CD~'RESEARCH - dtic.mil · 5 6,0 mepoo2a e200297 onan dje a 5000 5 60 mepoo2a e200937 onan dje b...

- MF

[AD

"Report 2326

PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL-TYPE ENGINES

IN MILITARY EQUIPMENT USING SYNTHETIC CRANKCASE OILS

by <•0 Gene H. Austin

Thomas Bowen,Lewis Cheek 11Basil Zanedis

June 1981

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

-L&J

U.S. ARMY MOBILITY EQUIPMENT7~[RN CD~'RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMANDFORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA

8 12 30046

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

The citation in this report of trade names of commercially available products does notconstitute official endorsement or approval of the use of such products.

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When DOata Entered)REPORT DOUMENTATION PAGE REDNSRUTIN

BEFtORE COMPLEI[;[NG FORM1. REPORT NUMBER " , OVT ACCESISION NO . I- ME IRIENTrS -CAAL.OG NUMBlER

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOO COVERED

PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL-TYPE ENGINES FinalIN MILITARY EQUIPMENT USING SYNTHETIC , REPORT NUMBERCRANKCASE OILS

7. AUTNOR(e) 9. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSER(a) -. ,

Gene H. Austin, Thomas Bowen, Lewis Cheek,Basil Zanedis

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ACORES$ 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKAREA s WORK UNIT NUMUERSEngineering Div, Elec Pwr Lab, DRDME-EESUS Army Mobility Eqaipment Research and Development E78 Proj 3584Commanld: Fort Bel~voir, VA 22060

11. CONTROLLI1G OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

US Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development June 1981Command; Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 13. NUMBER Of P4GES

189

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME S ADORE S$(it dillerent from CoRtholtIVng Ollic*) I3. SECURITY CLASS. (of Ohle report)

UnclassifiedIS. ODECL'ASSII1CATION/OOWNGRADING

IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie •Lsport)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

;7. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract eutered In block 20. If different Ifom Report)

'o. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Continue on toeetee aide It noreeaary and Identify by bock numnbeo)

Synthetic Crankcase OilsDiesel Engine LubricationDiesel Engine ReliabilityOil Change Intervals !

• Oil Analysis20. ABSTRACT (Continue an revereo side It necesesay stid Idenlify by block nuotber)t

"--"---;ý'The invLstigation was to determine the possibility of eliminating crankcase oil changesin engincs used in Military equipment. Based on the results, it appears that an extendedoil change interval can be used which would result in significant savings.

DD 1 1473 EDITION OP I Nov SS IS OBSOLETE

•oDDJAN , UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)

i-.

AMM

1k

sUNCLASSIFIEDt [CURiITY CLASSIFICAtION OF TIS PAOE(N9hn Del. EntweE)

I

UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGaErWhn D.tv Frntltod)

-, Em•

SUMMARY

Recent claims by industry regarding the use of synthetic oils for engine crankcaselubrication necessitated an investigation of the possibility of eliminating crankcase oiland filter changes in Military engines and equipment. Such claims state that syntheticengine oils outperform conventional oils by providing better high-temperature stability,reduced oil consumption, better oil-pressure retention, and reduced engine wear.

Investigation of the industry claims was accomplished under a two-phase test programusing synthetic crankcase oils to effect a "no drain add makeup oil" crankcase servicingprocedure for fielded Military equipment. Phase I consisted of testing the small hore 1.5-,3-. and 6-hp Military Standard Gasoline Engin"s and Phase It consisted of testing the

DO1) Diesel Engine-Driven Generator family 5- to 100-kW sets.

Phase I was initiated in 1977 and a total of 11,653 hours was accumulated on thegasoline engines using two different synthetic oils. The engines were run for 1500 hourswithout an oil change. Chemical and spectrometric analyses were obtained from samples,however, these data were not pl-ted because of the high oil consumption. Oil consump-tion using synthetic oil was about twice that of conventional oils making it decidedlyuneconomical and unworthy of serious consideration. No excessive wear or detrimentaleffects were observed from the use of synthetic oils during this testing.

Phase 11 was initiated in 1978 and included 12 production generator sets utilizing 6different diesel engine models and 2 dirferent synthetic oils. Although some sets ran for5000 hours without an oil change. most required a change at about 3400 hours. Thereason for the oil change was the loss of the alkaline reserve, not viscosity or wear metallevels. A total of 55,100 hours of engine operation was accumulated. Following comple-tion of the tests, all engines were torn down for inspection. No excessive wear wasdetected that could be attributed to use of synthetic oil.

Based on these test results and the average usage rate per year, the oil change intervalI

for the diesel sets using synthetic oils could he extended to a 1W)-hour or 1-year changeinterval. This polie) 3s shown in tlue econlomic analysis would yield almost a milliondollars per year savivgs over current drain intervals. This d.(s not include the savings inman-hours or the logistics of stocking less oil.

AOOSSion For _.

TIS GIRWDTIC IM'

.... ... . .....:....,...

in!S- -.-.- - -'-,**''~.;- -. ~. -.111

PREFACE

Gene H. Austin, Support Equipment Branch, Engineering Division, Electrical Power

Laboratory, compiled the final report.

The inspections and the evaluation of wear patterns on critical engine parts were madeby Thomas Bowen. Energy and Watet Resources Laboratory.

The test data were collected and compiled by Lewis Cheek, Product Assurance andTesting Directorate.

The analyses and interpretation of the oil sample data were performed by BasilZanedis, Material Technology Laboratory.

The day-to-day monitoring of the test program was performed by Ernest Fitzgibbons,Support Equipment Branch, Engineering Division, Electrical Power Laboratory.

iv

- -,, ,, L1J•V'.~- ~- ~ I

TIM

CONTENTS

Section Title P

SUMMARY

PREFAITE

ILLUSTRATIONS vi,

TABLES

INTRODUCTION

1. Statement of the Putpose2. Background

PROCEDURE

3 .Approach II

4, Description of Test Program35. Description of Oil Analyses and Sampling Procedures 9

III TEST RESULTS

6, Oil Analyses Test Data 1

7. oil Consumption Data

8. Di-.cussion of Oil Analyses 12

9. Engine Teardown Inspections 1

10, Economic Analysis 2

IV CONCLUSIONS]11. Conclusions

30

APPENDIX -OIL ANALYSES TEST DATA 31

IJ

v

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 'Title Pg

1 Percent Cost Reduction - Synthetic vs Petroleum Oil 25

2 Synthetic Oil Cost vs Base Cost MIL-L-2 104C 26

S3 Dollars vs Oil Change Interval 27

4 Cost Comparison vs Generator Size 28

5 Oil Consumption vs Generator Size 29

vi

N..

TABLES

Table TMie Pa

1 Phase I Gasoline Engines 2

2 Phase II Diesel Engine-lDriven Generator Sets 2

3 Endurance Load-Cycle Schedule Phaie I ud Phase 1I 4

4 Servicing and Aijust&rient Schcd. - PhasV 1 6

5 Cnhmical Oil Analysis 10

6 Spectrometric Oil Analysis II

7 Sumtriary of Oil Consumption - Phase II 13

8 Summary of New and Used Oil Analyses - Phas 11 (Oil A) 18

9 Summnary of New and Used Oil Analyses - Phase II (Oil B) 19

10 Summary of Enyjne Deposit Ratings 20

I • Summary of Engine Condition 21

12 Engines and Lubricants 23

Vii!I[ H

PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL TYPE ENGINES IN

MILITARY EQUIPMENT USING SYNTHETIC CRANKCASE OILS

I. INTRODUCT 'IN

1. Statement of the Purpose. The purpose of this test program was to determine ifa "no drain add makeup oil" concept for gasoline and diesel engines used by the Army isfeasible without affecting the reliability and life cycle of th,- engine in the DOD Familyof Gasoline and Diesel Engine-Driven Generator Sets.

2. Background. A Production Engineering Measures (PEM) project was submittedand approved in 1977 for a two-phase test program to evaluate synthetic crankcase oile ingasoline and diesel engines. The DOD family of generator sets was chosen because thegenerator offers a ready means of loading the engine and provides an economical meansof conducting the tests. Additionally, baseline data had already been established on theDOD family of generator sets using conventional MIL-L-2104C oils.* This baseline servesas a basis of comparison in both performance and in making an economic analysis. The200-kW set was not tested because a baseline had not been established using MIL-L-2104C oil and because of the high cost of fuel.

II. PROCEDURE

3. Approach.

a. Phase 1. Phase I was conducted from December 1977 to May 1978. Twelv-engines (four each 1.5-, 3-, and 6-hp) were used for the performance and endurancetesting. The engines were tested for 1500 hours eaco. Tests were conducted by the Elec-trical and Mechanical Division, Product Assuri.-ce and Testing Directorate,

MERADCOM.

b. Phase 11. Phase II was conducted from December 1978 to September 1979.

