Pradeep KumarDepartment of Civil Engineering

IIT Roorkee2013-14

CE-105: Introduction to Environmental Studies; L: 3; Credits: 3

S. No. Contents Contact Hours

1. Overview: Environment and Natural Processes; Development (Resource Utilization & Waste Generation); Environmental issues; Concept of Sustainable Development; Issues affecting future development (population, urbanization, health, water scarcity, energy, climate, toxic chemicals, finite resources etc.); Environmental units

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2. Air Water interaction: (Liquid phase-gas phase equilibrium) HenrysLaw Constant with units, Dimensionless Henrys Law Constant

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3. Water Soil Interaction: Carbonate System (Alkalinity and buffering capacity); Major ions in water; Natural Organic Matter (NOMs); Water quality parameters; Physical processes (Mass Balance): Spatio-temporal variation in quality of river water, lake water, ground water; Water quality standards

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4. Water treatment and wastewater treatment .

4

-----Cont.

S.No. Content Contact Hours

5. Air resources: Atmosphere; Air pollutants; Emissions and control of air pollutants; Transport of air (global, regional, local); Air stability; Plume shape; Air Pollution: Meteorology and dispersion modeling; Air quality standards

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6. Land pollution and solid waste management, Wetlands, 3+2

7. Ecosystem: Structure and function; Energy flow in ecosystem; Material flow in ecosystem; Biodiversity and ecosystem health; Bio-amplification and bio-magnification

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8. Hazardous Waste: Definition; Classification; Storage andmanagement; Site remediation; Environmental Risk: perception,assessment, and management

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Evaluation

Two Term Evaluations (TEs)

No MTE

TE 1; at the time of MTE, i.e. Sept. 22-25; after nine weeks

Course Content: Topics 1 4

Marks: 40 (theory/ TE-1) + 10 (CW)

TE 2; at the time of ETE, Nov. 14 22

Course Content: Topics 5 8

Marks: 40 (theory/ TE-2) + 10 (CW)

CE-105, Introduction to Environmental Studies; L: 3; Credits: 3;

Objective: To introduce fundamentals of environmental pollution and its control

S. No. Name of Books / Authors/ Publishers Year of

Publication/

1 Davis M. L. and Cornwell D. A., Introduction to Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York 4/e

2008

2 Masters G. M., Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. 2/e

Masters G. M., Joseph K. and Nagendran R. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, Pearson Education, Inc, 2/e

2007

2007

3 Peavy H. S., Rowe D.R. and Tchobanoglous G., Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York

1986

4. Mines R.O. and Lackey L.W. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Prentice Hall, New York

2009

5. Miheicic J. R. and Zimmerman J.B. Environmental Engineering; Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design John Wiley and Sons, Inc

2010

Why Study the Environment??

What is the scope of work of an engineer ?: Channelize Nature

Civil Engineer & Architects: Built Environment, Buildings, Bridges, Roads, Water Supply, Sewerage.

Electrical, Electronics & Computer Engineers : Hydropower, Thermal Power, Power Distribution,

Appliances, Devices, Communication, Software, Control

Systems etc.,

Mechanical, Chemical, Industrial, metallurgical: Equipments, Refineries, Plants, vehicles etc.,

How it is related to you

Civil Engineers:

Disturbed natural ground conditions: cutting of trees, erosion, disturbance to wildlife etc., liquid & solid wastes

Electrical Engineers:

Hydropower: submergence,

Thermal power: emissions,

Industries: hazardous emissions, wastes

Mechanical Engineers:

Industries: air and water emissions, hazardous wastes, chemicals in the environment

Impacts

Air, Water, Land, Noise PollutionClimate Change, Global Warming, Ozone DepletionEffects on Ecosystem & Biodiversity

Prevention & Restoration of Resources: Environmental Engineering & Science

More than 20 million computers are thrown out every year world wide, very few are recycled

More than 200 million computers shall be obsolete world wide within a next few years

Same is true for many other electronic goods.

