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OSI & TCP/IPReference Model
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On completing this session, you will be able to:
Describe OSI Reference model
Describe TCP/IP Reference Model
Objectives
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Standard for Networking
ISO OSI Reference Model:(In OSI, all networking processes are divided into logicalgroups, called layers)
TCP/IP Reference Model:(TCP/IP is a condensed version of OSI reference model)
Protocols: (Four types)
LAN Protocols : TCP/IP, SPX/IPX, ATWAN Protocols : HDLC, PPPRouted Protocols : IP, IPXRouting Protocols : RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS
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APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSIONTRANSPORT
NETWORK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL1
2
3
4
5
6
7 ISO has defined the generic
Networking standard, calledOpen System Interconnect
(OSI)
OSI Reference Model - 7 Layers
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Keeping differentapplications data separate
User Interface
How data is presentedSpecial processing such as
encryption
TelnetHTTP
ASCII
EBCDICJPEG
Operating System/Application AccessScheduling
Transport Layer
Data Link
Network Layer
Physical
EXAMPLES
Session
Presentation
Application
Role of Upper Layers
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TCPUDPSPX
802.3 /802.2HDLC
EIA/TIA-232, V.35
IPIPX
Presentation
Application
SessionEXAMPLES
Role of Lower Layers
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit
Combines bits into bytes andbytes into frames
Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Network Provide logical addressing which
routers use for path determination
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Encapsulating DataEncapsulating Data
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Network
Upper Layer Data
Upper Layer DataTCP Header
DataIP Header
DataLLC Header
0101110101001000010
DataMAC Header
PresentationApplication
Session
Segment
Packet
Bits
Frame
PDU
FCS
FCS
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Upper Layer Data
De-encapsulating DataDe-encapsulating Data
LLC Hdr+IP+TCP+Upper Layer Data
MA C H e a
d e r
IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
L L C H e a
d e r
TCP+ Upper Layer Data
I P H e a d
e r
Upper Layer Data
T C P H e a d e
r
0101110101001000010
Transport
Data Link
Physical
Network
Presentation
Application
Session
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Broadcast DomainA group of computers receiving broadcast frames initiatedfrom any device within that group is known as a broadcastdomain.
Collision Domain The network area in Ethernet over which frames collisionwill be deducted. Collisions are propagated by hub & repeater and not by LAN Bridges, Switches and Routers.
Domains
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Q 1
1. Which OSI layer deals with errorcorrection?
A) Physical LayerB) Data Link LayerC) Network LayerD) Transport Layer
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Q 2
2. Which protocols belongs to the OSItransport layer?
A) TCPB) UDPC) SPXD) All the above
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Q 3
3. Which OSI layer converts frames intopackets?
A) Data Link LayerB) Network LayerC) Session LayerD) Physical Layer
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7
6
5
4
3
2
5
4
3
2
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical1
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Physical1
TCP/IP Vs OSI reference model
OSI TCP/IP
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Application Layer Overview
*Used by the router
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Physical
File Transfer- TFTP *- FTP *- NFS
- SMTPRemote Login
- Telnet *- rlogin *
Network Management- SNMP *
Name Management- DNS*
File Transfer- TFTP *- FTP *- NFS
- SMTPRemote Login
- Telnet *- rlogin *
Network Management- SNMP *
Name Management- DNS*
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Transport Layer Overview
Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)
User DatagramProtocol (UDP)
Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)
User DatagramProtocol (UDP)
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Physical
Connection-Oriented
Connectionless
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Internet Layer Overview
OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control MessageProtocol (ICMP)
Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)
Reverse AddressResolution Protocol (RARP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control MessageProtocol (ICMP)
Address ResolutionProtocol (ARP)
Reverse AddressResolution Protocol (RARP)
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Physical
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TCP Segment Format
Source port (16) Destination port (16)
Sequence number (32)
Headerlength (4)
Acknowledgement number (32)
Reserved (6) Code bits (6) Window (16)
Checksum (16) Urgent (16)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies)
20Bytes
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
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Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN received
Send SYN, ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)
Established(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)
Host A Host B
1
2
3
SYN received
TCP Three Way Handshake
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IP Datagram
IP Version(4)
Destination IP Address (32)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies if any)
1Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
HeaderLength (4)
Priority & Typeof Service (8) Total Length (16)
Identification (16) Flags(3) Fragment offset (13)
Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16)
Source IP Address (32)
20Bytes
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No sequence or acknowledgment fields
UDP Segment Format
Source port (16) Destination port (16)
Length (16)
Data (if any)
1Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
Checksum (16)
8Bytes
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Internet Control Message Protocol
Application
Transport
Internet
Data Link
Physical
Destination
Unreachable
Echo (Ping)
Other
ICMP1
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Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMP
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)PING: ICMP echo request (Source to Destination)
ICMP echo reply (Destination to source)Time Exceed
Destination Unreachable:-- Network Unreachable-- Host Unreachable-- Port Unreachable-- Protocol Unreachable
Dont Fragment & Trace route# ICMP Message: (Represents Symbols)!!!!! : Indicates successful delivery of all packets.!!!! : 1st Packet dropped (Lack of Synchronize).. : All Packet lost????? : Destination unknownm.m.m.m.m : Dont fragmentu.u.u.u.u : Unreachable destination
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LAN Protocol
TCP/IP, SPX/IPX, AT
Default LAN protocols are vendor neutral standard andenable in all manufactures machine
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WAN Protocol
Default WAN protocols : HDLC and PPP
HDLC (High-Level Data Link connection ) Cisco proprietary default WAN protocol
CISCO CISCO
PPP (Point-to-point) Industry standard default WAN protocols
Juniper CISCO
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Protocol Standard
Routed Protocols: IP, IPX User protocol carrying routing information when knowing the
path
Routing protocols:
IGP (Interior Gateway routing protocol)RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS
BGP (Border Gateway routing protocol) ibgp (Interior Border Gateway routing protocol) ebgp(Exterior Border Gateway routing protocol)
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Q 4
4. Which is a connectionless protocol?
A) IP
B) TCPC) UDPD) DHCP
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Q 5
5. What are the default WAN protocols ?
A) TCP/IP
B) HDLC & PPPC) RIP, EIGRP & OSPFD) All the above
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Q 6
6. Define ICMP message type for Destination unknown ?
A) !!!!!B) m.m.m.m.mC) ?????D) u.u.u.u.u
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Q&A
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Summary
In this session, you have learnt to: OSI Reference model TCP/IP Reference Model
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Quizzes & Assignments
The quizzes & Assignments related to thissession are available on the learning portal.
OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Reference Model
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Whats Coming Up
In the next session, you will learn about
Cables & types of cables Different types of Racks How to Crimping a cable Identification and marking of cables
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Feedback
1. How do you rate this session?
A) Excellent
B) GoodC) Satisfactory
D) Poor
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