Twelve production DOD diesel engine-driven generator sets powered by six differentdiesel engines were subjected to long-term endurance tests. Total test time for Phase II

was 55,100 hours. Tests were conducted by the Electrical and Mechanical Division, Pro-duct Assurance and Testing Directorate, MERADCOM.

c. Test Units and Test Time. The types and sizes of engines are shownin Table 1 for Phase I. The types and sizes of generator sets, the makes and models of thediesel engine powering each set, and the accumulated number of hours for each set are in-cluded in Table 2 for Phase II.

Cheater R. Gumki. John W. Dreger. and Ernest Fitagibbons. EXTENDED OIL-CHANGE AND OIL-FILTER-CIHANGE INTER-VALS FOR DOD 5- TO 200-KILOWATT DED GENERATOR SETS, MERADCOM Relmn 2234 (March 1978).

i1

-. ' -

Table 1. Phase I Gasoline Engines

Power Frequency Engine Serial(kW) (Hz) Number Engine Model Oil Type Hours

.5 60 M041390 I A08 C 1500

.5 60 M0413 24 1 A08 C 1500

.5 60 M040306 1A08 D 1500

.5 60 M041348 1A08 D 11531.5 60 N85753 2A016 C 15001.5 60 N85426 2A016 C 15001.5 60 N85531 2AO16 D 15001.5 60 N85719 2AO16 D 15003 60 J97508 4A032 C 15003 60 J103367 4A032 C 15003 60 J103290 4A032 D 15003 60 J103361 4A032 D 1500

Table 2. Phase 11 Diesel Engine-Driven Generator Sets

Power Frequency DOD Set Serial(kW) (Hz) Model Number Engine Mouel Oil Type Hours

5 6,0 MEPOO2A E200297 Onan DJE A 50005 60 MEPOO2A E200937 Onan DJE B 430010 60 MEPOO3A E200052 Onan DJF A 470010 60 MEPOO3A E200053 Onan DJF B 480015 60 MEPO04A R220030 White A 480015 60 MEPOO4A R221277 White B 440030 60 MEPOOSA R251233 White A 500030 60 MEPOOSA R251245 White B 490060 60 MEP006A F201243 A.C. 3500 A 460060 60 MEPOO6A F201254 A.C. 3500 B 4700

100 60 MEPOO7A U200709 Cat D333T A 4600100 60 MEPO07A U200697 Cat D333T B 4300

2

2.

4. Description of Test Program.

a. Phase I. Phase 1 eonsisted of performing both a chemical and a spectrometric

analysis of oil samples takeni at 2(K-hour points for the model 1 Al ( engine and at100-hour points for the models 2A016 and 4AO32 engines for the 1500-hour duration.

b. Phase I1. Phase 1i ctuoisted of performing both a chemical and a spectro-mnetric analysis .)f oil samples takent at 1(K)-hour points for the duration of the Vx)0-hourtest. All other engine and generator set maintenance and servicing were performed in ac-cordance with the technical manuals applicable to each size set.

c. Receiving Ifnspectionl. Each gtrnerator set was inspectedl and checked forpropr operation. Engines were changed in the four 15- and 30-kW sets to evaluate thecommercial version of the White DI98ER and D29BER engines. These commercialF engines are identical to the ones being used in the sets except that, the bore size has beenincreased from 3.750 to 4 inches. LAog books were maintained for each set and includedan account of set operations, servicing, and maintenance performed- failures- and allother pertineait information relating to operation. Notations were included regarding fueltype and sulfur content, identification of type synthetic oil used, and fuel and oilconsumption.

d. Preparation of Sets for Test. The generator sets were prepared for operationit, accordance with the procedures contained in the applicable technical manuals. An ex-ternal fuel supply line was connected to the set. An oil sampling valve with the necessaryplumbing was installed on each engine in the lube oil gallery to provide a means for tak-ing oil samples during the course of the endurance test.

e. Instrumentation. Various temperature, pressure. and electrical parameterswere measured in order to determine performance of the engine and the generator. All in-struntents were of laboratory grade and were maintained under a periodic calibrationprmgram.

f. Fuel and Lubricants. The fuel used for Phase I was unleaded gasolineconforming to Federal Specification VV-G-169()B. and the fuel used for Phase I1 wasgrade DF2 diesel fuel conforming to Federal Specification VV-F-80OB. The lubricatingoils used were:

OIL C OIL D

PHASE L: Ester Base Ester Base

OIL A OIL B

PHASE 11: Alkylated Benzene with Polyalpha Olefin with

Petroleum Base Ester Base

3

1L

AU6- . .'

Phase I oils were SE/CC-quality-level products qualified under Military Sp.ýcification

MIIrLA61521 The Phase I! oils were SE/CD-quality-level oils.

g. Pre-Endurance Operation. All starting and operating procedures were inaccordance with the applicable technical manuals except for oil changes and oil filter

h. Endurance Tests. All tests were conducted as follows:

Phase I:

Phac Tst and Run-In

Maximum Power Test - Pre-Endurance and Post-EnduranceEndurance Test - 1500 Hours (See Table 3)Teardown and Inspection

Table 3. Endurance Load-Cycle Schedule Phase I and Phase II

Step Number Total Time (Hours) Load Condition

1 24 50% Rated Load2 4 0% Rated Load3 24 1000% Rated Load4 24 25% Rated Load5 24 75% Rated Load

Phase II:

All tests were conducted in accordance with MIL-STD-705 as follows:

4

METHOD

640.1c Pre-Endurance Maximum Power Test670.1a Pre-Endurance Fuel Consumption Teat

Endurance Test (See Table 3)640.1c 500-Hour Maximum Power Test640.1c 1000-Hour Maximum Power 'rest640.1c 1500-Hour Maximum Power Test and Fuel Consumption Test640.1c 2000-Hour Maximum Power Test670.1a 2000-Hour Fuel Consumption Test640.1c 2500-Hour Maximum Power Test670.1a 2500-Hour Fuel Consumption Test640.1c 3000-Hour Maximum Power Test640.1c 3500-Hour Maximum Power Test and Fuel Consumption Test640.1c 4500-Hour Maximum Power Test and Fuel Consumption Test640.1c Final Maximum Power Test670.1a Final Fuel Consumption Test

The following logbook entries were made during each shift as applicable:

Date, shift hours, and total elapsed test hours all adjustments were made.Information regarding scheduled maintenance performed.Title and test method number of all performance tests performed.Explanation of all shutdowns.Results of periodic, visual inspections.All failures which occurred and repair parts used. ,Oil added.

i. Oil samples. Each oil sample was identified with the following informationon the label:

Generator set serial number.Total number of hours that oil was used.Total number of engine operating hours.Pertinent 6ervicing, maintenance, failure, and parts replacement since last oil

sample was taken and amount of oil added if any since last sample.

j. Scheduled Maintenance. Maintenance was performed in accordance withTable 4 and the following maintenance schedules:

5

I -t* 4 ' . j. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-

Table 4. Servicing and Adjustment Schzaute -- Phase I

Before Hours'Between ServiceTest Periods During Test Item

X 8 All maintenance, such as tightening andmtorquing nuts, bolts, and screws.

Parts, components, and accessories replace-ment or any major maintenance that requiresremoval of other components, accessories, orshrounding, such as oil pans, cylinder heads,

and connecting rods shall be recorded withcause determination.

X a Cleaning, regapping, or replacing spark plugs.

X b Servicing fuel filter.

X 250 Checking compression pressures.

X 8 Adding lubricating oil.

X 8 Adjusting carburetor.

X b Cleaning carburetor.

X 8 Adjusting govenor (normal speed adjustment).

X c Changing lubricating oil.

X c Changing lubricating oil filter element.

X 100 Servicing air cleaner.

X a Adjusting and dressing breaker points.

X a Adjusting ignition timing.

X b Cleaning combustion chamber and manifolds.

X a Replacing breaker points.

X a Replacing condensor or coil.

6

Table 4. Servicing and Adjustment Schedule - Phase I (Cont'd)

Before Hours Between ServiceTest Periods During Test Item

500 Retorque head nuts (250 in-lb).

b Gasket replacement.

a As required by apparent misfire or Ion of power.

bIf required.C To be determined by oil analysis.

Phase UI Maintenance Schedule 5- Through 10-kW

8-1lour Check:

* Perform visual inspection.

* Check oil level; add oil when the level is at or below the "add oil" mark. Secure 5- and10-kW. Check oil level after 5 minutes.

i • Check battery level. :

100-Hour Check:


* Remove one 1-ounce size oil sample.

• Remove one 4-ounce size oil sample for the 5- and 1O-kW size sets on even 100-hourpoints; i.e., 200, 400, 600 etc.

• Remove one 8-ounce size oil sample from the 15- through 100-kW size sets on even100-hour points; i.e., 200, 400, 600, etc.

• Check oil level; add oil to return level to "full" mark on dip stick.

0 Check shutter assembly for proper operation.

* Check V-belts for proper condition if applicable.