What to do with such a huge amount of e-waste?

Problems with Electronic Industry

Designers are not responsible for end of life design

Product manufacturing does not consider the entire life time of the product

Result is waste economically inefficient, environmentally harmful, socially irresponsible

UNSUSTAINABLE

Each time a Google search is generated at the users computer, the carbon dioxide footprint is 0.2 g of CO2per search.

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http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/aug/12/carbon-footprint-internet

About 1.2% of total fossil-fuel based carbon emission

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Environmental Studies

Awareness

Survival: Give & Take

Raw Material or Resource(s)

Resource mobilization, utilization, protection Extraction of Mineral Deposits: Mining Engineering

Petroleum Products: Petroleum & Chemical Engineering

Infrastructure Development: Architecture, Civil, Mechanical & Electrical Engineering

Green Revolution: Agriculture Engineering

(Efforts: extraction, conversion, supply & use of natural resources)

Taking & Using

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Environmental Studies: Environmental Engineering & Science

Scope

Release of contaminants: Quality, Quantity, Fate & Impacts

How to take care of environmental pollutants?

How to provide water which can be used for drinking, bathing, washing, cooking etc.?

How to conserve the quality of air?

How to manage the solid waste? xx

LETTER WRITTEN

IN THE YEAR 2070

www ww w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww wwwwwww w w w wwwww ww w w w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww wwwwwww w w ww www ww w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww wwwwwww w w w wwwww ww w w w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwwwWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww wwwwwww w w w wwwww ww w w w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww wwwwwww w w ww www ww w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww wwwwwww w w w wwwww ww w w w www wWwwwww w w ww w wwwwwwww

Article published in the magazine

"Crnicas de los Tiempos, in April 2002.

This is the year 2070

I have just turned 50,

but I look and feel 85.

I suffer from serious kidney problems,

because I do not drink enough water.

I'm afraid I do not have

much time left to live.

I am one of the oldest people

in this society.

I remember there were

SAVE WATER

warnings on outdoor posters, radio

and TV, but nobody paid attention.

We thought that water

was to last forever.

Now, all the rivers, lakes, dams and

underground water beds are either dry

or contaminated.

Industry came to a standstill,

unemployment is sky high.

Desalination plants are the main source of employment

and workers receive part of their salary in drinkable water.

Assaults on the streets for a can of water are very common.

Food is 80% synthetic.

The average life expectancy is 35 years.

Water became

a very coveted treasure.

Any green zones crossed by

rivers are guarded by armed

soldiers.

Was I guilty ?

My generation destroyed the

environment.

We did not heed the warning signs.

Now our children

pay a very high price!

Soon, I think,

life on earth will not be possible,

as the destruction of nature has reached an irreversible stage.

How I would like to go back and make mankind understand

...that we still had time to save our Planet Earth.

Sustainable Development

How does environment respond to development?

How can development be made environment friendly?

Answer is to understand/study the project, environment, and environmental science,

and

To work towards Sustainable Development

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Sustainable Development

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WHO).

Design of human and industrial systems (Engineering) to ensure that humankinds use of natural resources do not lead to diminished quality of life due either to losses in future economic opportunities or to adverse impacts on social conditions, human health, and the environment.

Natural resources of the earth including air, water, land, flora and fauna must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning and management.

Water/ air self purification.

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Case Histories:

To illustrate some of the dilemmas that confront the public/ companies/ environmental engineers in the 21st century.

