CC6052 Lecture Week 6 MSS Types 2012

7/30/2019 CC6052 Lecture Week 6 MSS Types 2012

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Week 6

Management Support Systems

Outline of different types of MSS

Nature of support offered

CC6052Management Support Systems

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Last two weeks

Management

functions, roles, levels, productivity

Decisions

categories, disciplines, cognitive style, etc.

special session on judgement and decision-making

Decision-making

theory, phases, approaches, models Data and information

types, sources, processes, value, characteristics

Support for management decision-making2


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This week

A brief outline of different types of MSS: Management Information Systems (MIS)

information reporting systems, databases

Executive Information Systems (EIS)

Business Intelligence (BI)

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

DSS and Group DSS

Expert Systems (ES)

rules enhancing the use of a specialist database

mimicking experts

What support do MSS provide? 3


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Management Information Systems (MIS)Systems providing feedback onorganisational activities

and supportingmanagerial decision-making

Sometimes used to mean:

Information Reporting Systems

Systems to generate reports containing information

that can be used to support decision-making

Periodic reports

Exception reports

Ad hoc reports

including end user ad hoc query and reporting tools

MIS: Information Reporting Systems

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Management Information Systems (MIS)

Provide information to management, typically based on

summarised operational (i.e. internal) data

may be derived directly from the TPS database itself

or

operational data may be periodically migrated to a

specific reporting database

could be a simple copy or a more sophisticated transformation

suitable for reporting purposes

reporting database might be called a data mart

MIS and Databases

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Executive Information Systems

Systems used bysenior management

select

retrieve

manage information

to support theachievementof an organisation'sbusiness objectives


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Executive Information Systems

Characteristics

easy-to-use graphical user interface, e.g. anexecutive dashboard

provide reporting and analysis (OLAP*) features

enable managers to drill down from

summary information to detail data

based on an organisation-wide repository of information,e.g. adata warehouse(with data from multiple TPS sources)

* OLAP = Online analytical processing - do not confuse with OLTP! 8


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From: http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/welcomegroups/main.dashxml

(14 October 2010)

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From: http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/welcomegroups/main.dashxml (14 October 2010)

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From http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/welcomegroups/main.dashxml

(14 October 2010)

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http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/EuropeanPopulations/main.dashxml#cordaDash=1002(14 October 2010)

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http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/examples/sales/main.dashxml#cordaDash=1000


(14 October 2010)

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From http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/welcomegroups/main.dashxml


(14 October 2010)

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From: http://centerview.corda.com/corda/dashboards/welcomegroups/main.dashxml(14 October 2010)

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http://www.dashboardinsight.com/dashboards/screenshots/corda-centerview-dashboard.aspx

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Dashboard design winner 2012: http://www.perceptualedge.com/blog/?p=1374 17


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(7 November 2012)

Dashboard design runner-up 2012:http://www.perceptualedge.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/dashboard-competition-runner-up.png

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19/49From: http://www.iexecutivedashboard.com/solution/screenshots.html


(7 November 2012)

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20/49From: http://www.iexecutivedashboard.com/solution/screenshots.html


(7 November 2012)

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From: http://www.iexecutivedashboard.com/solution/screenshots.html


(7 November 2012)

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(7 November 2012)

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Unlimited Drill Downs

Drill Downs

both Vertically and Horizontally

Custom Views

Track Projects and Milestones with Email Alerts

Trending of Data

Create "if then" expressions for detailed analytics

Advanced Charting and Graphing

Detailed Reports


Features offered by Executive Dashboard

(commercial product):

(7 November 2012)

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Effectively identify, track, trend, and correctproblems

as you evaluate the health ofkey areasof your organization

Continually identify operational efficiencies

Proactively identify and apply corrective measures


Executive Dashboard promises

(commercial product):

(7 November 2012)

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Business Intelligence... a broad category of applications and technologies for

gathering

storing

analysing

providing access to data

to help enterprise users makebetter business decisions

Visit

Microsoft's BI website: http://www.microsoft.com/bi/default.aspx

Jaspersoft: http://www.jaspersoft.com/

http://www.domo.com/#video


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http://www.microsoft.com/bi/default.aspxhttp://www.jaspersoft.com/http://www.domo.com/http://www.domo.com/http://www.jaspersoft.com/http://www.microsoft.com/bi/default.aspx


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Business Intelligence

an industry term covering a wide range of applications and

technologies including:

Data warehouse

Data mining

Decision Support Systems

Ad hoc query and reporting tools

Statistical analysis

Forecasting Performance management

OLAP (Online analytical processing - multiple views of data relationships)

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Decision Support Systems

Computer-based IS that provide managers with

information

tools

to support semi-structured and unstructureddecision-making


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Decision Support Systems support decision making in all its phases

use data (similar to MIS), with

significant analysis capabilities(e.g. using modelling techniques)

link intellectual resources ofpeople

with computing capabilities

to improve decision quality

can support the process by helping to identify

a range of valid solutionsto a given problem28


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Group Decision Support SystemsSpecialist software to bring a group together to solve problems with the

help of polling, questionnaires, brainstorming and scenario creation

uses special-purpose software, hardware and location

designed to encourage positivegroup behaviour

ideas generation, conflict resolution, freedom of expression

designed to minimise negativegroup behaviour

destructive conflict, miscommunication and 'group-think'

Group Decision Support Systems

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From Database to Expert System

Adatabaseis a collection of related data

Aknowledge-based system (KBS)uses factsand heuristics (rules of thumb) as experts do

