CH2-CH2- COO− Na+

UNIT III

1. What are the advantages of using fusible interlining?

Reduces the manufacturing time and hence the production is increased. It replaces the time needed for the basting Low the labour cost. Reduces the operators' skill and fatigue. Consistent quality of seams can be achieved by using laminate instead of using ordinary

traditional interlining. Fusible interlining provides alternative method of garment construction

2. What are the objects of Pressing?

To smooth away unwanted creases and crush marks To make creases where needed To mould the garment to the contour of the body To prepare garments for further sewing To finish the fabric after manufacturing

3. Give the function for thermostat in iron box.

Regulate the temperature of the iron box according types of flbres.To maintain the temperature during ironing

4. Give the types of steam iron.

Kettle typeFlash boiler type

5. Give the function of Collar and Cuff pressing m/c.

To smooth away unwanted creases and crush marksTo give the proper shape for Collar and Cuff

6. Give the Temperature level for ironing of various types of fabrics.

Fibres Safe ironing temp

Linen 200°C

Cotton 180°C

Wool 160°C

Silk 160°C

Nylon 160°C

Polyester 160°C

Acrylic 120°C

Rayon 120°C

Modacrylic No ironing

7. What do you mean by Trouser topper?

Trouser topper is a pressing machine and it used for to press legs and waist band section of trousers simultaneously and give the proper shape for trouser.

8. What is “Laundering”?

Laundering means removing dirt from clothes by washing and then finishing them (i.e, starching, ironing) thereby giving them a neat and clean appearance.

9. What are requirements needs for fusing

The interlining used should not affect the desired aesthetic properties of the design.

The strength of the bond of the laminate must withstand subsequent operations in garment manufacturing and flexing, washing

Fusing process must take place without "strike-through" or Strike-back". ( The softened resin should not go right through the right side of the face fabric or should not come out of the interlining base cloth. These problems are called "strike-through" or Strike-back» respectively)Fusing must not cause thermal Shrinkage of the outer fabric, ( lead to improper sizing and shaping of the parts). The temperature used for fusing should not lead to sublimation of dyes which will cause shade variation between fused and un-fused parts. Fusing must not lead to crushing of piles. When fusing is done for some special purpose garments, it shouldn't affect the ultimate functional properties. For e.g. water proof or fire proof materials.

10. Mention the advantage of flatbed fusing machine.

Simplest version and can be kept at anywhere. Low cost when compare to other fusing machines. Easy maintenance and less complex system. It reduces fabric shrinkage by applying uniform pressure throughout the fusing cycle. What is the role of shirt press m/c and iron box in finishing room Shirt press m/c is process of smoothing out wrinkles and crushes marks and mould the

garment to the contour of the body. Ironing is the process of smoothing out wrinkles and/or removing moisture by Heat, Pressure

and Friction, often with application of moisture or steam 11. What you understand by sole plate?

This is the base of the iron. Its lower surface is highly polished so that it can glide smoothly over the fabric to be ironed. In many irons there is a coating of Teflon which prevents sticking as well as corrosion

12. Give the following details for house hold iron. i) Weight ii) Wattage

Weight - Not weight more than 800 gramsWattage - 750W, 220- 230V single AC phase

13. What Purpose Teflon coatings apply to sole plate in the iron box?

Teflon coating is prevents sticking as well as corrosion

14. List out the resin names of used for interlining fabrics

Resins name are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, poly vinyl chloride and plasticized poly vinyl acetate.

15. What are the essentional requirement consider for resin used in interlining?

The temperature must not to be high which will affect the garment. The maximum temperature is 1750 C and common is 1500 C

The fusing temperature must not to be too low that the bond is inadequate to withstand. The resin should withstand washing and dry cleaning. The thermoplastic characteristics of the resin must not to lead to "strike-through" or Strike-

back". It must provide desired handle and harmless. It must be white or transparent

16. Write the function of boiler in garment industry.

To provide the steam for ironing, pressing, dry cleaning and fusing process.

17. Classify the pressing equipments.

a. Iron b. Steam Press

Press claddingCollar and Cuff PressTrouser topper

c. Steam Air Finisher Shirt and Garments finisher

d. Form Finishere. Tunnel Finisher

18. Mention the advantage of shirt pressing machine and trouser topper.

To give shape for shirts and trouser To easily remove the wrinkles and crush marks in the garment To provide better appearance and attractiveness for the garments