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Section 504 Update for CCC Faculty
Karen HaaseHarding & Shultz
(402) [email protected]
H & S School Law
@KarenHaase
Section 504: Who cares?• Parents care (a LOT)• Student care• The Office for Civil Rights care • YOU should care:
http://www.kmtv.com/news/local/191746861.html
Disability Law Education
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10
504 and ADA
Section 504 applies to recipients of Federal financial assistance Title II of the ADA applies to public
entities, including public elementary and secondary schools and state colleges and universities
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504’s General Provisions Both statutes provide that qualified
individuals with a disability may not, on the basis of disability, be:• Excluded from participation• Denied the benefits • Otherwise subjected to discrimination
504 Principles for College: May not discriminate based on disability Must make academic adjustments
necessary to ensure requirements do not discriminate Must ensure students with disabilities are
not discriminated against due to absence of auxiliary aids for students with impaired sensory, manual, or speaking skills
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504 Principles for College: College and student should use an
“interactive process” to determine appropriate academic adjustments and auxiliary aids and services that meet the student’s individual needs Academic adjustments and auxiliary aids
and services must be provided in a timely manner
13
504 Principles for College:• If a college student wants an academic
adjustment or auxiliary aids and services, the student has the responsibility to notify the college of his or her disability and need for the academic adjustment or auxiliary aids and services
• Colleges do not have an affirmative duty to identify, evaluate, or develop a plan that provides FAPE
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When are 504 accommodations
required? When the student has a physical or
mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities AND
Student is in need of either regular ed with supplementary services or special ed. and related services
When the student has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities AND
Student is in need of either regular ed with supplementary services or special ed. and related services
When are 504 accommodations
required?
When the student has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activitiesAND
Student is in need of either regular ed with supplementary services or special ed. and related services
When are 504 accommodations
required?
When the student has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities AND
Student is in need of either regular ed with supplementary services or special ed. and related services
When are 504 accommodations
required?
What constitutes a “substantial limitation?”
504 regs do not define: “The Department does not believe that a definition of this term is possible at this time.”
Phrase is to be defined by local education agency
“substantial limitation?”Congress: a major life activity is substantially limited when “the individual's important life activities are restricted as to the conditions, manner or duration under which they can be performed in comparison to most people.”
Disability Defined by 504A person has a disability under Section 504 if he or she has a mental or physical impairment, has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment which substantially limits one or more major activities.
Changes to ADA
Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471 (1999) The ADA Amendments Act of 2008
increased the number of individuals who qualify for accommodation under both the Americans With Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Major Changes First, the definition of “major life activity”
has expandedNow include but are not limited to:Caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.
Major Changes First, the definition of “major life activity”
has expandedNow include but are not limited to:Caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.
Major Changes Second, interpretation of “substantially
limits” has been changed• Must evaluate impairment that is episodic or in
remission in active state• Must not consider mitigating measures
Episodic Impairments Asthma Chron’s Disease IBS Any other disease that can “come and
go” or has good and bad days
No “Mitigating Measures”
A student may be eligible under Section 504 even if the student’s disability or condition is controlled or mitigated, whether by medication, technology, etc. This means you may be evaluating
a hypothetical student
Mitigating Measures
Mitigating Measures Medication Medical supplies, equipment, appliances Low-vision devices (NOT ordinary
eyeglasses or contacts) Prosthetics Hearing aids/cochlear implants Learned behavioral or adaptive
neurological modifications Reasonable accommodations or other
auxiliary aids or services
Transitory Impairments A “transitory impairment” is defined
as an impairment with an actual or expected duration of six months or less. “Any impairment the duration of
which is less than six months would not constitute a disability.” James A. Garfield (OH) Local School
Dist., 52 IDELR 142 (OCR Feb. 19, 2009).
So, Let’s Get Practical
Admission • Colleges may not deny admission, on
the basis of disability, to qualified students with disabilities
• Students with disabilities do not have to disclose their disability before admission, or after admission unless they want academic adjustments or auxiliary aids or services
33
Pushkin v. Regents of Univ. of Colo.,10th Cir.
• MD with multiple sclerosis applying for medical residency in Psychiatry unit
• Denied admission• Admissions committee
– Concerned about how patients would react– Hadn’t come to terms with his disability– Would not be able to handle stress– Would require too much medical care to satisfy
requirements of residency34
Pushkin v. Regents of Univ. of Colo.,10th Cir.