* Replace air cleaners on 15- through 100-kW Pize sets.

7

4,

iA

* Check coolant level.

* Clean crankcase breather.

C Clean fuel transfer pump filters.

NOTE: On 5- and 10-kW:

• Adjust governor and throttle linkage if niecessary.

* Clean dust cap on air cleaner.

500-Hour Service to be Performed at1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, and 5000 Hours:

* Change fuel filters.

* Check and adjust valve tappet clearance.

* Remove oil samples (see 100-hour service sheet). "I* Check oil level and return to full mark on dip stick.

* Check shutter assembly for proper operation.

• Clean fuel pump transfer pump filters.

* Change air cleaners on 5- and 10-kW size sets.


* Conduct a short-term 608.1 and a maximr' in power test (640.1 or 640.3).

1000-Hour Service to be Performed at 150C, 2500, 3500, and 4500 Hours:


* Remove one 1-ounce size oil sample.

* Check oil level and return to full mark on dip stick.

* Check shutter assembly for proper operation.

! ... ... . . .. ..8

I.- !1

* Replace all belts. I* Change fuel filters.


0 Clean fuel pump transfer pump filters.

S Check and adjust valve tappet clearance.

t 'heck compression pressures.

* Check injectors for proper operation.

"* After above test, conduct a short-term (M08.1 and a maximum power test (640.1 or 640.3).

"• Perform 2-hour fuel consumption test.

2500-Hour Service to be Performed at 2500 and 5000 Hours:

"* Check injector for proper operation.

0 Obtain compression pressures.

* Perform 500-hour wervice.

5. Description of Oil Analyses and Sampling Procedures.

a. Oil Analysis. A description of the chemical and spectrometric oil analysesperformed during this program is included in Tables 5 and 6. The warning limits out-lined for the spectrometric analysis were established through coordination with therespective engine manufacturers. The manufacturers cautioned that the wear-metal con-centrationk. could vary between engines depending upon basic internal engine construc-tion, type of service (i.e., duty cycle), and the regularity with which routine maintenanceis performed.

9

I• • I

<- .= 4.o

z Z

-CIA 0 go= -ao . •

1-1

00 u

A vm

woEE cc

o UEn 12U) 0

r4 go

I I *O.i~ Iii!Iii lii~ '~10

Table 6, Spectrometric Oil Analysis.

Allis Chalmers Model No. 3500 Caterpillar Model No. D333T

Warning Limit Warning LimitMetal Parts (p/m) Parts (p/m)

Aluminum Pistons 80 Pistons 18Blowers Main BearingsBearings Rod Bearings

Oil-Pump BushingTiming Gear BushingCrankshaft Thrust BushingFuel-Pump Lifter

Tin Bearings 30 Bearings 40

Chro-nium Piston Rings so Piston Rings 20Shafts

Lead Bearings 60 Overlay on Main dnd Rod 75 4Bearings

Silicon Air-Cleaner 30 Air-Cleaner Element 30Element

Iron Piston Rings 125 Crankshafts 120Cylinders Cylirder LinersShafts Camshaft

Connecting Rod and Gears

Copper Bushings 60 Rocker-Arm Bushings 30Bearings Wrist-Pin Bushings

Timing-Gear Thrust WasherGovernor BushingFuel-Transfer-Pump BuslungOil-Pump-Drive Thrust Washer

t 11

.S.

b. Sampling Procedures.

(1) One 4-os size sample was taken for chemical analysis after thefirst 100 hours of engine operation and after each 200 hours of operation thereafter in t€5- and lO-kW generator sets. One 8-ou sample was taken after th first 100 hours ofengine operation and after each 200 hours thereafter for the 15- through 1l0-kWgenerator sets. One i-oz size sample was taken for spectrometric analysis after each 100hours of engine operation.

12) Spectrographic Procedures, The Jarrell-Aih Model 750 Atom Counter,Atomic Emission, Direct-Rcading Spectrometer was used in the analysis. The electrodesused were National, Disc Type L 4075 AGKSP 4-irnch diameter, /I.inch thick, CounterElectrode Type 1,3957 AGKSP V4-inch rounded upper 1/16-inch radius. Maximum im-purity of the electrodes: Aluminum 0.5 p/hn, iron 0.4 phn, copper 0.5 p/m, sioaa 2.4 p'm.The instrument was standardized with Continenta! Gil Company CONOSTAN TypeD-20 metallo-organic standards in the following concentrations: 0, 10, 30, 50, 100, and300 p/m ranges.

III. TEST RESULTS

6. Oil Analyses Test Data. During this program, the results of the chemicaland spectrometric oil analyses were tabulated and plotted by use of a Cal Comp Plotter.This computer printout technique greatly simplified making decisions as to oil condition.These tabulations are given in the Appendix to this report.

7. Oil Consumption Data. Oil consumption data are given in Table 7.

8. Discussion of Oil Analyses. Resu.;s are discussd in the following paragraphsfor Phase I and Phase II and are presented graphically in the Appendix.

a. Phase i. The oils used in Phase I are formulated for gasoline engines andtherefore are different from those used in Phase 1I. The oil conmumption of the gasolineengines was much higher than when MIL-L-2104C oils were used. There was no degrada.tion of the oils as determined by chemical and spectrometric analyses. The engines ranthe entire endurance test without an oil change. However, the high oil consumption hadthe effect of replenishing the oil every 100 hours. No further discussion of Phase I is war-ranted because the high oil consumption is undesirable.

12

C 4 t n 0 0V, 00 00~it ; c

0~0 00 M 0 00

4.1 no Ckn 0i on % de ra

l

20ý0[1

S. Phatw 11.

(1) 100-kW Generator Sets,

i 1a) Chemical Data. Pentane iasolubles increased in the Type A oil. The

mean vahler of 0.180 vs 0.146 are an it-dication of this g!neral tiend. The data withrespect to the midrange cumulative hour% (1500-30M0) engine running time also favorType B oil.

The viscosity of both oils indicated one significant departure frommean values in Engine 1 from 2200- to 3000-cumulative-hour time frame in Type A oiland in Engine 14 irom 1500- to 1900-cumulative-hour time frame in Type B oil.

The total acid for Type A oil had Otree significant increases in thefirst 1200 hours of testing. The svseni settled out after this time frame to an overall meanvalue of 4.4. The total base alun? decreawld to 1h however, an oil change at 3,0 hoursreversed the trend antd braught the system l'ack to average values throughout the re-mainder of the test period. T1,e total acid and towa! hbse values for Type B oil followed amore uniform pattern as indicated by itantldaix deviation data of 0.67 vs. 1.5 and 0.94 vs1.7. In general, the lower mean values tbro'nghout the test period indicates less acid Ibuildup in Type B cil usage.

Jh) Spectrographic Data. The Type A oil demonstrated a eignificantincrease in the lead content. This would signify a possibie bearing prahletu with theseengines. However, as the cu-nulative engine time increased beyond 30XK) hours, the metaicontent normalized to initial levels. This pattern was ntot repeated with oil B and thuswould signify a true wearllubrication relationship a, the indicated time frame. The TypeB oil demonstrated a moderate increase in the tin analsis. This indicates a heavy wearfactor or pitting beyond the lead overlay area ii either the main or rod bearings.

The other elements - aluminum, iron, copper. chromium. and

silicon - showed no significant increase in wear metal content. However. each enginedisplayed unusual variati-ns in maxinnumn/minimnum data curve configurations. but thesignificance was masked by the unu:ital atuounts of oil added to each generator.

(2) 60-kW Generator Sets.

(a) Chemical Data. The pentane insolubles in Type A oil were in-creased significantly over Type B. This pattern i6 similar to the 100-kW reported earlierin this report; however, engine No. 13 had two oil changes in the 5000-hour test cycleperiod. This makes comparative analysis difficult, however, a few generalizations follow:

14

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~...................................................... ..... •• ,•=,.......•.•'..-.-.•... •:,.A•......,,, .....

Type A oil demonstrated a niore uniform viscosity profile and less total acid buildup inthe systenk; a low TBN value talkaline reserve) or Type B oil was reflected at 1400 and3200 hours necessitating oil changes at ihese iatervahl.

(b) Spectrographic Data. Type B oil indiated a significant increase inthe iron wear metal contents; which indicates a general wear problem i., cylinders, shafts,rods, and gears but not specifically related to any one specific area. The most significantwear indicator was shown by the high copper content of the oil; copper is normally foundin bushings and bearings. This element demonstrated a 4X increase in the mean values,Type B oil (93.1 plm) compared to Type A oil (21.9 plm); this signifies a major wear areafor this engineloil combination. Type A oil spectrographic patterns of the tin wear metalwere improved (less wear indicated) over Type B oil: however, wide fluctuations of thisindex for both engines decreased the forecast value of these data. In general, Type A oilappeared to demonstrate less wear than Type B.

13) 30-kW Generator Sets.

