CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS Lecture: Plant Biology Instructor: L.R. Chevalier Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Transcript
Slide 1
CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS Lecture: Plant
Biology Instructor: L.R. Chevalier Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois University
Carbondale
Slide 2
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plants Importance to civil
and environmental engineered systems Prevents soil erosion
Sequestration of carbon dioxide produced by fossil-fuel combustion
Removal of contaminants from soil A source of fuel Wastewater
treatment Wetlands
Slide 3
Environmental Biology for Engineers Objective Review the
divisions of the plant kingdom Review the basic plant anatomy
Understand basic process of oxidation reduction and how it relates
to photosynthesis Discuss the importance of plants to civil and
environmental engineering Understand the use of plants for Reducing
contaminants in soil Wetlands Wastewater Treatment
Slide 4
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plants What are they?
Multicelluar Photosynthtic Eukaryotic Fundamental to ecosystems
Takes in CO 2 Fixes CO 2 to organic matter that provides food for
other organisms Produces O 2
Slide 5
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plant Division Bryophytes
Mosses Lack specialized vascular tissue for transport of nutrients
Limits height Has rhizoids instead of roots Act as anchors Do not
absorb Require moist conditions for motile sperm cells to reproduce
Saxifra arguta
Slide 6
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plant Division Seedless
vascular plants Ferns Transport water and nutrients Specialized
roots for absorption Waxy layer on leaf to reduce evaporation
Lignin to provide structural strength 144 million years ago
(dinosaurs) dominated in tropical climates Basis of todays coal
deposits Produces spores on the underside of fronds May also
reproduce asexually from horizontal stems (rhizomes) Cystopteris
bulbifera
Slide 7
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plant Division Gymnosperms
Naked Seed plants Seed is formed after fertilization Contains the
embryo, an outer seed coat Includes Conifer (most popular) Cycad
(palm-like plants) Ginkgo biloba Cycadaceae: Cycas cirinalis
Slide 8
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plant Division Angiosperm
the flowering plants Dominated the land for 100 million years
Flowers, fruit and distinctive life cycle 235, 000 species Duckweed
(mm sized) Eucalyptus tress (100 m tall) Saguaro cactus Water lily
Monocots Dicots Cactaceae: Carnegiea gigantea Nymphaeaceae:
Nymphaea
Slide 9
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plant Division Angiosperms
(continued) Further divided by the embryonic leaves of the seed
Monocots Include corn and rice Single endosperm in seed Leaves have
parallel veins Vascular bundles arranged throughout the cross
section (think celery) Dicots Include peanuts and beans Two
endosperms in seed (two halves) Network of veins Vascular bundles
arranged in a ring
Slide 10
Environmental Biology for Engineers Monocot and Dicot
Leaves
Slide 11
Environmental Biology for Engineers Monocots and Dicots:
Comparison
Slide 12
Environmental Biology for Engineers Parts of the Plant Root
Stems Leaves
Slide 13
Environmental Biology for Engineers Roots The primary purpose
of the root is _____________ The roots also provide the stems and
leaves with water and dissolved minerals. In order to accomplish
this the roots must grow into new regions of the soil. The growth
and metabolism of the plant root system is supported by the process
of photosynthesis occurring in the leaves Two major types of roots
systems Taproots Fibrous
Slide 14
Environmental Biology for Engineers Roots
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_____________________ Characterized by one main root Smaller
branches emerge from the main root When a seed germinates, the
first root to emerge is the radicle, or primary root For conifers
and dicots, this radicle develops into the taproot Taproots can be
modified for use in storage of carbohydrates (carrots, beets)
Taproots are important adaptations for search for water (poison
ivy)
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Environmental Biology for Engineers ________________
Characterized by having a mass of similarly sized root, referred to
as adventitious roots Fibrous roots systems are excellent for
erosion control
Slide 17
Environmental Biology for Engineers Root structure Root cap
Zone of division Zone of elongation Zone of maturation root cap
zone of cell division zone of cell elongation zone of cell
differentiation
Slide 18
Environmental Biology for Engineers Root structure Root cap Cup
shape group of cells at the tip of the root that protects delicate
cells behind the cap Secretes mucigel, a lubricant that aids in