(1) New chairs:Development / env. Intelligent design of 2 types of office chairsEngrs. used sustainable materials/ env. conscious design practices2 approaches: Cradle-t-cradle (recycle / reuse)/

cradle-to-graveEvaluation: Env. Impact, raw material, potential to recovery/reuseManufacturing: 50% recycled materials/plastics/aluminum/steel At the end of useful life: 98% chairs components can be recycledDisassembly in 5 min.Reduced impact on env.- lower transportation cost, less weight

(2) Paper/ Plastic Bags?Cash counter/ Which is the greener choice?/ No clear winner/ adv., disadv.Google search

Paper Plastic

Trees: Energy spent in (growing/harvesting/transportation/paper making)

Petroleum product

Pollution viewpoint: More detrimental impact. Use of fossil fuels/ releasing greenhouse gases/ destroying animal habitat/ use of toxic chemicals in pulping/ air pollutants/ liquid wastes

Pollution viewpoint: use of toxic chemicals /5 of top 6 chemicals responsible for hazardous wastes used

2 plastic bags use less energy and produce less solid/ atmos./waterborne waste than a single paper bag

Recyclability and degradability: easier, weight~10 times, degrades faster

91% less energy to recycle

Difficult choice, both can and should be used/ recycled

(3) Selection of Materials for Beverage Containers:

Soft drinks-aluminum, polyehylene terephthalate (PETE), glassMilk- polyehyleneCanned goods- steel

All recycleableWhich of these 5 materials makes most env. Friendly container?Approach- use of least energy? Steel

Non-environmental factors:Retention of beverage flavor / freshnessEase of openingPackaging/ transportationAppearanceCustomer preference

No simple methodEnv. Point of view-steel

(4) Coal versus Nuclear Energy?(5) Wastewater Pond system versus Activated Sludge Process?(6) Petrol versus Diesel Car?

What is Environment? Biotic & Abiotic Components

Interactions/Processes

Air-water

Air-Soil

Soil-Water

Air-Water-Soil

Interaction of life with air, water, soil

Structural & Functional Components of the Ecosystem

Natural System connects and supports all life on Earth by providing Oxygen, Water, Food

Services

Elemental and chemical composition of the earth together with energy from the sun, constitutes all of the raw material that support life.

air

landwater

life

Atmosphere;Gas Phase

HydrosphereAqueous Phase

LithosphereSolid Phase

Biosphere

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EnvironmentSustainability

Environmental Systems: Natural/EngineeredEnvironmental ProcessesEnvironmental Measurements

Energy

Environmental Systems (Natural and Engineered)

Natural Systems:Concern is with understanding and describing changes in constituent concentrations and other quality parameters;

Measure given conditions and describe

anticipated changes in constituent(s)

(Output depends on prevailing conditions)

Engineered System:Concern is with the selection of conditions required to effectively accomplish specific changes

in concentration and quality parameters

Determine desired changes in constituent

and prescribe required conditions

(Conditions are modified to get desired output)

Describe

Design

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Environmental Processes (Natural & Engineered Processes)

Process Nature Example/Mass Transfer

Absorption by liquids

(gas/liquid mass transfer)

Dissolution of air (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon-di-oxide) in Rivers, Lakes; Molecular diffusion of O2 across air-water interface

Absorption by solids

Phase Transfer(liquid-solid)

Absorption of organic contaminants from ground waters by soils & sediments; Interfacial & interparticle diffusion of solutes

Biochemical Transformation

Oxidation-reduction

Biochemical oxidation/reduction of organics in receiving water (BOD exertion); Diffusion & Metabolic products across cell wall

Chemical Transformation

Photochemical , acid-base reactions

Atmospheric reactions;Rain water soil-reactions

Chemical Precipitation

Phase Transfer(liquid-solid)

Iron oxide deposition at wetted interface, deposition of calcium carbonates & magnesium silicates on submerged surfaces;Interfacial & interparticle diffusion & particle growth

Disinfection Inactivation of organisms by heat & sunlight; Mass or heat transfer across cell membranes

Filtration Separation Process Deposition of bacteria & turbidity in subsurface systems; Microscopic particle transport & interfacial deposition

Ion Exchange Separation ProcessPhase Transfer

Multivalent cation uptake and retardation by soils; Interfacial & interparticle ion diffusion for porous ion exchange resins

Volatilization Phase Transfer(liquid-gas)

Release of H2S from benthic deposits; Molecular diffusion of O2across water-air interface

Environmental Systems (Measurement of Quantity and Concentration)

Extensive Properties: Magnitude depends on the size of the system or on sample taken

from the system (e.g. mass, volume, heat capacity and calories).

