Faisal Al Wahedi & Zin Eddine Dadach

Higher Colleges of Technology

Joint Belarusian-Emirati Scientific Symposium

ADMC, March 17th, 2015

Carbon Capture

Utilization & Storage

CHANGE OF SLOPE AFTER THE SECOND

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CO2 emissions for 2014 are set to rise again to

40bn tons comparing to 32bn tons in 2010.

Carbon dioxide (26%) is not as strong a greenhouse gas as

water vapor (58%), but it absorbs energy in wavelengths

(8-15 micrometers) that water vapor does not, partially

closing the “water vapor window” through which heat

radiated by the surface would normally escape to space.

What is happening in the atmosphere ?

COULD BE LINKED TO CO2 PARTIALLY

CLOSING THE WATER VAPOR WINDOW,

ELECTRICAL POWER IS VITAL FOR GLOBAL

ECONOMY BUT 80% OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY IS

STILL FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS

Main source of CO2 emissions

WORLD ENERGY DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE

BY 50% OVER THE NEXT 30 YEARS,

We will continue to depend on combustion of fossil fuels

AS A CONSEQUENCE, ATMOSPHERIC CO 2

CONCENTRATIONS ARE EXPECTED TO INCREASE

THREE SCENARIOS ARE WAITING FOR US

3.5 0c

2.8 0C

1.8 0C

To prevent the most severe impacts of climate change,

the international community has agreed that global

warming should be kept below 2ºC compared to the

temperature in pre-industrial times. That means a

temperature increase of no more than around 1.2°C

above today's level.

To stay within this ceiling, the scientific evidence shows

that the world must stop the growth in global

greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 at the latest,

reduce them by at least half of 1990 levels (12 BILLION

TONS) by the middle of this century and continue

cutting them thereafter.

CLIMATE ACTION

MARCH 6TH, 2015

11

As energy demand continues to rise, intensive actions

are therefore required to cut CO 2 emissions fast….

Increasing Switching to Wide Implementation

Can be implemented on a large scale.

Potential of storing 236 billion tons of

CO2 globally by 2050.

33% reduction in global CO2 emissions

in 2050 compared to today’s emission

levels (2007)

CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE

Today’s costs of CCS ranges from US $40 to $80/tCO 2 and may be even higher, depending on technologies and storage site location.

This cost typically includes:

$30-50/tCO2 for capture & compression,

$5-20/tCO2 pipeline transport (100-200 km)

$5-10/tCO2 for injection, storage and monitoring.

The high capital cost of CO2 capture technologies is often cited as a key barrier by the potential CCS developers and investors .

70 to 80% of the operating cost of a CCS plant is due to the large amount of energy needed during the capture of CO 2 using available technologies

OBJECTIVE 2030: Assuming reasonable technology advances, the CCS costs is projected to fall down to some $30 -35/tCO2

CCS COSTS, LIKE OTHER CLIMATE

TECHNOLOGIES, MUST BE LOWERED.

POTENTIAL MARKET FOR CO2

CO2-EOR AS CARBON CAPTURE

UTILIZATION AND STORAGE

It is estimated that some 300–400 million tons of CO2 will be

required for every billion barrels of incremental oil to be recovered.

STAGES OF CO2 CAPTURE & STORAGE

CO2

Electrical power

POWER GENERATION PLANT

Fuel ?

More environmentally

friendly fuel?

More Impurities & Higher Global Warming Potential with

Heavier Fuels

NATURAL GAS IS THE PREFERRED FUEL

As a result, flue gas has a percentage of CO2 in flue gas of about 3-3.5% and a high concentration of O2

However, to keep the temperatures in the natural gas

turbine at permissible levels, the combustor has a

typical overall excess air ratio in the range 3 to3.5.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONFLUE GAS RECIRCULATION INCREASES % CO2 AND

DECEASES % O2 IN THE FLUE GAS

CO2 CAPTURE

*Winner: Post combustion CO2 capture

Issue: CO2 : 3-15%

---------------------------------

*Build new plants

*Oxygen production expensive (chemical looping and ion transport membranes)

---------------------------------

*Air Separation needs considerable energy

* Corrosion resistant materials

CO2 CAPTURE STRATEGIES

POST COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE

TECHNOLOGIES

Solvents – aqueous amines and salts

Membranes – polymeric

Biological ( Living organisms- Enzymes)

Solid sorbents – Lime, zeolite, activated

carbon

The only immediately realizable and mature

CO2 capture technology is the chemical

absorption by amine solutions.