movement Also plays a role in the plants response to gravity If a
flower pot is placed on its side, the stem would grow upward toward
the light, and the root cap would direct the roots to grow downward
Zone of division Zone of elongation Zone of maturation
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Environmental Biology for Engineers Root structure Root cap
Zone of division Contains growing and diving meristematic cells
After each division, one daughter cell retains the properties of
the meristems cell The other daughter cell moves into the zone of
cell elogation Zone of elongation Zone of maturation
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Environmental Biology for Engineers Root structure Root cap
Zone of division Zone of elongation The daughter cell from the zone
of cell division elongates, sometimes as much as 150 x This pushes
the root tip through the soil Zone of maturation
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Environmental Biology for Engineers Definition Meristem
Undifferentiated cells Apical meristems Found in zones of growth
Root tip Buds Differentiation Protoderm near the outside of the
stem, develops into the epidermis. The epidermis is the outermost
layer of tissue (dermal tissue) of leaves, stems, roots, flowers,
fruits and seed. Procambium lies just inside the protoderm,
develops into the vascular cylinder xylem and phloem may become the
wood of the tree Ground meristem develops into the cortex or pith
produces the cork cambium may becomes the bark of a tree
Slide 22
Environmental Biology for Engineers Root Structure: Zone of
Maturation
Slide 23
Environmental Biology for Engineers Root Structure: Root Hairs
Cut a section just above the first root hairs Cells have
differentiated into tissues
Slide 24
Environmental Biology for Engineers Stem Provides support and
protection Transport system for water and nutrients __________ Main
water and mineral conducting tissue At maturity, xylem cells lose
their protoplasm forming nonliving hollow tubes __________ Food
conducting tissue Transports substance to and from the roots and
leaves
Slide 25
Environmental Biology for Engineers Comparing Stem and
Root
Slide 26
Environmental Biology for Engineers Trees: Cross Section
Slide 27
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plant: Cross section of a
horsetail Note: the carinal canal contains the vascular bundles,
which are clusters of xylem and ploem.
Slide 28
Environmental Biology for Engineers Leaves Main photosynthetic
organ of the plant Composed of a lamina (blade) and the
petiole
Slide 29
Environmental Biology for Engineers Photosynthesis Diagram of
photosynthesis showing how water, light, and carbon dioxide are
absorbed by a plant to produce oxygen, sugars, and more carbon
dioxide.
Slide 30
Environmental Biology for Engineers Oxidation-Reduction: What
is it? Rusting of metal Process of photography A car battery Way
living systems produce and utilize energy e-e- All involve
electron-transfer
Slide 31
Environmental Biology for Engineers Oxidation Term derived from
the observation that almost all elements react with oxygen The
product is a compound referred to as an oxide Consider as an
example the corrosion or rusting of iron ?
Slide 32
Environmental Biology for Engineers Reduction Term originally
used to describe the removal of oxygen from metal ores Reduced the
metal ore to pure metal ?
Slide 33
Environmental Biology for Engineers Atoms Recall the following
Atoms have charged subatomic particles Atoms are electrically
neutral The oxidation state or oxidation number is the sum of the
negative and positive charges in an atom Since every atom contains
an equal number of positive and negative charges, the oxidation
state or oxidation number of any atom is always zero This serves as
an important reference point
Slide 34
Environmental Biology for Engineers The Basic Model The loss of
an electron produces a positive oxidation state The gain of an
electron results in a negative oxidation state The changes that
occur in the oxidation state can be predicted quickly and
accurately by guidelines of the representative elements (the
vertical columns to the left and right of the periodic table)
Transition Metals Representative Elements
Slide 35
Environmental Biology for Engineers The Basic Model The
representative elements can be divided into two classes metals and
nonmetals Metal lose electrons With the exception of hydrogen,
these are to the left of metalloid Nonmetals gain electrons
Metalloids have properties similar to both Boron, Silicon,
Germanium, Arsenic, Antinomy, Tellurium, Astatine nonmetals
metalloids metals
Slide 36
Environmental Biology for Engineers Oxidation state of metals
Metals lose electrons, forming positively charge ions, called
cations Group number Same as the number of electrons lost Same as