Quantity is an extensive property

Intensive property: Magnitude does not depend on the size of a system or on sample

taken from it (e.g. temperature, density, specific heat etc.)

Concentration is an intensive property

Expression of concentration: mass fraction (0-1; % (per cent); (per mil); ppm; ppb) ,

volume fraction, mole fraction, mass per unit volume, moles per unit volume (molar), moles per unit mass (molal), equivalents (normal)

Partial Pressure: Species amount in air may be expressed as partial pressure

Px = -log [x]; [x] is molar concentration; pH, pOH, pCa++ 39

Environmental Measurements

Weight %, P=W/ (W+W0) X 100%

Where P=% of substance by weight

W=grams of substance

W0=grams of water

Results: generally in mass/volume (concentration), mg/L

Environmental Engineering:

Assumption: Substance does not change density of water

Generally untrue, not too inaccurate for dilute concentrations

(~500 mg/L of DS ~ 500 mg/kg ~ 500 mg/1,000,000 mg ~ .05%)

(Assumption: 1 mL water = 1 g)

1 mg/L=1 mg/1000 g=1mg/1,000,000 mg=1 ppm (parts per million)

ppb

Weight % of 1 mg/L can be:

P=W/ (W+W0) X 100=1 mg (100)/1 L=10-3 g (100)/103 g= 1X10-4 %

Or 1 mg/L = 1X10-4 % =0.0001 %

1 % = 10,000 mg/L

1 mg/L = 1 g/m3 = 1 ppm (by weight)1 g/L = 1 mg/m3 = 1 ppb (by weight)

1 % = 10000 mg/LWater < 1/20 %

Environmental measurement

1. Ten gram of table salt (NaCl) is dissolved in pure water to make 1 L of solution. Determine the mass fraction (%, ppm), mass concentration, molarity, molality, normality, mole fraction of Na+ in solution. (Na = 23; Cl = 35.5)

Molecular weight of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

10 g NaCl = 10/58.5 = 0.17 mole = 0.17 x 23 = 3.9 g of Na+.

Mass fraction = 3.9/1000 = 0.39 % = 3900 ppm

Mass concentration = 3.9 g/L = 3900 mg/L ( in aq. Systems, mg/L = ppm)

Molarity =0.17 mole/L or 0.17 M; Normality = 0.17 eq/L = 0.17 N

Molality = 0.17 mole/ 0.99 kg = 0.172

Mole fraction = 0.17/ (0.17 + 0.17 + (990/18) = 3.0719 x 10-3

2. Mole fraction of aqueous glucose solution is 0.025. What is the molar & mass concentration of glucose? (Assumption: density of the solution = 1)

Moles of glucose = 0.025 = 0.25 x 180 = 4.5 g

& moles of water = 0.975 = 0.75 x 18 = 17.55 g

molar concentration = (.025/ 17.55) x 1000 = 1.42 M

mass concentration = (4.5 g/17.55) x 1000 = 256.4 g/L

Environmental measurement1. Ten gram of table salt (NaCl) is dissolved in pure water to make 1 L of

solution. Determine the mass fraction (%, ppm), mass concentration, molarity, molality, normality, mole fraction of Na+ in solution. (Na = 23; Cl = 35.5)

Molecular weight of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mole

10 g NaCl=10 g/(58.5 g/mole)=0.17 mole=0.17 molex23 g/mole=3.9 g of Na+.