Ia) Chemical Data. The chemical analyses of the Type A and B oils forthese engines are comparatively similar with a slight edge in favor of Type B oil. Thepentane insolubles and the total acid mean values were slightly higher in Type A oil. Theviscosity increased to approximately 22 eSt from 3800 to 4200 engine hours in Type Boil. but returned to nornmal, 12 cSt, after the above period. The only explanation for thisevent is that the oil consumption trend decreased slightly during this petiod, which in-creased the viscosity of the remaining oil in the sump.

(b) Spectrographic Data. Type A oil demonstrated increases in alumi-num, iron, and lead when compared to Type B oil. This indicates an overall wearproblem throughout the engine and could be related to a difference in oil lubrication per-formance.

Specifically, the individual elemental graphs indicate abnormal pat-terns for engine No. 3 at 2900 hours for alunminum. 1400 hours for iron, and 1800 hoursfor lead. An identical lead wear metal pattern was repeated for oil Type B but at adecreased level. The other elements - chromium. copper. tin, and silicon - did notdisplay significant differences in wear patterns.

14) 15.kW Generator Sets.

(a) Chemnical Data. The mean values for pentane insolubles and totalacid were higher in the Type A oil. Also, the pentane insolubles (Appendix) demonstratedoverall excessive levels during midrange engine running time (1800 and 2800 hours).Type B oil peaked at the 3900-hour area and displayed a more uniform viscosity curve

15

..............

(standard deviation) (0.762 cSt vs 1.34 cSt) for Type A oil; also Type A oil demonstrated amajor viscos tv increase deviatign (16 cSt) (2400) followed by a sharp decrease (9 cSt)without any apparent change in oil consumption patterns.

(b) Spectrographic Data. The wear metal concentration for aluminuntwas slightly higher in Type A oil. The remaining metal indicators were similar, except forlead, which again increased slightly in the Type A oil. Also. Type A engine indicated anrabnormal spike in the copper line but returned to average values at 1100 hours. Thetrend in Type B oil was reversed and no explanation can be found for this result. Ingeneral, with the above exceptions, the specific curves for each metal indicator displayedsimilar patterns. The silicon, lead, iron, tin, and chromium patterns were uniformthroughout the test period.


(a) Chemlcal Data. The viscosity and total acid for both oils in-creased with engine running time. Type A oil viscosity values peaked at 33 cSt and TypeB oi% at 30 cSt. Type A oil developed a significant amount of acid 6.37 vs 4.54 meanvalues for Type B oil. More significantly, during the last l100) hours of running time, thevalues of A oil were doubled (10 vs 5 for Type B oil).. Comparisons can be generalized

only since Type B oil/engine system had one oil change at 261V3 hours and used more oil(5.5 quarts) than did Type A during the same p'eriod.

(b) Spectrographic Data, The wear metal concentration for lead inType A oil was significantly higher than in Type B oil. The specific wear pattern for eachengine/oil wa, similar with the highest wear indicated near 2000-hour engine runningtime. The Type B oil demonstrated an abnormal spike at 4W0 hour. but returned to nor-mal values at 500 hours. Ex;ept for the above-mentioned peak, Type B oil was consistent-ly lower throughout the test period. The mean value for aluminum was slightly higher inType A oil; the remaining elements were similar in both systems. The chromium value forType B oil demonstrated an unusual spike at the end of the test period, while the siliconwea)' metal indicator became apparent dt 1200 hours in Type A oil and 2600 and 420Whours in Type B oil.


(a) Chemical Data. The total acid for Type A oil significantly increasedto peak values of 10 during the last 1000-hour test cycle. Type B oil demnonstrated lowerand more uniform values during the total test period. The pentane insolubles also in-cieased significantly during the totai test period for Type A oil. Both engine/oil sets dis-played high initial results in the first 500 hours of engine ranning time. The viscosity dis-played a generally normal response trend with ranges of 25 cSt for Type A oil and 15 cStfor Type B oil during the last 1000-hour test cycle.

16

(b) Spectrographic Data. The iron wear metal concentration for TypeF B oil was hig, er than for Type A. The wear metal pattern was similar with two abnormal

patterns at Iýf0 and 3500 hours for Type B and 1500 and 4000 for Type A. The meanvalu' for lead was also significandy higher for Type B oil, hut the wear patterns were dif-ferent. The copper wear metal indicator was slightly increased (10 phn) over Type B oil;with both engines displaying highest wear values during the 2500- to 300-houar testperiod. Silicon metal increased wear values through the 4000-hour test period for bothengines; the mean values were similar - 14.9 for Type A oil and 16.6 for Type 3 oil.

c. Data Presentation. Chemical analyses data are summarized in Tables 8and 9; data for spectrtgraphic analyses are in Ta.les 8 and 9; data for oil consumptionare in Table 7. Chemical analysis for each engine/oil type is located in the Appendix.Spectrographic analysis wear metals for each engine/oil type is !ocated in the Appendix.

9. Engine Teardown Inspections. Inspections were conducted on the enginesand lubricants contained in Table 12.

a. 'Wear Ratings. The inspection wear ratings were made in accordancewith CRC Manual NO5 except in the case of piston deposits where the CRC "F" systemwas used. Detailed ratings are attached in Table 11.

b. Analysis of Data. Differences in performance were observed between thetwo test lubricants. As can be seen from Table 10, oil B offered better control of pistondeposits than did oil A. Although piston deposits were consiaered acceptable for themajority of the engines, they did present a problem in the 5- and 10kW units. Here, thehigh level of deposits caused excessive loss of ring side clearance which resulted innumerous instances of stuck or sluggish compression rings. Also, it is believed thesedeposits contributed to the severe distress observed in the No. 4 cylinder of EZ00052(10-kW unit. STA No. 5). Other differences were observed in the area of intake valve andcombustion chamber deposits: engines operated on oil A had lower levels of intake valvedeposits while those operated on oil B consistently had less combustion chamber buildup.With the exception of the aforementioned piston deposits exhibited by the 5- and 10-kWunits, the observed deposition levels were considered satisfactory.

Table 11 summarizes inspection findings other than the previously discusseddeposit ratings. With a few exceptions, conditions of the engines were consideredacceptable; however, it was noted that lubricant B allowed a slightly higher level ofdistress'wear than did oil A. Exceptions to satisfactory performance are as follows:

(1) 5-kW Units. Both units experienced excessive wear to govenor assemblies.Based on previous testing with MIL-L-2104C Ilbricants, the wear problem was attributedto governor design and not considered related to the performance of the oils under test,

17

[. . -.

tn 00

C. 00 -1 N 0 N-oC4 C

k 00

m W) N- W) \-a v0ea00 -4 00I N r

400

z- o~ . o ~ '

00

.2 l

-0

.00CC.

L.6-~ ~~ _I.--'. t

V-0%

C4M

C -D

r- k n6 o - ~ - - 0

0- 00M 0 "

Z 00

CM " - -wM U

:00

~; ~; ~ ~*LIM

Eo

19

Table 10. Summary of Engine Deposit Ratings

Piston Depositsa Valve Depositsc CombustionUnits STA No. Oil TGF WTD Sludgeb Intake Exhaust Chamberc

5-kW 6 A 98 3526 9.4 3.5 1.0 1.55-kW 9 B 90 1059 9.5 4.0 1.0 2.0

10-kW 5 A 100 3914 9.4 4.0 1.0 3.410-kW 10 B 92 2833 9.2 4.5 1.0 2.8

15-kW 4 A 64 1116 NR 1.5 1.0 3.915-kW I I B 48 426 NR 3.7 1.0 2.0

30-kW 3 A 66 1093 NR 1.7 1.0 3.030-kW 12 B 61 598 NR 3.5 1.0 2.0

60-kW 2 A 85 1989 9.1 3.0 1.0 1.260-kW 13 B 93 1312 9.3 4.0 1.0 1.0

100-kW I A 51 419 9.7 3.3 1.0 1.1

100-kW 14 B 29 199 9.7 3.8 1.0 1.0

a TGF = Top Groove Filling, %; WTD - Weighted Total Demerit

10 - Clean, NR - Not ratedC Deposits were assigned the following demerits: Heavy = 10, Medium 5, Light 2, Pad Very Light I. The de-

merits were weighted using the percent coverage by a deposit level and then averafrd for the engine.

20

V

-'-~...~--- - - -- - - I, ~ ____________ ~.--~.-- c.7.

0.

C C4

CU .7. 0- ~.0

Q 3

o Z=0

CA c

. . . . . . .....

00010.

