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CHAPTER 5SURFACES AND GUIDEWAYS

Surfaces provide supports for veic!es trave!i"# o" tra"sportatio" faci!ities$

Guide%a&s' i" additio" to providi"# support' a!so provide !atera! #uida"ce$ Road%a&

surface t&pes i"c!ude treated soi!' #rave! or oter a##re#ate surfaces' a"d aspa!t

co"crete a"d Port!a"d ce(e"t co"crete pave(e"ts$ I" additio"' (a"& !o%)vo!u(e

roads are co(p!ete!& u"surfaced$ Airport surfaces i"c!ude aspa!t co"crete a"d

Port!a"d ce(e"t co"crete pave(e"ts' as %e!! as turf or a##re#ate)turf surfaces for

!o% vo!u(e airports used *& !i#t aircraft$ Guide%a&s i"c!ude (o"orai!' co"crete

#uide%a&s for ru**er)tired veic!es' a"d co"ve"tio"a! duorai! stee!)o")stee! rai!road

trac+$

5.1 HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS

5$,$, Co(po"e"ts

Fi#ure -$, so%s cross sectio"s for t&pica! aspa!t co"crete a"d Port!a"d ce(e"t

co"crete pave(e"ts$ Pave(e"ts usua!!& co"sist of a surface course .of aspa!t

co"crete or Port!a"d ce(e"t co"crete/' a *ase course' a"d a su**ase co"structed

o" top of prepared su*#rade (ateria!$

Surface coursesusua!!& co"sist of Aspa!t or Port!a"d ce(e"t co"crete$

Concreterefers to a"& (ateria! co"sisti"# of a (i0ture of a##re#ates' suc as sa"d'

#rave! or crused sto"e' faste"ed to#eter *& ce(e"t$

Asphalt concreteco"sists of aspa!t ce(e"t a"d a##re#ate$ A variet& of

aspa!t)*ou"d (ateria!s are used to surface road%a&s$ Aspa!t co"crete

usua!!& refers to i#)1ua!it& pre(i0ed (ateria! usi"# i" pavi"# i#)t&pe

road%a&s$

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Portland cement concreteco"sists of Port!a"d ce(e"t a"d a##re#ate' usua!!&

sa"d a"d #rave! or sto"e$ Port!a"d ce(e"t co"crete pave(e"ts (a& *e

eiter u"rei"forced or co"ti"uous!& rei"forced %it co"ve"tio"a! re*ar$

Base courses"or(a!!& co"sist of a##re#ates suc as #rave! or crused roc+$ Tese

(a& *e si(p!& co(pacted .i" %ic case te& are +"o%" as a##re#ate *ases/ orsta*i!i2ed *& (ea"s of !i(e' Port!a"d ce(e"t' or aspa!t$

Subbasesare usua!!& !oca! a##re#ate (ateria!s$ Te& (a& co"sist of eiter

u"sta*i!i2ed co(pacted a##re#ate$

I" additio"' geotextiles are so(eti(es used i" co"structi"# pave(e"ts$ Tese are

to add stre"#t' co"tro! (oisture' a"d preve"t te (ove(e"t of 3"e (ateria!s i"

drai"a#e !a&ers$

5$,$4 Pave(e"t ai"te"a"ce a"d Rea*i!itatio"

Pave(e"ts are su*6ect to var&i"# de#rees of distress sort of outri#t fai!ure tatreduces teir servicea*i!it&$ Pave(e"t (ai"te"a"ce a"d rea*i!itatio" pro#ra(s are

i"te"ded to restore ride 1ua!it& a"d (ai"tai" te structura! i"te#rit& of te

pave(e"t over its fu!! desi#" !ife$

Aspa!t co"crete pave(e"ts are su*6ect to a variet& of t&pes of pave(e"ts distress

or fai!ure$ Tese i"c!ude7

Alligator cracking$ A series of i"terco""ected or i"ter!aced crac+s caused *&

fati#ue fai!ure of te aspa!t co"crete surface u"der repeated tra8c !oadi"#$

Block cracking$ Crac+s for(i"# !ar#e i"terco""ected po!o"s' usua!!& %it

sarp cor"ers or a"#!es$ Tese crac+s are #e"era!!& caused *& arde"i"# a"dsri"+a#e of te aspa!t a"d9or re:ectio" crac+i"# fro( u"der!&i"# !a&ers

suc as ce(e"t)treated *ase$

Transverse cracking$ Crac+s appro0i(ate!& at ri#t a"#!es to te pave(e"t

ce"ter!i"e$ Tese (a& *e caused *& sri"+a#e or di;ere"tia! ter(a! stress of

te aspa!t co"crete' or (a& *e re:ective crac+s$

Longitudinal cracking$ Crac+s appro0i(ate!& para!!e! to te pave(e"t

ce"ter!i"e$ Tese are caused *& poor!& co"structed co"structio" 6oi"ts a"d

sri"+a#e of te aspa!t co"crete surface< te& (a& a!so *e re:ective crac+s$

Ravelling$ Weari"# a%a& of te pave(e"t surface caused *& dis!od#i"# of

a##re#ate partic!es a"d *i"der$ Tis is usua!!& a resu!t of i"su8cie"t aspa!t

*i"der i" te (i0 or strippi"# of aspa!t fro( partic!es of a##re#ate$

Drip track ravelling$ Pro#ressive disi"te#ratio" of te surface *et%ee" te

%ee! pats caused *& dippi"# of #aso!i"e or oi! fro( veic!es$

Bleeding or ushing$ Te e0udi"# of *itu(e" o"to te pave(e"t surface'