Mass fraction = 3.9 g of Na+/1000 mL=0.39 % = 3900 ppm

Mass concentration = 3.9 g/L = 3900 mg/L ( in aq. Systems, mg/L = ppm)

Molarity =0.17 mole/L or 0.17 M; Normality = 0.17 eq/L = 0.17 N

Molality = 0.17 mole/ 0.99 kg = 0.172

Mole fraction = 0.17/ (0.17 + 0.17 + (990/18) = 3.0719 x 10-3

2. Mole fraction of aqueous glucose solution is 0.025. What is the molar & mass concentration of glucose? (Assumption: density of the solution = 1)

Moles of glucose = 0.025 = 0.025 x 180 = 4.5 g

& moles of water = 0.975 = 0.75 x 18 = 17.55 g

molar concentration = (.025/ 17.55) x 1000 = 1.42 M

mass concentration = (4.5 g/17.55) x 1000 = 256.4 g/L

Prob. 2.06 g of sodium nitrate, NaNO3 is added to a cylinder containing water. The cylinderDiameter is 5 cm and the depth of the water in the cylinder is 10 cm. Determine the concentration of salt in solution, showing your answer in the different units.

SolutionMolecular weight of NaNO3 = atomic wts. (Sodium + nitrogen + oxygen)

= 23 g/mole + 14 g/mole + 3 (16) g/mole = 85 g/moleCalculate the volume of water stored in the cylinderV = D2h/4 = 206 cm3 = 0.206 LConc. of NaNO3 (mg/L) = (2.06 g/0.206 L) (1000 mg/g) = 10000 mg/LMass % = 1%Molarity [NaNO3] = moles NaNO3/L = (10 g/L)/(85 g/mole) = 0.118 mole/L or M

Normality = M n = (0.118 moles/L) (1 equiv/moles) = 0.118 equiv/L or NMolality = 0.118 mole/ 0.99 kg = 0.119Mole fraction = 0.118/ (0.118 + (990/18)) = 0.00214

Our Target Think Globally Act Locally

To understand the basics of environment & environmental hazards (pollution) in your

surroundings.

To be able to think scientifically on the environmental problems.

To be able to solve real environmental problems by applying basic scientific principles.

To know the environmental consequences of different acts

Environmental Studies

To logically understand is Science &

to channelize nature to improve standard of living is Engineering

The motto is'Replenish the earth and subdue it'.

Is there a barren desertirrigate it;

is there a mountain barrierpierce it;

is there a rushing torrentharness it.

Bridge the rivers; sail the seas; and many more----

Rossiter W. Raymond 1913

Human (Our) actions have widespread impacts on our world and the other organisms with which we share it.

Science & technology: explain how things work & reveal how we can make our environment safer, more comfortable and more enduring.

A Study of the Environment----

Environmental Management: Prevention & Control

Developers (Engineers) can prevent environmental degradation by knowing the response of the environment

Think globally act locally

Environmental Scientists & Engineers can attempt to controlthe environmental degradation

A co-ordination between developmental projects , its environmental impacts and remedy is possible only when we are aware of our ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS & ENVIRONMNTAL PROCESSES

Development & its Unintended Consequences

What is Development?

Resource utilization to provide facilities and services. Waste generation is the unintended consequence of development

Unintended Consequences or Side Effects

Resource depletion

Pollution/Environmental degradation

What are we giving back to surrounding?

Air: we cannot take in

Water (wastewater): we cannot use

Scrap: we dislike

Environmental Processes (Natural & Engineered Processes)

Environmental processes of interest are of two categories: 1. Transformation Processes Environment is comprised of chemicals & transformation in them are described

by chemical reactions Reactions are physical, chemical and/or biological in nature. Three dominant characteristics of environmental processes are:

The form and amount of energy available to make them occur The speed or rate at which energy is exercised to effect change. Most of the

environmental reactions follow first order kinetics A system of such spatial and physical characteristics that it allows reactants

to interact or communicate for purposes of reactions.

2. Transport ProcessesMacroscale Transport (System Scale):

Movement of constituents in the bulk of a system & across its boundaries Microscale Transport (Molecular Scale):

Small scale diffusion processes Occur primarily at the interfaces Transport from one phase to another is referred to as mass transfer

Environmental Processes (Natural & Engineered Processes)

Objectives, Information requirements, & expected results for natural & engineered systems are quite different;

The underlying processes & principles of change are essentially the same;

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