Anexpert system models human competencein a particular specialist field; it may use facts

and rules, and deal with uncertainty30


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Modelling knowledge

Knowledge is treated as any

rules

facts

truths

reasons

heuristics

acquired from experts that have been founduseful in the problem solving domain

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Expert Systems & AI Languages

An expert systemis a KBS that mimicsthought processes to solve problems in a

particular domain

Artificial intelligencelanguages can beused to build KBS and expert systems

PrologandLispare used in this context to

build expert systems We will look at some simple Prolog

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Prolog

Prolog comes from logic programming

In Prolog we can

represent facts

askquestions

usevariables(e.g. what is X?)

constructrules

A collection of Prolog facts can be regarded as adatabase

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Prolog

Factsin PrologFact Meaning

valuable(gold). Gold is valuable

female(jane). Jane is femaleowns(john, gold). John owns gold

father(john, mary). John is Marys father

likes(joe, fish). Joe likes fish

likes(joe, mary). Joe likes Marylikes(mary, books). Mary likes books

likes(john, books). John likes books34


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Prolog We can ask questionsof our Prolog database

?- likes(joe, money).no * nothing in the factsto say that Joe likes money

?- likes(mary, joe).

no *just because Joe likes Mary, it does notmean Mary likes Joe

?- likes(mary, books).

yes * Mary likes books is storedin the database

?- king(john, france).

no * nothing in the factsto say that John is the King of France

In Prolog, nomeans not as far as I know rather than definitely not

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Prolog

We can ask a questionusing a variable

Is there something that John and Mary both like?

?-likes(mary, X), likes(john, X).

X = books;

no

Prolog tells us that John and Mary both like books

There is nothing elserecorded that they both like37


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Prolog

Using rulesin Prolog, we no longer needeverything to be represented as facts

We can ask the Prolog database a questionusingrulesas well as facts

We can also ask a questionusingvariables

within a rule(e.g. Who is a sibling of Alice?)39


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Prolog

Facts- the Prolog databasemale(albert).

male(edward).

female(alice).

female(victoria)

parents(edward, victoria, albert).parents(alice, victoria, albert).

If we now ask a questionusing ourrule:sibling-of(alice, edward).

yes *Alice and Edward have the same parentssibling-of(alice, fred).

no * Fred is not in the database, so Prolog says "no"

http://blog.londonconnection.com/?cat=1image from:(14 October 2010)

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Prolog

How could we amend the rule to ask if someone is

the sisterof someone else?

Could someone be theirownsister?

How could we specify this (in English)?

These are the kinds of problems faced in building anexpert system

- getting the facts and rules right

- making the tests in the correct sequence 41


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Expert System... decision-making computer software

designed toimitatehuman expert

performance in aspecialisedfield

Expert Systems (ES)

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Expert Systems (ES)

Expert System

expertise of a human expert extracted using knowledge

acquisition techniques

'knowledge' stored as facts & rules- used as required

makesinferencesand arrives at a specific conclusion

consists of knowledge base, inference engine and user

interface

shell - expert system without the knowledge

enables creation of expert systemjust add knowledge!

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ManagementLevel

DecisionTypes IS Support

Strategic

Tactical

Operational

EIS

BI & OLAPGDSS

DSS & GDSS

ES

MIS

TPS (OLTP)

ES

Types and levels of decisions:Types of IS

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ManagementLevel


Strategic

Tactical

Operational

EIS

BI & OLAPGDSS

DSS & GDSS

ES

MIS

TPS (OLTP)

ES

Types and levels of decisions:Types of IS Expert system offering decision

that would otherwise require

human expertise

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ManagementLevel


Strategic

Tactical

Operational

EIS

BI & OLAPGDSS

DSS & GDSS

ES

MIS

TPS (OLTP)

ES

Types and levels of decisions:Types of IS Expert system offering decision

that would otherwise require

human expertise

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ManagementLevel


Strategic

Tactical

Operational

EIS

BI & OLAPGDSS

DSS & GDSS

ES

MIS

TPS (OLTP)

ES

Types and levels of decisions:Types of IS Senior managers have

acquired expertise throughexperience

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Example of a DSS application package

www.expertchoice.com (free 15-day trial available!)

Business intelligence / OLAP / ad hoc query & reporting tools

http://www.jaspersoft.com/http://www.jaspersoft.com/regForms/download-30day-trial/index.php?leadsource=PPC-

Google&gclid=CJTNgtjJxasCFcIKfAodCgMz1A (free 30-day trial)www.businessobjects.com (see Product Overview page)

www.cognos.com (see Product Overview page)

www.hyperion.com

www.oracle.com/technology/products/discoverer

Expert Systems search for Mycin, Prospector, DENDRAL (well-known early ES)

search for Emycin (empty Mycin - expert system shell)

http://www.ghg.net/clips/CLIPS.html

Useful website and examples

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Chaffey, D. (ed.), 2003, Business Information Systems, 2nd ed., FT

Prentice Hall

Management information systems: pages 252 - 263

Laudon, K. & Laudon, J., 2004, Management Information Systems, 8th ed.,

Pearson Prentice Hall

Database Trends: pages 234-238 + DSS, GDSS + EIS: pages 349-364

Lucey, T., 1997, Management Information Systems, 8th edition, Continuum

Computers and MIS: pages 224 - 233

Turban E. & Aronson J.E., 2001, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent

Systems (6th edition), Prentice Hall Business Publishing

MSS - an overview: pages 13 - 23

Whiteley, D., 2004, Introduction to Information Systems, Palgrave

Management Information: pages 171-184 + ES: pages 161-169

Further reading

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CC6052 Lecture Week 6 MSS Types 2012

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