ISSUE ABOUT CO2 ABSORPTION BY MEA: CLASSICAL PRIMARY AMINE MEA NEEDS A LARGE

AMOUNT OF HEAT FOR ITS REGENERATION

40-450C 90-1150C

3-10 % CO2

95% CO2

Amine Carbamate

How to reduce heat consumption ?

It is l ikely that advanced amine solvents wil l be used for the first generation of CO2 post-combustion capture because of the advanced state of development of amine absorption.

DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON

CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES

10-15 years

MEA

TODAY

.

ADVANCED AMINE SOLVENT : FAST REACTION + LOW ENERGY FOR REGENERATION (low concentration of MEA mixed with high concentration of ter t iary amine ) .

Dr. Larochelle, University of Texas, USA : MEA + (MDEA/PZ) of fers 22% energy savings over the classical MEA.

The hindered amine 2-Amino-2-Methyl -1-Propanol (AMP) is also used by some companies (Mitsubishi ) instead of MDEA .

“ADVANCED AMINE” SOLVENT?

Recently Ionic liquids are introduced as new family of solvents to be tested for CO2 Capture. ILs are salts with melting points below 1000C

Ionic liquids need less energy in the desorber than classical amines (CO2 physically absorbed)

ILs are environmentally -friendly alternatives to amine solvents.

Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs)

Task Specific Ionic Liquids (TSILs) with amine moiety is introduced in the structure to enhance CO 2 absorption.

Inconvenient: Very viscous and have lower rates of absorption than amines.

CO2 CAPTURE BY “IONIC LIQUIDS”

An aqueous amine solution mixed with ionic liquid was proposed and the results are the following:

The energy consumption of the mixed (Ionic liquid + MEA amine) solution in the desorber was 37.2% lower than that of aqueous MEA amine solution alone.

Publication Date: January 2014; American Chemical Society

REDUCING COST OF CO2 CAPTURE :

MIXING AMINES WITH IONIC LIQUIDS

CO2 COMPRESSION

CO2 COMPRESSION FROM CAPTURE

TO STORAGE CONDITIONS

It requires significant power to boost the pressure of CO2 from the

regeneration column pressure (1 Bar) to a pressure suitable for injection of

150 Bars because storage of CO2-EOR is more efficient if CO2 is above its

supercritical conditions (P > 7.4 MPa and T> 300 K).

Compressors Only Compression +

Liquefaction + Pumping

COMPRESSION STRATEGIES

17% energy saving from traditional

compression with compressors.

CO2 TRANSPORT

Many point sources of captured CO2 would not be close

to geological storage facilities. The main forms of

transportation are pipeline & shipping.

TRANSPORT OF CO2

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 STORAGE OPTIONS

CCUS= Enhanced Oil Recovery

CRUDE OIL RECOVERY TECHNIQUES

Minimum Miscibility Pressure is the minimum pressure required formiscibility between CO2and the reservoir oil.

MMP depends on reservoir conditions (pressure, temperature, and oil composition).

MMP needs to be determined (Rising Bubble method) for the specific candidate oil field in order to estimate the needed CO2 injection pressure.

CO2- EOR efficiency depends on the minimum

miscibility pressure in the reservoir

Injection Pressure

MMP

Immiscible Flooding: At pressures below MMP,

injected CO2 does not mix with the oil within

the reservoir, but causes the swelling of the oil,

improving mobility and increasing oil recovery.

Miscible Flooding : At pressures above the

MMP, the injected CO2 does mix completely

with the oil to form a low viscosity fluid that

can be easily displaced and produced.

DECIDE BETWEEN MISCIBLE &

IMMISCIBLE CO2-EOR

GLOBAL CO2-EOR PROJECTS

MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE

Miscible process has an estimated additional 10-15% recovery of

OOIP, compared to immiscible displacement process (5-10%).

Asphaltene precipitation is the main concern about miscible

flooding.

MISCIBLE CO2-EOR PROCESS :

WAG INJECTION

Water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection involves alternately

injecting small volumes (0.01–0.04 HCPV) of CO2 and water.

The total amount of CO2 injected usually ranges from 0.2 to 0.6

HCPV. The final drive fluid is water.

Traditionally, CO2-EOR projects have been

designed only to enhance crude oil

production. Amount of CO2 injected

minimized (Cost).