000

.0 05 Bt

.. 2

~ Q 000

M 0 0 0

0~ r . .

tn) C) w,0

22 ~~

Table 12. Engines and Lubricants

Unit Unit SN Station No. Oil Test Hours

5-kW EZ00297 6 A 4906

5-kW EZ00937 9 B 4212

10-kW EZ00052 5 A 4603

I O-kW EZO0053 10 B 4707

15-kW RZ20030 4 A 4801

15-kW RZ21277 I1 B 4300

30-kW RZ51233 3 A 5003

30-kW RZ0O245 12 B 4806

60-kW FZO 1243 2 A 4504

60-kW FZ01254 13 B 4606

100-kW ULZOO70O 1 A 4500

I00-kW UZ00697 14 B 4211

(2) 1O-kW Units. Both units experienced wear to gove nor assemblies

Since these units are identieal to those used in the 5-kW sets. the previous eomments areapplicablh. Also. unit EZ(KX)52 had severe piston and bore distress of the No. 4 tvlintlerassembly. This condition was cotsidered related to lauilrication as covered (set

paragraphu b) ind, er [he discussion of engine dtelposits.

(4) "O-kW Units. None.

(5) 60-kW 11!nitm. Both units expetrienced excessive wear antl distress of the

rocker arm slhaf't. rocker arims, valves. and valvet guides. Sirce similar distress was ol-setrvd ini previous ttsts, the lproblem was not considheretd a fuant'tion of test luhriealut per-

forfllaalt'ne.

23

(6) lO0-kW Unit.. After 2500 hours of operation, both engines requiredreplacement of the rocker arm shafts because of excessive wear. The wear problem wasconsidered to be design related (i.e., size of the lubricant passage) and not associated withperformance of the test oils. The shaft has been redesigned by the manufacturer. It shouldbe noted that the problem, wear and pitting of connecting rod bearings, was observed.This problem may have been related to oil performance or the duration of lubricantusage.

10. Economic Analysis. A detailed economic analysis is available in theengineering division.

A list of worldwide assets of each generator set size as obtained from theWorldwide Inventory Stratification Report as of December 1979 follows:

Generator Size No. of Sets

5-kW 1,082I O-kW 3,204

i 5-kW 4,56630-kW 8,72360-kW 8,835

I 00-kW 4,150Total 30,560

Figure 1 indicates the percentage cost reduction of synthetic vs conventionaloils by generator set size. Figure 2 illustrates the annual percentage synthetic oil cost vsconventional oil by oil change interval. Figure 3 compares the coFst of synthetic oil andconventional oil by (,il change interval. Figure 4 compares the annual cost by generatorset size. Figure 5 compares the oil consumption for 100 hours per set. The resuits inFigures 1 through 5 indicate that the longer the change interval, the greater is the poten-tial cost savings. Since the average usage per year is IM(X) hours, this interval is tl-i mostlogical since oil should be changed at least once a year. The 1000-hour interval yields acost savings over current intervals approaching $1 million annually. The cost of conven-tional oil has been increasing at a greater rate than synthetic oils. In the near future theannual savings could be several million dollars per year. The economic study did not takeinto account the possible savings related to logistics.

24

, -

IU0

9c, I00 --

80 "

Annual Average Z Cost

Reduction by Generator Size

(Category I)

70

S• •'Oil Az 60 Oil B" 0) %

50

0 Annua Averge Cost %

S~~~Reduction by Oil %.- 'Change Category APO' • "

o --'M 40

30 %

10

50 I

Redutio by il y ,

50 - 15 nt 0et0 v o i.

I~ IIl25

Fi10I.Prn cs oucin-s\toi Psptoemol

25/

• . . . ' . " . .. . . ... . ... .. .. . . . . . . • ' - - " • •: •" '; "• '' • . . ' • -% a '•~ d ' '• L ' ' '' '' ' " , -.. . . -\ A, . ..

Base Costs - Oil C

90 -

Cost

Reduc t ion

80

70 =.. ,

"oOil B

60

UQ 5 Oil A • '-o.'.

S40

"" - 50% synth__i_ oil - $4.84

/ga1.

B - l0o% synthetic oil. 56.50/gal.C - MIL-L-2l04C oil - $2.63/gal.

30 Costs InQude

o oil consumptiono Oil changeso oil filterso Labor for filter & oil changes

20Oil Change Interval Category

A & B Oils C Oil (All Categories)

I - Every 1000 oper h 5 -10 kW - Every 100Ii - Every 1500 oper h oper hrs

10 III - Every 2000 oper h 15 - 100 kW - Every 3)0

IV - Every 2500 oper h oper hrs

I II III IVCItegory Category Category CategoryFigure 2. Synthetic oil cost vs base cost MIL-L-2104C

26

FI

2,800

ch 2

1 10o00 % SO *ni.tl~ei All - st.$W/i kl

I ll.-L-21oh oil - 3.,lftý

!V

2,200 oi l

NI 01 fipSt

10

I,800 : [,., 10

Oil

p I V

Oil Change Interva l Category

Figure 3. Dollars vs Oil chAnge ^nter.

27

..... .... .... me .

850

800

S~~Oil C /I.k °01 .. ,,,C SI- I

- 300 O oi

Oil B'--"j a d 1. •.14.e200--

o C Oil

300 ý10 0U "t"U0 .,,

L5e th0o N)e4"4

1000 -P-r

5 10 15 30 60 100kW kW kW kW kW kW

(1082) (3204) (4566) (8723) (8835) (4150)

Generator Set Size

(Nr of Generator Sets - Worldwide)

Figure 4. Cost comparison vs generator size.

Ii

28

~a.,J

p

1.4 -

"p 1,

"1.2 ;

1.

S.8 oil C-

SOil A--

hii

, • oil Tyvpes z

4 o A - 50*1 synthetic oil1

, • / .•o IB - 100% synthetic oilS. C - 1L-L-2104C oil

VIPI I

5 10 1s ?0 60 100

kWkW kW kW kW kW

SGener ator Set Size

Figure 6. Oil consumption vs generator size.

hii

1* 1

- I

0-,

IIV. CONCLUSIONS

11. Conclusions. The following conclusions were made:

a. There were no failures attributed to use of synthetic crankcase oil.

h. The present 320 F ambient temperature wherein oil change is requiredfor cold starting ean le lowered t) 0 to 100 F using synthetic oils of the type tested,

c. The oil consumption on the small bore gasoline engines is nmch higher

when synthetic oil is used.

d. It is not economical currently to use synthetic oil in the small boregasoline engines.

e. The chemical and spectrometric analysis indicated that the oil performedsatisfactory and the the present oil change interval (100 hours. 5- and 10-kW; 300hours, 15- to 100-kW) for diesels can be extended safely for normal service conditionsthrough use of synthetic oil.

f. Diesel generator sets ranging in size from 5-kW through 100-kW canoperate satisfactorily using synthetic oil with a 1000-hour/1-year change interval withoutengine performance, reliability, or total life cycle being affected adversely.

g. When test oil A is used, a 1O00-hour/I-year oil-change interval offersthe maximum economic benefit and cost-saving compromise to the Military while main-

taining a minimum risk of engine malfunctions or failures attributable to extendedlubricating-oil clhange intervals.

30

APPENDIX

OIL ANALYSES TEST DATA

LEGENDI]ENGINE IDENTIFICATION CODES

Generator Set SizeCode Engine (kW) Oil Page

I Caterpillar 100 A 133-144

2 Allis Chalmers 60 A 133-144

3 White 30 A 133-144

4 White 15 A 133-144

5 Onan 10 A 133-144

6 Onan 5 A 133-144

9 Onan 5 B 133-144

10 Onan 10 B 133-144

10 White 10 B 133-144

12 White 30 B 133-144

-I13 Allis Chalmers 60 B 133-144

14 Caterpillar 100 B 133-144

31

S -i • i----.-.'~

cc0U)

I-0

~0.

U) CD r-

w 0 m

a. I

0 0

ow-

0 co cu4CL W #-azw 14=WOý3 M ýJ W

Z 32

6-n

f#?VrT, rb

-~m - ,A

w N Cw

C cr

0 LL 0

* W0

Ln CDLA C

l- W .