the charge of the cation formed Same as the number of electrons
found in the outermost shell of the atom (called valence electrons)
Calcium is used below t show the convention for writing oxidation
reactions Symbol of the atom Symbol of the cation Number of
electrons lost
Environmental Biology for Engineers Quick Quiz on Concepts
Write the oxidation half-reactions for the following, indicating
the charge of the ion formed and the number of electrons lost. For
example:
Slide 40
Environmental Biology for Engineers Reduction of nonmetals The
electrons lost by the metal are not destroyed, but instead, gained
by the nonmetal The nonmetal is then said to be reduced The gain in
the negatively charged ion (called an anion) is called a reduction
reaction 8p 8n
Slide 41
Environmental Biology for Engineers Quick Quiz on Concepts
Write the reduction half-reactions for the following, indicating
the charge of the ion formed and the number of electrons lost. For
example:
Slide 42
Environmental Biology for Engineers Summary Table Group Number
Number of Electrons Lost Charge of Cation Formed I1+1 II2+2 III3+3
IV4+4 Group Number Number of Electrons Gained Charge of Anion
Formed IV4-4 V3-3 VI2-2 VII1 VIII0 no tendency to form anions
Slide 43
Environmental Biology for Engineers Application of Concept:
Oxidation- Reduction between Metals and Non-Metals Oxidation must
always be coupled with reduction Electrons lost by one substance
must be gained by another Electrons cannot be destroyed or created
The transfer of electrons results in a drastic change to the
elements involved Consider sodium, Na Silver grayish metal Consider
Cl Greenish colored gas +
Slide 44
Environmental Biology for Engineers Quick Quiz on Concepts
Consider the metal-nonmetal combinations below. Predict the
chemical formula. The first one is worked for you. Example: Na and
S Solution: Na +1 S 2- therefore Na 2 S Mg and O Al and F Ca and F
Mg and N
Slide 45
Environmental Biology for Engineers Transition Metals Behavior
is similar to representative metals Oxidized by nonmetal (e.g. lose
an electron to form an ionic compound) Can exhibit multiple
oxidation states, forming cations with different charges This is
due to the partially filled inner electron level (e.g. 4s filled
before 3d) Element of environmental concern: Iron Can lose 2,3,4,6
or 7 electrons Transition Metals Representative Elements
Slide 46
Environmental Biology for Engineers Quick Quiz on Concepts
Determine the oxidation state of metals in the following compounds.
Cu 2 O Cr 2 O 3 MnO 2 Al 2 S 3
Slide 47
Environmental Biology for Engineers Types of Redox Reactions:
Combination Reactions These involve combining two elements to form
a chemical compound. One is always oxidized One is always reduced
Example 1: Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen oxidation
states:00+1-2 free elements(each hydrogen) Note: Hydrogen is
oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
Slide 48
Environmental Biology for Engineers Types of Redox Reactions:
Combination Reactions These involve combining two elements to form
a chemical compound. One is always oxidized One is always reduced
Example 2: Formation of sulfur trioxide from oxygen and sulfur
oxidation states:00+6-2 free elements (each oxygen) Note: Sulfur is
oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
Slide 49
Environmental Biology for Engineers Types of Redox Reactions:
Decombination Reactions The result of a combination reaction can be
reversed. Example 3: Decomposition of potassium chlorate, KClO 3
oxidation states:+1+5+10 free elements (each oxygen) Note: Chlorine
is reduced, while oxygen is oxidized -2
Slide 50
Environmental Biology for Engineers Types of Redox Reactions:
Single Displacement Reactions In some redox reactions, an element
replaces or displaces another from a compound. The element that
replaces the element in the compound is oxidized, the element
displaced is reduced. Example 4: Displacement of hydrogen by a iron
oxidation states:0+1+3 0 free element Lets break this down with
respect to the oxidation of the iron
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Environmental Biology for Engineers Types of Redox Reactions:
Single Displacement Reactions Example 1: Displacement of hydrogen
by a iron oxidation states:0+1+30 free element Lets break this down
with respect to the oxidation of the iron And the reduction of the
hydrogen
Slide 52
Environmental Biology for Engineers Photosynthesis: Redox in
Plants Cellular respiration is the oxidation of glucose (C 6 H 12 O
6 ) to CO 2 and the reduction of oxygen to water Photosynthesis is
essentially the reverse of the redox reaction in cell
respiration
Slide 53
Environmental Biology for Engineers Photosynthesis: Redox in
Plants
Slide 54
DUCKWEED Application of Plants in Civil and Environmental
Engineering:
Slide 55
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed: What is it?