New CO2-EOR Strategies need to use more

CO2 injection wells to be able to store a

larger amount of CO2.

EVOLUTION OF CO2-EOR TECHNOLOGY

“State of the Art” CO2-EOR : The injection of much larger volumes of CO2 at 1.0 HCPV (hydrocarbon pore volume) rather than the smaller (on the order of 0.6 HCPV) volumes used in the past.

STATE OF THE ART CO2-EOR

“Next Generation” CO2-EOR : After using the “State of the Art” CO 2

EOR, the “New Generation” miscible CO2-EOR technique will

Increase Oil Recovery Efficiency and expanding CO2 Storage

Capacity by increasing the volume of CO 2 injected into the oil

reservoir from 1.0 to 1.5 HCPV

NEXT GENERATION CO2-EOR

“Second Generation” CO2-EOR:will target both the main pay zone plus an the underlying residual oil zones (ROZs), with continued CO2

injection into and storage in an underlying saline aquifer, including injecting after completion of oil recovery operations.

“SECOND GENERATION” CO2-EOR:

NEXT GENERATION SECOND GENERATION

CO2-EOR CO2-EOR CO2-STORAGE TOTAL

CO2 STORAGE

(Million Metric

Tons)

32 76 33 109

Storage Capacity

Utilization

22% 53% 23% 76%

Oil Recovery

(million barrels)

92 180 180

NEXT GENERATION VS. SECOND

GENERATION

PAYING FOR CCS

A cost for CO2 emissions (Carbon Tax) could provide the economic rationale for CCS projects

CCS economic viability could also be based on an business agreement to sell its captured carbon to another company for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

New technologies to reduce the cost.

OPTIONS TO MAKE CARBON CAPTURE

AND STORAGE ECONOMICALLY VIABLE

EXAMPLE OF BUSINESS

AGREEMENT FOR CO2-EOR

One of the largest EOR projects worldwide using

anthropogenic CO2 is the Weyburn project in

Canada,

The CO2 required for EOR is produced at Dakota

Gasification Company’s synthetic fuel plant in

Beulah, North Dakota, USA

The project is expected to produce 122 million

bbls of incremental oil, extending the field life by

20-25 years and increasing the oil recovery to

34% of OOIP (Original Oil In Place).

The risks due to leaks of CO2

from geological reservoirs fall

into two broad categories:

Global risks involve the release

of stored CO2 to atmosphere.

Local risks include hazards for

humans, ecosystems and

groundwater.

It has recently be proposed that

leakages rates of 0.01 % per

year will be establish as the

performance requirement for

geological storage of CO2.

CO2 STORAGE SAFETY:

RISKS FROM LEAKS OF STORED CO2

SOME POTENTIAL ESCAPE ROUTES FOR CO2

CO2 STORAGE SECURITY

The engineered bio-

mineralization process

produces biofilm and

mineral deposits that

1) Reduce permeability of

geologic media.

2) Modify geochemistry of

brines to enhance CO2

solubility and mineral

precipitation.

SEALING TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE CO2

STORAGE SECURITY

WILL LEAKAGE COMPROMISE CCS AS A

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION OPTION?

• Fraction retained in appropriately selected

and managed geological reservoirs is

–very likely to exceed 99% over 100

years,

– likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.

"Likely" is a probability between 66 and

90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99%

Release of CO2 from ocean storage

would be gradual over hundreds of years

LEGAL ISSUES

A rigorous regulatory process that has broad

public and political support will be required if

CO2 is to be sequestered underground on a

large scale

Some sort of international monitoring system

will be needed if countries or companies are

going to engage in international trading of

credits related to sequestration of CO2

CONCLUSION

CAPTURE : COST

The economic viability of CCS on a global scale depends on the price that governments and people put on environmental and ecosystem viability.

STORAGE: SAFETY

Unless it can be proven that CO2 can be

permanently and safely stored over the long

term, the option will be untenable, whatever

its additional benefits.

COST EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES TO REDUCE CO 2

EMISSIONS IN THE UAE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Faisal Al Wahedi & Zin Eddine Dadach (Higher Colleges of Technology)

Industrial Engineering and Management, 2-4, 1-9, 2013

.

FOR COLLABORATION:

Simulate a CCUS project

based on the proposed

steps and evaluate its

cost using HYSYS, ICARUS

and other Aspen tools.