(J~33

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ! 0-I

zi I-I

0 Q

0.-4

* z

~934

____ ___ ____ __

P;0

C>n

1-- LL

0-4

~w wzN C

z -4

0 0

cu Lu

l. <r G4

w 35

- iIj

_________ *SIn

L

k

- wM 0r- w 5* U �

w b4

Z I-C,

S ziF- -

* Z0*

Ow �

U) 0

zZ (I

Ew

U)

*J C., *0

w

I-Z SLiJ '4 - 1-a

EZN- '-4 eQ

C, U) 0 IwZ -

H

_________ 7"T''T'�IT 1 11111 tl1T'TTri 11111 liii -o

* U) S U) 0 U) 04

U) CU S F- In CU S'4 '4 q.4

36

�

qr1*0

c 0 u

LL.w

CL IL-

a. I.0

37________________________

z 0

w 0

t* M

0n 4

I oIA

I-AV) *0 r

LL38

'-4 ~ w

rr

w 0 C0

00

Ut

a c. C r$4

Ou %-4

3 w~ a0 -c= 1-wzI- C LI

S3

00

1ý-.

w w

400

1- -wt

b-4

tA 0 A0 L D L

- h -r IV m ca J u V

'-41

010

oo 0

2 044

w- ,

a* N

C.)

w w-(

z N

0-4

U) LuLnL 0

434

0

ww

ruC~

4* N.AJ WA

go CA

U, L&

0-4

a V)x0

z r-

C W Z I-- czw X 0 UO.J M Mj W 0

44

Ix

0 EA

w

:> "0 w"->

~~4N

I.c

w 9-4rK Wa <D CE

CI,0-4

WC>

F>

1. 0 .w w

0-4 4

0fO U'4- V)

wJ

(U;

0*.4-

cu z

C) C iJ-

w i=L 3

wn wmz dI

(hNL

<C 0

z lwzi

LI ( UD)(

474

0 LAOD-

Ln~~- cd01- nc

®1

6in

zw w

I-- h -

Z N

484

I i.

o , , , , i , , , , i , , , , i -r

o z i

"- 484

0 cu Z

_ _ _ __ _ _ *IrCk N

0 U. cn .-

Cfu

zz

w

owc Wu-- w o m-- _____ CLvL r

EU49

0 ru z

-4 Cu

Vr xuz

w to I--

Z N

zz

v 4r FezuS-we 0= e r . -j o z- x-a

0 50

1%, 0!

fin'i

sIc

cu

0 r0

E C) w

ZZ

C.)U

o .0

Z C -

z N

cu V

2 ý i00zwzI- CLC

51

* - -*~~ - .-

0! C0

*. 0

-w 00 .. op

w 1-4

w wim

w w

Lo U) W

w wc x w -I " I-w-- LC

'-52

L'1

0 (U

0 LL

.w

w

0n Itcu-

(U w CO-C i o z- zl-a L

53z

____ ____ ___ ____ ___ ____ ____ ___ ____ __

cu mIt 1ý 0

w I-

0 u

0 N0 U..

* CULLJ

w to

w w

~~W4

I-T-

m w F. I-0ZI- - LC

54J

~~L.

OD $a

ru 1.'L C;

b'4

ee

C~Ce- U K

w w

0-4

IW

T I i !Ii i li l1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13wW WKcjo=~z_ Q

(555

LLI

P-*

IJI

j z0 6.40 4- 4

ww

w b-4 e)

U~ U

0.

wW w

z N 44

T..

56

w N,

W000

0 0-4

w w.

cu

'57

_____________________ 00.

Iý 4go~r

Q 0 z

L 0 of-4

I--

(D 0

6-.4 w

V-4-

w

4'4

CD In 0 A 0

LAru r- In

58

4t Q

(U Z

U) 00

'-4 z

00

w *0

a in

59

c-o

w~ Lh

JA wmoz(

U U 0~w

tj C

0*

w (DN

z N

LA

0c 0I

EE

LL.4

1-4-

cv4

o5m KiY)j O Z-W I- L(

cv) Z61

q r-

w~ U)

ctM

z

SNe

r,63 q" W

2- w UI . J1-wQ Lr

ZO62

cjl0 L0

In00La

- I-

C') z

93 N

E I z0 0

IF-

C) .U

g-44

* w) 0 LA 0 U) 0 W) 0 ta

63

IDI_______

a. 0

C , 1

6-1 0

b44

C, w

644

qF'

IcI

CV),

w U)A (U

0 Ixz

he w

0 U)

*-0 40 9

0wc EU)C- 0 . .

65-

0 f0

CDIX

U (D

w0

ww6-4-

z

ai U)L LLA Nf u W

m w Cw Icw t.-a OJw Z: ýI W

66K

U. L owU -M

rIFtf:1

*q c ru

CL 0.

Wi67

F) 0 @

to 0s-a

w CU

L jL6J 3

Iz U)0.40

CD 1

0 4D

CL w LUa

0~ N6I

Iiifit,

ODI

I -i 1

kU

0--a-

Fw i* D a

wNLaJOj

Cu (AIi

CU z

I-1.40

zn Lf

""woo w"-J>0C

a-69

1! U)

ru W

w ~ M

4D4a-

zz

U- w

SWN

w * 0 *

LA JOL

* Z70

Ln

isi

C)* W

w~uCA w

.-4

0

(Y) 4-

0 U)

zN

0 (A

o) LAC L

r- fu

I I I I I 71T~ T

Ir-

W . 0 .Ul. Ct

a CU

~WN

Z C,

wz

0 hn Z0ur.U

0 I-Cg cV

72=

a*1

A~ cu

Cc

* U CU

wew

w La

W) 0 nL) M h C

m m ru u

'-4-C oa ýUm- CLW

I.-3

Ic 0

w Q

0 NQ ~ m

.4 4D

IA . S

w LI-

w~ U)

O N _-Z I,

0 I LA 0S U n Q L

On vn Sw Mn m In 0j w4 S

74

k~ L U

Q~ cu

IX.

CU

w w=ON

0- 6-4

1-I4t u u-

ww m Ew1-c 00zI-wxI La

ZN5

UJIn

40 m

0. x

CL w

0

oL 3

w 0 0

ia Z N

C)CD00(D- . m r

EWI-- -i Q =F-wz-- C CL

p 76

w -r-- - T i

m (Uru op%

w~ I-

(ID,

0 (D

w E

CuU

I-- mo-. 0 ~ - Z

z 477

-- -- -- - -- -- ----- -- - -- -- - -- -- -

w

SW-

0 f-4

Q M z

C? m

30

w W A

z N

0, (nl0O.

OD-0

* n w 0 0r 0 U) 0) 0

n*m mw ý 0 0 0 I-l 0LLi

78

&ftI

UA

iq. I-

w00 -

0 t0[ NIxLA

cr

-~l U)LA .Lb -u U)

o wc C.a.0

Ih~79

Lnf

U- -

w w

rcu

0 80

LnA

(K w N iW. w

Q zw* *

~WN6

WI~. W

81&

L1

Qn

I-~

La. CU 0

V)

Q w

SW N

uJu0000"- 0

* z 82

r.-.

w 4w

0 4

Z:Z

6) LA0.) hC

1- 0 C,

o8

LnI

W NW

Lh W

goo

zW N

0 k

4 -a CA

'-44

Lnn

*A I- to

0 LA z

w ~ G aa 0:

0

wew

0-4

Z C,

'-44w

-% (a LAM cu V

855

Lh

mru~r

(w 0

0 c

0 r LLI

m (D0N

-4 w

K-4D

-4D

w WCD

aL&Jm EW*~ QOI--aj ax w z I.- CLCX

86

w (D q-

* w

fp 0

w S-C

w w M.

xON eD -M" 6-4 (D -0

o tn

CD<D L 0 -nmL

3Im zwI-a -

87

LIN

CU)

Fu W

M -1

LA~

U)I--

w 0-C

0 N0 U)

wwCLa

0go

- *0

:3 w I cw.- .- Wa Lr

La88

0 LIIw 0

IsI0V A

A) .)

4D 0

CuU

w0

-w w

o N

I.-t

ELL-C~ 3o ýW ý IL X

LU89

-wh

LrU)

0 U).

w r- 0 C

0 N ww zw

1-4

Z ~43

ru Z

w 0Z

(. w

Z 40

3-c m w .I 00 1-w LC

I-0

*00

w W

Qn W

0 N

C,:9>

I--I

(U(p

N N

I CD IDI W DJ4

U•M coto L m c

W 0 CF--

W4

, o

o .0)• •D

3 m 1 0 - I--- W X I- C I. K

19

ru 00

~0.

Q) 0

00

LLI 0z0

ZK

I.-'-

0 w0

z N

(A (AA

co w

V41 0=

a. wz I- Cz wz 0a ý00

Eu c92

Ubb

00

wa

W4 z

W (U

OAN

~0W E

93-

- - - 7;wwm,7WM-(LA

w. 49

w 00w

W Pw

Z N

94.

40 CU

LIJ Ob

0 0

0 W

w L

xN

0 c:xz

U) L

1-- 0 . 14A Z

o~ ~ 95

0 U0

Wi

CC

-4D

w wez ~N 4D

W-4

wZ

04 uc kIw .

a ---96

7;J Lft

§ MU

'8n(I

w LU

6.44

U) US a LA LULn C

qj m m u fuW

CL C2

I.97

w[Q WQI

0 NON 4

- -

U)u

I--

0 0 wlfu)

"m"c.:3cwI j Q - I-C LI

-~ L98

IItaa

fun

w 0:

a 0 cr.0 N ........ ri i

CU m

w 0 -

w w.

x.wu

La L n 0 n 0 Lin m m cu cu 4 94

3I-c ýCj o i- z--C LI

Z9

r 'r)

00

w. 0

wwQw I

00

cu -

wow

w. LAi-

w Z 0

10

In

JI~ru -

fu 0

0 w

qa I-.