Botanically, Lemnaceae The smallest flowering plants Float in still
or slow-moving fresh water Found around the world, except cold
regiong High protein Fast growing
Slide 56
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed - Research Study
of basic plant development, biochemistry, and photosynthesis
Toxicity of hazardous waste Genetic engineers are cloning duckweed
genes and modifying duckweeds to inexpensively produce
pharmaceuticals Aqua-culturalist find them an inexpensive feed
source for fish farming Environmental engineers are using duckweed
to remove unwanted substances from water
Slide 57
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed in the news
Duckweed spreads across Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela Venezuela
struggles to remove aquatic plant faster than it spreads over
nation's largest lake Thursday, 17 June 2004 By Alexandra Olson,
Associated Press CARACAS, Venezuela Efforts to remove an aquatic
weed from Venezuela's largest lake are barely keeping up with its
growth, the environment minister said Wednesday. The green plant,
known as duckweed or lemna, covers about 12 percent of Lake
Maracaibo's 13,500-square kilometer (5,400- square mile) surface,
said Ana Elisa Osorio. The lake in western Venezuela is one of
South America's largest bodies of water and is an important
oil-producing region.... [ read more ]read more Additional
Information: See NASA Earth Observatory Duckweed Invasion in Lake
Maracaibo Posted July 13, 2004
(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?i d=4654 )
Slide 58
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed: Bioremediation
Duckweed grows rapidly, and requires substantial amount of
nutrients They have evolved the ability to rapidly remove minerals
from the water These nutrients are converted in the plant biomass
Research has shown that duckweed is adept at removing phosphates
and nitrogen, particularly ammonia These are major contaminants
from agricultural operations The problem is increasing as modern
farming operation concentrate livestock in small areas
Slide 59
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed Above: swine in
North Carolina, Below: a duckweed treatment lagoon inside a plastic
greenhouse. Photos courtesy of Paul Skillikorn
(http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm)Paul
Skillikorn
Slide 60
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed Biomass After use,
the biomass much be removed This can be done by skimming Duckweed
grown on animal waste normally does not contain toxic pollutants
Uses Food for fish or livestock Fertilizer If fed to animals, a
retention period in clean water is necessary to ensure the biomass
if free of water-borne pathogens
Slide 61
Environmental Biology for Engineers Schematic of WWT Operation
Based on the journal paper Smith, M.D., Moelyowati, I., 2001,
Duckweed based wastewater treatment: design guidelines for hot
climates, Water Science and Technology, 43(11):291-299.
Slide 62
Environmental Biology for Engineers Basic Concepts of DWWT
Duckweed mat Fully covers water surface Results in three distinct
zones Aerobic Anoxic Anaerobic
Slide 63
Environmental Biology for Engineers Basic Concepts of DWWT
Aerobic zone Only 10 cm thick Organic molecules are oxidized by
aerobic bacteria using atmospheric oxygen transferred by the
duckweed roots
Slide 64
Environmental Biology for Engineers Basic Concepts of DWWT
Anoxic Zone Organic nitrogen is decomposed by anoxic bacteria End
product is ammonia and phosphate The ammonium (NH + 4 ) and
phosphate (PO 3- 4 )is used as a nutrient by the duckweed
Slide 65
Environmental Biology for Engineers Basic Concepts of DWWT
Anaerobic zone Anaerobic bacteria decompose organic waste The
resulting gases are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ),
hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and methane (CH 4 )
Slide 66
Environmental Biology for Engineers Target Water Quality
Parameters DWWT are reported to reduce BOD Biochemical oxygen
demand COD Chemical oxygen demand TSS NH + 4 PO 3+ 4 Fecal
coliform
Slide 67
Environmental Biology for Engineers Design Equations
ParameterEffluent qualityRate constants (for depth 0.6m) BODL e =L
i e -Kt K=0.158(1.052) T-20 CODL e =L i e -Kt K=0.131(1.065) T-20
TSSS e =S i [(-1.18/T)ln(t)+6.5)/T] Fecal coliformN e =N i e -kt
K=0.7-1.4 Ammonium and phosphate have similar exponential equations
The units are: t (day) K (day -1 ) T (C)
Slide 68
Environmental Biology for Engineers DWWT Design Schematic
Influent Q L i Q/3, L i Effluent Q L e Q+aQ, L e aQ, L e a =
recirculation percentage Q = flowrate (m 3 /d) L = BOD
concentration (mg/L)
Slide 69
Environmental Biology for Engineers DWWT Design Problem
Influent Q L i Q/3, L i Effluent Q L e Q+aQ, L e aQ, L e Estimate
the time it will take for the BOD to reduce 70% if the temperature
is 25 C.