• Court: College loses• No individualized inquiry• Committee relied on 45 minute
interview• Stereotypes and assumptions
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Northern Oklahoma College,32 NDLR 198 (OCR 2005)
• Hearing impaired student enrolled in radiation tech program
• After admission, informed college that she needed interpreter on 1:1 basis for all classes
• College sought to revoke admission to the program
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Northern Oklahoma College,32 NDLR 198 (OCR 2005)
• OCR reasonable basis to investigate• College settled
–Provided interpreter–Counseling service to ensure student
remains on track to graduate–Monitoring by OCR
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Academic Adjustments • Must make modifications to academic
requirements to ensure requirements do not discriminate on the basis of disability
• Examples of possible modifications are: – change in length of time to complete a
program– substitution of courses – adaptation of manner in which courses
are conducted40
Gluckenberger v. Boston Univ,(OCR 2011)
• Class action against BU by students with learning disabilities principally because BU discontinued allowing substitutions of foreign language courses
• BU allowing substitutions would lower academic standards
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Gluckenberger v. Boston Univ,(OCR 2011)
• Court: BU engaged in deliberative process in determining which majors needed foreign language
• Cannot refuse course substitutions per se, but can show on a program by program basis
43
Auxiliary Aids Colleges must take such steps as are necessary to ensure that no student with a disability is denied the benefits of, excluded from participation in, or otherwise subjected to discrimination because of the absence of educational auxiliary aids for students with impaired sensory, manual, or speaking skills.
44
In re Bakersfield College,(OCR 2011)
• College funding cut; shortage of sign language interpreters
• When interpreter not available, class was videotaped and interpreter watched later with student
• Student still had to attend classes• Roughly 6% of classes had to be taped
45
In re Bakersfield College,(OCR 2011)
• College “well intentioned and creative” but violated federal law
• Students couldn’t ask questions• E.g. of automotive class• Funding cut is irrelevant • Videotaping could have been ok:
needed to engage in interactive process with students beforehand
47
Examples of Auxiliary Aids• Taped texts• Notetakers• Interpreters• Readers• Adapted classroom equipment • Braille versions of written materials• Use of calculators in math
48
What Is Not Required • Colleges are not required to provide
devices or services of a personal nature• Examples:
–Attendants– Individually prescribed devices–Readers for personal use or study
49
Accessible Communications & Auxiliary Aids (ADA)
• Communications must be “as effective as” communications with non-disabled
• Public entity must furnish “appropriate” auxiliary aids and services where necessary for equal opportunity
• Must give “primary consideration” to requests of person with disability but is not required to honor preference if effective alternative is available
50
Tests/Examinations • Test format and administration should
measure student’s achievement, not impaired sensory, manual, or speaking skills (except where such skills are the factors the test purports to measure)
• Examples of possible modifications: – tape vs. print– extended time– Reader– Calculator
51
Wynne v. Tufts Univ. Sch. Of Med.,(1st Cir. 1991 and 1992)
• Student has learning disability• Asked college not to use multiple choice
tests• College refused• Student academically dismissed • Sued claiming failure to provide
reasonable accommodation
52
Wynne v. Tufts Univ. Sch. Of Med.,(1st Cir. 1991 and 1992)
• Court: college must show “it sought out reasonable means of accommodating students with disabilities”
• First appeal: send down for more evidence
• Second appeal: college won– Multiple choice teaches critical thinking skills– Other options explored – Testing change would lower academic standards
54
Appropriateness of Auxiliary Aids
• College is not required to ensure students have the most sophisticated auxiliary aids available
• College does not necessarily have to provide the requested service, only ensure that an appropriate service is provided
• Aids provided must meet the needs of the student with a disability
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Appropriateness of Auxiliary Aids
• College is not required to produce identical result or level of achievement
• College must afford equal opportunity to:–obtain the same result,–gain the same benefit, or–reach the same level of achievement
56
57
Range of Services
• Different services for different disabilities
• Different services depending upon the nature and extent of disability (functional limitations)
• Different services for different academic programs
Service Animals
59
Service Animals
• Different services for different disabilities
• Different services depending upon the nature and extent of disability (functional limitations)
• Different services for different academic programs
Service Animals ADAAA: public facilities cannot refuse to
allow disabled individuals access due to their disability
United States v U of Neb at Kearney,(D. Neb. 2013)
• Student with depression and anxiety had therapy dog
• UNK refused to allow dog to live in dorms
• UNK: dog is pet, not service animal • Justice department intervened on behalf
of student
61
United States v U of Neb at Kearney,(D. Neb. 2013)
• Court: college housing covered by the ADA and Fair Housing Act
• Student has verified disability; dog verified service animal
• Trial set for May, 2014
63
Service Animal Defined Dog or miniature horse Trained to do work or perform tasks for
the benefit if individual with disability Service must be directly related to
disability “Service” is not
• Emotional• Crime prevention• Companionship
Training Issues
College MAY NOT require proof of training or other certification
May require animal to be removed if • out of control • Animal not housebroken
Section 504 Update for CCC Faculty
Karen HaaseHarding & Shultz
(402) [email protected]
H & S School Law
@KarenHaase