C.,IIz w

CD CD UDC

101

ww 0

tw 0-

V zn

cu 0

we

w- L._

w w

ifill l ii 1 11111 11llf111 1111111 1111 11 111 11111111111 0

CD Ch 00 1% w 0n v 0 0

:9wC :r- w -C- Ow- E. CL L

102

Q. -

LL. :0

ui w

w* w

w

Cu q. .M u r

'-103

Cu 4rru Ch1

4z

w OSW N

I. C CD

wra- LA. C w

0 (Ax

wLnI

wo ww

CD 0 0

z 104

LA

.L:.

0

w CK

N. w

00

>1

W w

Z N

w

105

-' . ...... IVA

In

SLfl,r- ru0

w -

C,

La.

we

1-44

* Z106

kn 0 W

z 0

LI-

a rd1ý- LL

Q*O

w wN

zZ

49 wnL PU

I- .ur-L

0 107

40 M

~ S 0

z0w

0)0

Ia.-

ow '-4

w CS

0 U) CD

0w ruJ

oý ý mCMw Z

* 10-

M, z

(Ic

wew

w 0n

zzz

h

T l lI.

---

T-1 4

r 4D~ 00i Ln itf

IL .03 C

j

C109

wU W

0 w

I-)

CU

w w

ui) Lii

w (1

0 co w I u 0 w w v c

11

Lro

- I..

0 N

0 0

wew

x 1-4

W Ln hI-

w w

T<7!7 LA DL 0 )i L A,. t- c u -

-3 W K r 3 0QXAý -1-Q .i

0 M

w 4D4

LIJ z

ON w

Lb -n & n 0zn0 Lm m cu r

:. w z mI ii L - zI-C Li

O Z 112

fu1IcI

uii

-w 0 .

x* N

3*a E~k w zwzC Lr

w11

LU N, 0 A

CU X

w U)

z N

<D 0 D D (C.) W0 r- ( ZV M

ONa wYI 4lcý ý w I-CLr

11

LiJ W

00

LLI

0n S h & U A 0 L

M m u ru W4 W

3 wm E I- oi o zl- ~ - La

115-

QQ

w w (

Im-M

I wzZ

Q CD 0

bJ W4

zI -

a. w z I. a z -

116

rr

Lnn

4n a

w o-

w0 w wQ 4 Q

In zw* 0

w 0

0 0$A

ZI.-

1117

InA

W-4-w

6I-

0 w

w * *=W N D=

6-4 -' M'

wGO

=-4 0--4 >V

Ld1

0 w M

Z

a C Cr

w w

Ln LA S)

a.--40 C ui

LLI S 19

oWas=

Lnn

or-

w -

0

CCUL fL

~owC4,

12

0 Ln

Q W z

V)~

Mw cowzvm c

3Zc mCI- S 4oýw 1-C Lr

p.121

Ch_ m

(a0

w

MW 0

Z: z

weW4 C

ON "

(n

G Gzo D (

w 00 w wIu0 0-v r

cu' %4 W4 I4aZc r *.4 - wz1-C Lr

LaJh

0 I..

E Lfl W

0cc Z

E C) W

w w

z 0

C.) CD 0~

Ln cu uu

Wwc E w I --- wx1-C LI

'123

Ln

-4z

w W~

0

we

N !

/ wor W

1-4

w w

z -4

V-4

:3 LU a K3-wI-C J 0 - - .Q

ZN2

W44

104

00

0 N0

0 w

I--w4-

w 0I

w4 v

M-CK X lc j co t- z- .C

LU125

0 LAu0'

-: w

1- CU

I.-4

C, w

O N

C) CD 0KD (M CD i W is4

CD 07 o n

:1 w4t Q E I.-C 0z 11- WZ CLCLK

126U

-- I

_______

4A)

w ae

0 N w

zzN U)

we

ow w 4czN

0 :a- U)

U) a-M L D U) w L n (LAI-It c r u W

0wc rw -C oz-Wz. LCL

a-2

------ .......... ..

46 (Uw .4

10 CK 0

0@0L* S

ww=-

W'-

wz N

cc a co&

CL0 w I cz

128

LA rd

LLl II-

F- z

(U zZ

w cuIIdN

z. Nqj3

ZhL

u-

ow0

1292

cu

* 0w w 0

II

w W40 N

z 0

00

CR w

b-4 rd

W LA

'. -

0130

It ý4

0-4'-

w u -

w C

Fr- .) I- C L) Z:

0131

In

Cul

ru

wwWa

q*4 CD 0

wn z

ZO N Y

In- 0 1-IJ nC0 o

13

''A 0

-Ln

94 c

O N

0-4

U. 3

4w

(A ruucu V4 W2~ W c LIcC C

I-3

*u m

0* N

Cur 0

wp w

v IT m -r

":3W Ix E - - C )Z -. WMI

'134

00

I--4

I.-I.C w

w w

E C) cu Z

MWC~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CK MWI-C- XI - LI

13

LLAA

W44

cu m

W I-aI

w z

0 r-

CuK

0. Cu

z Lrz

'4D

z V4

Lo .0

mImEL-cj o zi-z-- MC

0-4 136

hih

f* a

CK0 N

(UU

Ng

U, w1.4 4

I- 0 0 9 0 0CA to r-)c

w4(U

U.c v ý j 00=1- ý .C

Z 137

CA 0

w4 UN (

00

=E N

P-4-0 0~ 4D

Lh r c:3WaM a6- oz-Wz- .ILi

138

la _

.4W4

6-4 fu

z N

0.4

'.4 mi =u r 4 W

U.139

LAfu* K

Iz4-N z

CL,

wow

1==

I- w

00 9-

CLWz - czw Uo"mW

9140

CU,

LL 0-

V)w 1.

cuww

o at

CU U)

60 U)

W --

wLL w

~w -

'141

LL - InW (u

0 = t4W C> Ix .

(jo

ww

1.4* CUww

WO wz z

P-.4L&

w

I-D

to MLA i- r-

-44

14 0 W

142

1-4*0 (U

W. LA

1-4 C

qLj f-

w) U)

'-4

LA Ln i

Q 143

4D4

uj 00

Lh

(U* c0

w -n

.4

U))-

I3 QV)

0D CU

LA.

Zw

w .4

z N

0 .( C

w

U U) CD W U) CU

.4W4 .4

(C 04CU) w -

144

LAA

06 vcuCD:

CU X5-

1:44

"W4 isC0 ( CD~

ON wZ

.......

CS d~ n & n 0 Lv cp 9 cu c -

3w~cc wwý-<-j O zý-W~lý (L L Z

14

IV rIr- LA

cut

w I- C-vi

LI)

cu

ON CD~

U) wz Go

w wA

m 00ni n V, M r

Z 146

U -

cu :3-= znP

0 w N wE C) Z:0Z

* S0E .I -0

w M

30a m *0j00 1- . LQ

- 147

0-

LALIv

W V--'4 N

w

C N - w

00

w w

a-a- 00v r 0 , cfu W4 J

'di

3 w w I. - w m oý LC

148

Ln

T ~(U

(p

0 cc z

z ID

w 0z N

'-4 (D

0 CD0 co ý w n V, (n c

:3w~cr. r-w .-<t oo lý- zlý-a- L r

I-4

U)

W4~

weI.

ww

ww w

mm0

Cu I-

C.,X

w m4

0.4.

z N 4

0 U

zw mI

CDJ Ln AOJL D pL

th V, 0r r u u W4 W

Zwa m'-4-a j 00r - -- C L3

L150

-~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

LA -0

w - 7

(Uh

0* '~ I-

(D

ft) woru

I-1. I ýa

t.-, ic 0

U)

z U" V

Cu

IL LLJ

0 U

m w~ x w -

Li150

_u 0

____t __4 __

00

CD IX

.4 4D

CU m

LL- a I

1153

LL 0

w 0 0f_

0 N

zz______ _____ ____a

hi*CUS

C',

th LL.

'-44

E 154

hWW

Lo 0

Q~ N

'4 0i

0 0-

wo Ln D .

155

~Ln

eun

U)

V) 0 L

00

LA.

I-- IdLw (

w. LA.

1--4

Z I-

WD LA U)C

0ý C) j 0LU -

Z156

10 LP

w cuI

040

taJtNw (

o

3we zw-fja LI

157=

-4

S0)

Q4 w

w '*-.

w w.

(U w

x LL

(1 dD U '4(D LLA m co3 w ZrEwI-a 0 - L(

AI-

.4 0 -

I, 0

W N

ww

0.

w I-

XZ

Cu -

1 -4 0

0

Cwv~

-h Z 0 ALA 0LA w\ m f

owa mf w u j 00J--wz1-C Lr

~159

MUb

Q, ILL

wz z

0 Z

0-44

CU X

z 0

o6.46

z N0 0)

:3W< t EwI- - - a-- -. 3c

160

In

Oh-

ou M

LnA

w N

LL.