causi"# a reductio" i" s+id resista"ce$ =!eedi"# is #e"era!!& caused *&

e0cessive a(ou"ts of aspa!t i" te (i0 a"d9or !o% air voids co"te"t$ It

occurs %e" aspa!t 3!!s te voids i" te (i0 duri"# ot %eater a"d te"

e0udes out o"to te surface of te pave(e"t$

ai"te"a"ce a"d rea*i!itatio" actio"s for aspa!t co"crete pave(e"ts include

bituminous seal coatsof various t&pes %ic are i"te"ded to sea! crac+s a"d restores+id resista"ce' asphalt concrete overla!s' a"d rec!clingof aspa!t co"crete

pave(e"ts$ I" additio"' fai!ures co"3"ed to s(a!! areas' suc as iso!ated poto!es'

(a& *e patced$

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TYPE OF DISTRESS POSSIBLE CAUSE MaintenanceSuggestions

Fatigue (Alligator) Cracing

!" E#cessi$e

loa%ing

&" 'ea surace

*ase or

su*gra%e

+" T,in surace or

*ase

-" Poor %rainage

." An/

co0*ination o

!1-

Full1%e2t,

2atc,

Bloc Cracing !" Ol% an% %rie%

out 0i#

&" Mi# 3as 2lace%too %r/

+" Fine aggregate

0i# 3it, lo3

2enetration

as2,alt 4

a*sor2ti$e

aggregates

-" Aggra$ate% */

lo3 traic$olu0e

An/ surace

treat0ent or

t,in o$erla/

E%ge Cracs !" Lac o lateral

su22ort

&" Settle0ent o

un%erl/ing

0aterial

+" S,rinage o

%r/ing out soil

-" 'ea *ase or

su*gra%e la/er

." Poor %rainage

I02ro$e

%rainage"

Re0o$e

$egetation

close to

e%ge" Fill

cracs 3it,

as2,alt

e0ulsion

slurr/ ore0ulsiie%

as2,alt

Crac

seal5ill

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6" Frost ,ea$e

7" 8ea$/ traic or

$egetation

along e%ge

Longitu%inal (Linear) 4 Trans$erse Cracing !" Poorl/

constructe%

2a$ing 9oint

crac

&" S,rinage o

t,e as2,alt

la/er

+" Dail/te02erature

c/cling

-" Cracs in an

un%erl/ing la/er

t,at relect u2

t,roug, t,e

2a$e0ent

." Longitu%inal

segregationcause% */ t,e

i02ro2er

o2eration o t,e

2a$er

I02ro$e

%rainage */

re0o$ing

t,e source

t,at tra2s

t,e 3ater

Seal crac or

ill 3it,

as2,alt

e0ulsion

slurr/ orlig,t gra%e

o as2,alt

0i#e% 3it,

ine san%"