Slide 70
Environmental Biology for Engineers Duckweed: Patents Use US
Patent Office to review patents with key words Duckweed Water
treatment http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Slide 71
Environmental Biology for Engineers US Government Sponsored
Research Duckweed Research from NASA NASA research on duckweeds for
use in advanced life support systems for human exploration and
development of space. Such systems will be required for missions to
the planets. Duckweed Research from NASA National Institutes of
Health NIH supports research on duckweeds as a model system to
understand gene regulation, biosynthesis of essential nutrients,
photobiology, and more. National Institutes of Health National
Science Foundation NSF sponsors fundamental research in areas of
biology not supported by NIH. National Science Foundation USDA
Research with Duckweeds USDA employs duckweeds as model systems for
basic plant research and in studies of alternative treatment
systems for animal waste. USDA Research with Duckweeds US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) EPA reports that duckweeds
are very promising for their potential to detoxify pesticide
residues in the environment. US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division
(BRD) supports work on waste treatment, wetlands, and global
environmental change. United States Geological Survey
Slide 72
Environmental Biology for Engineers Objective Review the
divisions of the plant kingdom Review the basic plant anatomy
Understand basic process of oxidation reduction and how it relates
to photosynthesis Discuss the importance of plants to civil and
environmental engineering Understand the use of plants for Reducing
contaminants in soil Wetlands Wastewater Treatment
Slide 73
Environmental Biology for Engineers References Environmental
Biology for Engineers and Scientists Section 5.4.5 Photosynthesis
Chapter 7 Furman University : Review of Plant Anatomy
http://facweb.furman.edu/~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/indexpage.htm
http://facweb.furman.edu/~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/indexpage.htm
Dr. Gilbert Muth: Biological Foundations Home Page Glossary,
Diagrams and Photos
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botsylhome.htm
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botsylhome.htm Botanical
Society of America http://www.botany.org/ http://www.botany.org/
SIUC PhytoImages http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/
http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/
Slide 74
Environmental Biology for Engineers References Atlas of Plant
Anatomy, Dr. Paul Schulte, UNLV
http://sols.unlv.edu/Schulte/Anatomy/Anatomy.html
http://sols.unlv.edu/Schulte/Anatomy/Anatomy.html Missouri
Botanical Gardens, Duckweeds, Dr. John W. Cross
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm Internet
Chemistry: Leeward Community College, University of Hawaii
Oxidation Reduction
http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/redox_title.html
http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/redox_title.html
Duckweed Smith, M.D., Moelyowati, I., 2001, Duckweed based
wastewater treatment: design guidelines for hot climates, Water
Science and Technology, 43(11):291-299.
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/practical_duckweed.htm#Bioremediation
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/practical_duckweed.htm#Bioremediation
Slide 75
Environmental Biology for Engineers Images Roots and erosion
Wikimedia commons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg Dr.
Gilbert Muth Biological Foundations Home Page Glossary, Diagrams
and Photos http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botsylhome.htm
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botsylhome.htm Schematic
of different roots Microscopic image of root tip Schematic of stem
growth Schematic of the cross section of a horsetail Schematic of
root-shoot-leaves Botanical Society of America www.botany.org
www.botany.org Monocot leaf, cleared Dicot leaf, cleared SIUC
PhytoImages http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/
http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/ Saxifra arguta Cystopteris
bulbifera Cycadaceae: Cycas cirinalis Cactaceae: Carnegiea gigantea
Nymphaeaceae: Nymphaea
Slide 76
Environmental Biology for Engineers Plants and their structures
Schematics comparing monocots and dicots Schematic of plant parts
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.html#Table of
Contents Cites the images are from Image from Purves et al., Life:
The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), Review of
Plant Anatomy Furman University
http://facweb.furman.edu/~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/indexpage.htm
http://facweb.furman.edu/~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/indexpage.htm
Image of tap root Image of fibrous root Rutgers: General Biology
101 Image of root tip (modified by this author in Photoshop)
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab2_mitosis/section1_frames.html
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab2_mitosis/section1_frames.html
BaileyBio.com AP Biology: Powerpoint - Plant Structure Schematic of
zones in the plant root tip Image of fibrous root Monocot-Diocot
Seed Penn State York
http://www2.yk.psu.edu/~sg3/ist311/games/team3/index.html Duckweed
Photo http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm
Images
Slide 77
Environmental Biology for Engineers Calcium orbit
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/calcium-element.html
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/calcium-element.html
Sodium solid WebElements Chlorine
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/the-element-chlorine.html
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/the-element-chlorine.html
Table Salt Department of Planetary Science, Lunar and Planetary
Laboratory, University of Arizona http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/IMP/beagle2/Table_salt/Table_salt.htm
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/IMP/beagle2/Table_salt/Table_salt.htm
Photosynthesis leaf Butler University Friesner Herbarium:
http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/
http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/treeid/treeparts.html
http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/treeid/treeparts.html From Discover
Science, Scott, Foresman, & Co., 1993 Photosynthesis plant
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/growth.html Images
Slide 78
Environmental Biology for Engineers Sources of photographs and
images in sidebar Human brain http://www.healthnak.com/mind/
http://www.healthnak.com/mind/ X-rays images
http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html
http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html Cold Virus (altered
in Photoshop) http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/
http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/ About the Instructor Professor,
Civil and Environmental Engineering Fellow, American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE) Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering,
American Academy of Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE) Board
Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of Environmental
Engineers (AAEE) Licensed Professional Engineer, State of
Illinois