WeI-

z N4

00 L

xwlýC~lQoxf-W=- CLM K

16

r""~~ - .- -I.-

wZ:1(V)

wQ (3

zz

L&J U) cu W

6 -3 W -LZI-C6J 00Z WX1-C L3

06

Ln In

cu 0

F w /z0.-

"44Cc

CU X

o 0-o t

o N C

1-4 -

0 V)

-4 9 .mj 0 L L n I

'-4 m- QC.) W

0wc E II- 0 In z I.- w I-- a. 0. E

163

$A fu

'4;

CA-w

jWN z *Id w

w4

CZ W Z-ý z ct~~w

-16

4-o

w -

= ~IXCU

Mw

ck 0

U w i

.0

1654

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ - -A

v LA

(DI

W wwCK

I.-I.

Sw 0

w 4o C,

is LDlZn

I-166

0-4

0.4 1.1

zz

w4 W oC 0 -.

~La167

laS

fz 40

II LIwJ IM

CCU

w CLn_______________________________

i

.4 w U1-4 .

0 U)W

168

-- n

~0'0

II

Kz

w* 0

a LA 0 A 0 0h C tL Itm (T) cu r

169

IOU,

w 0D

00

1-4

-cczz

Z170

w I

00

CU

aiaw

q .4

03 ) 0

-n 0 4) Q ) q f rS.A v u u

0w w E ýC o i-w t- LMI

f ~ z .-171

00

ui I-

'.4 0

w

CLE

uJJ C-

w w

z N,a CD

0. 0 D I 0 ao m n 0Z nLo A 11U) r j r

m r rwI-a 0x---wzI. .a

4)172

E~CU

w w

z w-4

00 to cu c

r4 w4C

mw m Ew c 0 z . ý LC

E173

Lft w

V0 Lfl

in 6-4

0 an

0 Nwe- 0

v wAJ 0 1-4

o w

0 0

0 wn0 w 0 D UeLj Zr f u r -

0 t r ý C- 00 1-wZI-C Lr

174=

. .. .. . . 0 0.

win -

w

-4)

IA z

w w~z N

" 1-

U, V ,m u) 04 W

3Im xwt-c .- 0 1-w . .C

175

IDISTRIBUTION FOR MERADCOM REPORT 2326

No. Copies Addressee No. Copies Addressee

Department of Defense Technical Library

Chemical Systems Laboratory

Director, Technical Information Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

Defense Advanced Research '21010Projects Agency

1400 Wilson Blvd Commander

Arlington, VA 22209 US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground

ATTN: STEAP-MT-U (GE Branch)

Director Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

Defense Nuclear Agency 21005

ATTN: TITLWashington, DC 20305 Director

US Army Materiel Systems Analysis

12 Defense Technical Information Ctr Agency

Cameron Station ATTN: DRXSY-CM

Alexandria, VA 22314 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD21005

Department of the ArmyDirectorCommander, HQ TRADOC US Army Materiel Systems Analysis

ATTN: ATEN-ME AgencyFort Monroe, VA 23651 ATTN: DRXSY-MP

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

HQDA (DAMA-AOA-M) 21005Washington,DC 20310

DirectorHQDA (DALO-TSM) US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory

Washington, DC 20310 ATTN: DRDAR-TSD-S (STINFO)

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

HQDA (DAEN-RDL) 21005

Wasl•ington, DC 20314Director

HQDA (DAEN-MPE-T) US Army Engineer Waterways

Washington, DC 20314 Experiment StationATTN: Chief, Library Branch

Commander Technical Information Ctr

US Army Missile Reseaich and Vicksburg, MS 39180

Development CommandATTN: DRSMI-RR I Commander

Redstone Arsenal, AL 35809 US Army Armament Research andDevelopment Command

SDirector ATTN: DRDAR-TSS #59

Army Materials and Mechanics Dover, NJ 07801Research Center

ATTN: DRXMR-PL, Tech LibWatertown, MA 02172

176

LV


I Commander 1 HQDA

US Army Troop Support and ODCSLOG

Aviation Materiel Readiness DALO-TSECommand Room 1E588

ATTN: DRSTS-MES (1) Pentagon, Washington, DC 20310

4300 Good fellow BlvdSt. Louis, MO 63120 1 Plastics Technical Evaluation Ctr

ARRADCOM, BLDG 3401Director ATTN: A.M. AnzalonePetrol & FId Svc Dept Dover, NJ 07801

US Army Quartermaster SchoolFort Lee, VA 23801 1 Commander

Frankford ArsenalCommander ATTN: Library, K2400, B151-2

US Army Electronics Research Philadelphia, PA 19137

and Development CommandTechnical Library Division CommandantATTN: DELSD-L US Army Engineer SchoolFort Monmouth, NJ 07703 ATTN: ATZA-CDD

Fort Bclvoir, VA 22060

PresidentUS Army Aviation Tcst Board President

ATTN: STEBG-PO US Army Airborne, CommunicationsFort Rucker, AL 36360 and Electronics

ATTN: STEBF-ABTDUS Army Aviation School Library Fort Bragg, NC 28307P.O. Drawer 0Fort Rucker, AL 36360 Commander

Headquarters, 39th Engineer

2 HQ, 193D Infantry Brigade (Pan) Battalion (Cbt)ATTN: AFZU-FE Fort Devens, MA 01433APO Miami 34004

President

2 Special Forces Detachment, Europe US Army Armor and Engineer BoardATTN: PBO ATTN: ATZK-AE-PD-EAPO New York 09050 Fort Knox, KY 40121

2 Engineer Representative I Commander and DirectorUSA Research & Standardization USA FESA

Group (Europe) ATTN: FESA-TS

Box 65 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060

FPO 09510Director

Commander US Army TRADOC

Rock Island Arsenal Systems Analysis Activity

ATTN: SARRI-LPL ATTN: ATAA-SL (Tech Lib)

Rock Island,IL 61201 White Sands Missile Range, NM88002

177

___-2- -. .


I HQ, USAEUR & Seventh Army Department of the NavyDeputy Chief of Staff, EngineerATTN: AEAEN-MT-P I Director, Physics Program (42 1)APO New York 09403 Office of Naval Research

Arlington, VA 22217HQ, USAEUR & Seventh ArmyDeputy Chief of Staff, Operations 2 Commander, Naval FacilitiesATTN: AEAGC-FMD Engineering CommandAPO New York 09403 Department of the Navy

ATTN: Code 032.BMERADCOM 062

200 Stovall StCommander, DRDME-Z Alexandria, VA 22332Tech Dir, DRDME-ZTAssoc Tech Dir/R&D, DRDME-ZN I US Naval Oceanographic OfficeAssoc Tech Dir/Engrg & Acq, Navy Library/NSTL Station

DRDME-ZE Bay St. Louis, MS 39522Spec Asst/Matl Asmt, DRDME-ZGSpec Asst/Scs & Tech, DRI)ME-ZK 1 Library (Code L08A)CIRCULATE Civil Engineering Laboratory

Naval Construction Battalion CenterC, Ctrminc Lab, DRDME-N Port Hlueneme, CA 93043C, Engy & Wtr Res Lab, DRDME-GC, Camo & Topo Lab, DRDME-R I DirectorC, Mar & Br Lab, DRDME-M Earth Physics ProgramC, Mech & Constr Eqpt Lab, Code 464

DRDM E-ll Office of Naval ResearchC, Ctr Intrus Lab, DRDME-X Arlingten, VA 22217C, Marl Tech Lab, DRDME-VDir, Prod A&T Dir, DRDME-T I Naval Training Equipment CenterCIRCULATE ATTN: Technical Library

Orlando, FL 328132 Elec Pwr Lab, I)RDMI`-E

50 Engrg Div. DRDME-EIFS Department of the Air Force3 Tech Reports Ofc, DIRI)ML.-WI3 Security Oft (for liaison officers), I IIQ USAF/RDlrl

I)RDMI--S ATTN: Mr. Allan Eaffy"2 Tech Library, I)RDMF-WC Washington, IX' 20330I Programs & Anal )hi, DRI)MF-tiI Pub Affairs Ofc, DRDM F-I I IQ USAF/LI-iEUI Ofcof ('hie" Counsel, DRI)MIL-L Chief, Utilities Branch

Washington, IX 20330

178

No. Copies Addressee

I US Air ForceHIQ Air Force Engineering and

Services CtrTechnical Library FL 7050

Tyndall AFB, FL 32403

Chief, Lubrication BrFuels & Lubrication DivATTN: AFWAL/POSLWright .Patterson AFB, Oi 45433

Department of TransportationLibrary, FOB 10A, M494-6800 Independence Ave, SWWashington, DC 20591

Others

Professor Raymond R. FoxSchool of Engineering and Applied

ScienceGeorge Washington, UniversityWashington, DC' 20052

Relihabihty Analysis Center

Rome Air Development CenterRADC/RhRAC (I. L. Krulac)Griffiss AFB, NY 13441

179

Date post:	29-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	lekhue
View:	219 times
Download:	1 times

CD~'RESEARCH - dtic.mil · 5 6,0 mepoo2a e200297 onan dje a 5000 5 60 mepoo2a e200937 onan dje b...

Documents