Pro$i%e si%e

%rainage

%itc,es

Crac

seal5ill

Relection Cracing !" Dierential

0o$e0ent

*et3een t,e

as2,alt an%

concrete la/ers

&" Can %eteriorate

urt,er un%er

,ea$/ traic

Crac

seal5ill

Sli22age Cracs

!" Lac o a goo%

*on% *et3een

surace la/er

an% t,e course

Partial or

u!!)dept

patc

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*eneat, %ue to

%ust oil %irt

ru**er 3ater

an% ot,er non1

a%,esi$e

0aterial&" Tac coat ,as

not *een use%

+" Mi#ture ,as a

,ig, san%

content

-" :e,icular

turning or

sto22ing

0o$e0ents in

2a$e0ents 3it,a lo31strengt,

surace 0i#

Corrugations 4 S,o$ing

!" Mi#tures too

,ig, in as2,alt

&" Lo3 air $oi%s

+" Fine aggregatecontent too

,ig,

-" E#cessi$e

0oisture or

conta0ination

in t,e granular

*ase

." S0oot, or

roun%e%

aggregate

6" Incorrect

as2,alt gra%e

Dee2 or ull1

%e2t, 2atc,

Rutting

!" Consoli%ation or

lateral

0o$e0ent oan/ o t,e

2a$e0ent

la/ers or t,e

su*gra%e un%er

traic

&" Insuicient

Col% 0ill an%

o$erla/ or

t,in surace2atc,

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%esign

t,icness

+" Lac o

co02action

-" 'eanesses in

t,e 2a$e0ent

la/ers %ue to

0oisture

iniltration

." 'ea as2,alt

0i#tures

Settle0ent5;ra%e De2ressions !" Settle0ent or

ailure in t,elo3er 2a$e0ent

la/ers

&" I02ro2er

construction

tec,ni

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-" Failure o t,e

surroun%ing or

un%erl/ing

2a$e0ent

Pot 8ole

!" Continue%

%eterioration o

anot,er t/2e o

%istress suc,

as t,a3ing o a

ro=en

su*gra%e

cracing

ra$eling or a

aile% 2atc,

ater 2ieces ot,e original

2a$e0ent

surace ,a$e

*een %islo%ge%

&" Poor surace

0i#tures

+" 'ea s2ots in

t,e *ase or

su*gra%e

-" Se$erit/ o t,e

surroun%ing

%istress an%

traic action

accelerate

2ot,oles

Partial ull1

%e2t, or

in9ection

2atc,ing

Ra$eling5'eat,ering !" As2,alt *in%er,as ,ar%ene%

e#cessi$el/

&" Poor1

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as2,alt in a 0i#

+" Too ,ea$/ a

2ri0e or

*on%5tac coat

-" E#cessi$e

sealant in t,e

cracs or 9oints

un%er an

o$erla/

." Traic can

contri*ute to

*lee%ing i t,e

as2,alt la/ers*eco0e

o$erco02acte%

an% e#cess

as2,alt is

orce% to t,e

surace

Polis,e% Aggregate

!" Sot aggregates

t,at 2olis,ot rolle%

i00e%iatel/ ater

2lacing it 0a/

not *eco0e

8ot coarse

san% s2rea%

o$er aecte%

areas

Rolle%

i00e%iatel/

ater

s2rea%ing

3it, a

2neu0atic1

tire% roller

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seate%

." Steel13,eele%

roller alone 3as

use% or

co02action

6" 'eat,er too cool

3,en treat0ent

a22lie%

7" Fast traic too

soon ater

a22lication

Longitu%inal5Trans$erse Streaing

!" Aggregate not

s2rea%

i00e%iatel/

&" I02ro2er s2ra/

*ar ,eig,tcausing incorrect

o$erla2 o t,e

s2ra/ ans

+" C,anging s2ra/

*ar ,eig,t as t,e

%istri*utor loa%

%ecreases

-" >o==le 2ro*le0s

(incorrect angle

incorrect si=e%ierent si=es

2lugge% or

restricte%

no==les or ones

3it,

i02erections)

." >o==le control

linage 2ro*le0

6" Inconsistent

2u02 s2ee% or2ressure to t,e

no==les an%

$ar/ing

%istri*utor tra$el

s2ee%

7" I02ro2er

Re1seal

surace

using 2ro2er

2roce%ure

an%

a%9ust0ent

o

e

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a22lication

te02erature

(allo3ing t,e

as2,alt 0aterial

to cool)? an%

I02ro2er *in%er

c,oice ($iscosit/

too ,ig, or

e#isting

con%itions an%

e

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%oint or crack spalling$ Te *rea+do%" or disi"te#ratio" of s!a* ed#es at 6oi"ts

or crac+s' usua!!& resu!ti"# i" te !oss of sou"d co"crete a"d te pro#ressive

%ide"i"# of te 6oi"t or crac+$

Surface attrition or surface abrasion$ A*"or(a! surface %ear' usua!!& resu!ti"#

fro( poor)1ua!it& surface (ortar or coarse a##re#ate$

Surface polish$ >oss of te ori#i"a! surface te0ture due to tra8c actio"$

ai"te"a"ce a"d rea*i!itatio" actio"s for Port!a"d ce(e"t co"crete pave(e"ts

i"c!ude installation of edge drainsto reduce pu(pi"#' grinding of slabsto correct

fau!ti"#' replacementof *ad!& crac+ed or deteriorated s!a*s' asphalt concrete

overla!s' groovingto reduce &drop!a"i"#' a"d use of specia! thin concrete

surface treatments$

5.2 RAILROAD TRACK

Rai!road trac+ serves to provide #uida"ce for rai! veic!es a"d to spread %ee! !oads

so as to +eep *eari"# pressure o" te su*#rade %iti" accepta*!e !i(its$ Tis !atter

fu"ctio" is si(i!ar to tat of i#%a&s pave(e"ts' a"d te desi#" of rai!road trac+s

is si(i!ar i" (a"& %a&s to tat of :e0i*!e i#%a& pave(e"ts$

5$4$, ?vera!! Trac+ Structure

Te overa!! trac+ structure t&pica!!& co"sists of su*#rade' *a!!ast' ties' rai!s' a"d rai!

faste"i"#s$ Tese are arra"#ed as fo!!o%s7

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Te ballastrests o" te subgrade'

Tetiesare e(*edded i" te *a!!ast

Terailsusua!!& rest o" tie p!ates a"d are faste"ed to te ties *& spi+es

?ter trac+ faste"i"# i"c!ude&oint bars' %ic are used to faste" rai!s

to#eter !o"#itudi"a!!&