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CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

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COST EFFECTIVE PRACTICES FOR CLEAN WATER Hye Yeong Kwon, Executive Director Center for Watershed Protection, Inc.
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Page 1: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

COST EFFECTIVE PRACTICES FOR CLEAN WATER

Hye Yeong Kwon, Executive DirectorCenter for Watershed Protection, Inc.

Page 2: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

• 501c3, started in 1992; offices in MD, VA, PA, NY

What we do• Distill research into practical tools• Provide local watershed services• Train others to manage watersheds• Association/ membership services

Your first source for best practices in watershed/ stormwater management

Page 3: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Stormwater BMP Cost-Effectiveness StudyJames River Basin, VA

• Evaluation of all urban practices• Costs and pollutant removal• Case study in the City of Richmond

Page 4: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Methods: BMP Selection

• 34 urban practices– 26 CBP practices with approved efficiencies– 5 CBP practices with recently approved expert

panel recommendations– 2 CBP practices under review by expert panel– 1 additional practice reviewed: pet waste

programs• Status of CBP BMP review panels available on

Chesapeake Stat website

Page 5: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Methods: Cost Estimates

• King and Hagan (2011): Costs of Stormwater Management Practices in Maryland Counties

• Additional studies, data and assumptions used for pet waste programs, illicit discharge elimination, stormwater retrofits, and urban growth reduction

• Considered 20-year life cycle costs, including:– Design and construction– Land values and financing– Operations and maintenance

Page 6: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Methods: Cost-Effectiveness Formula

Cost effectiveness ($/lb) =Annual pollutant reduction (lbs)

Average annual cost over 20 years ($)

For TN, TP, and TSS:

Page 7: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Results: Most Cost-Effective Practices for Nitrogen Removal

1. Pet waste programs2. Illicit discharge elimination: sewer repair3. Illicit discharge elimination: cross

connections4. Forest buffers5. Urban stream restoration

Page 8: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Results: Most Cost-Effective Practices for Phosphorus Removal

1. Pet waste programs2. Illicit discharge elimination: sewer repair3. Illicit discharge elimination: cross

connections4. Urban stream restoration5. Forest buffers

Page 9: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Results: Most Cost-Effective Practices for Sediment Removal

1. Urban stream restoration2. Illicit discharge elimination: sewer repair3. Urban growth reduction4. Retrofit of existing dry pond (conversion to

wet pond or wetland)5. Vegetated open channels (A/B soils, no

underdrain)

Page 10: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Case Study

Three scenarios developed:1. Old CBP approved practices, no

implementation constraints2. Current CBP approved practices, with

implementation constraints 3. All practices, with implementation

constraints

Page 11: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Case Study

Initial estimates for stormwater pollution reduction in the City of Richmond = $305 million

$84 million$64 million$68 million

Page 12: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Illicit Discharge

A discharge to storm sewer system that is not composed entirely of storm water except permitted discharges and

fire fighting related discharges

Page 13: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water
Page 14: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Findings from recent studies27-40% of outfalls have dry weather flow

Average Dry Weather Flow "Hit" Frequencyfor 5 Mid-Atlantic Watersheds

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Any Wastewater Tap water Washwater Bacteria (co-indicator)

Type of Indicator

Per

cen

t

Page 15: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

57%

43%

Other activities

Removal of illicit discharges

Estimated percent of required total nitrogen reduction that can be met through removal of illicit discharges in Western Run

*Illicit discharge load estimates based on single grab sample

Sligo Creek required 79% reduction and 17% could met be through illicit discharge elimination

Page 16: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

*Assumes 50K per repair for 47 repairs

**Assumes 100% of the water quality volume provided by treating 1" of rainfall

Cost Comparison

$0

$20,000,000

$40,000,000

$60,000,000

$80,000,000

$100,000,000

$120,000,000

Practice

Co

st Total Nitrogen

Total Phosphorus

Illicit discharge elimination is a cost effective approach to nutrient management

Page 17: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Why should governments get credit for something that they are required to do?

• Illicit discharges fall through the cracks of MS4 permits and Consent Decrees

• MS4 permit requirements and guidance for IDDE is deficient

• Pollution load from illicit sources has not been accounted for in the Bay Model – coordinated action and response is needed

• We need more tools in the toolbox

Page 18: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

What are gross solids?

• Litter: Human derived trash such as paper, plastic, Styrofoam, metal and glass greater than 4.75 mm

• Organic Debris: Leaves, branches, seeds, twigs and grass clipping greater than 4.75 mm

• Coarse Sediments: Inorganic breakdown products from soils, pavement, or building materials greater than 75 microns (0.075mm), & fragments of litter and organic debris not included in the other two categories

Page 20: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Cost Summary ComparisonAnnual cost to remove equivalent annual TN load

The cost-effectiveness of stormwater controls for nitrogen removal.

Practice Type of practice Equivalent Annual cost ($/lb N/IC1 ac)

Bag filter Structural $691

Bioretention (new, suburban) Structural $335-$6342,3

Wet pond (new) Structural $7334

Street sweeping Non-structural $1655

1 Based practice life expectancy of 10-years. 2 Costs for other practices based on King and Hagen (2011) over a 20-year period and an urban loading rate of 14.1 lb TN/acre. 3 Range represents a removal efficiency of 45% and 85% from Simpson and Weammert 2009. 4 20% removal efficiency for TN from Simpson and Weammert 20095 Berretta et al. 2011 expressed as lb N/year

Page 21: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Discharge Flow Types•Pathogenic & toxic discharges

•Sanitary wastewater•Commercial & Industrial discharges

•Nuisance & aquatic life threatening discharges•Landscaped irrigation runoff•Construction site dewatering•Automobile washing•Laundry wastes

•Unpolluted discharges•Infiltrating groundwater•Natural springs•Domestic water line leaks

Page 22: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Other ToolsStream RestorationMaintenance of Stormwater BMPsCrediting New from EPA/ CBPLow Impact Development/

Green Infrastructure

Page 23: CCW Conference: Cost effective practices for clean water

Hye Yeong Kwon, Executive [email protected] ext 212


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