+ All Categories
Home > Documents > CEH ethylbenzene

CEH ethylbenzene

Date post: 16-Oct-2014
Category:
Upload: rol-e-marcos-lobo
View: 812 times
Download: 10 times
Share this document with a friend
35
December 2009 Ethylbenzene Page 1 645.3000 A 2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting CEH Marketing Research Report ETHYLBENZENE By Sean Davis CEH Marketing Research Reports provide comprehensive analysis, historical data and forecasts pertaining to the international competitive market environment for chemical products. Detailed supply and demand data are developed for the United States, Western˚Europe, Japan and other relevant countries or regions with the cooperation of chemical producers and consumers worldwide. Updated information may be available from the following CEH Program services: SRIC Web Library—Available at www.sriconsulting.com. Manual of Current Indicators (MCI)—Updates of statistical data derived from published sources. Issued semiannually. The Economic Environment of the Chemical Industry (EECI)—Economic indicators that impact the chemical industry. Issued semiannually. CEH Inquiry Service—SRI Consulting researchers are available to answer your questions. U.S.A.—Telephone: 650/384-4334 Fax: 650/330-1149 Zürich—Telephone: 4144/283-6333 Fax: 4144/283-6330 Tokyo—Telephone: 813/5202-7320 Fax: 813/5202-7333
Transcript
Page 1: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 EthylbenzenePage 1645.3000 A

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

CEH Marketing Research Report

ETHYLBENZENE

BySean Davis

CEH Marketing Research Reports provide comprehensive analysis, historical data andforecasts pertaining to the international competitive market environment for chemicalproducts. Detailed supply and demand data are developed for the United States,Western Europe, Japan and other relevant countries or regions with the cooperation ofchemical producers and consumers worldwide.

Updated information may be available from the following CEH Program services:

● SRIC Web Library—Available at www.sriconsulting.com.

● Manual of Current Indicators (MCI)—Updates of statistical data derived frompublished sources. Issued semiannually.

● The Economic Environment of the Chemical Industry (EECI)—Economicindicators that impact the chemical industry. Issued semiannually.

● CEH Inquiry Service—SRI Consulting researchers are available to answer yourquestions.

U.S.A.—Telephone: 650/384-4334 Fax: 650/330-1149Zürich—Telephone: 4144/283-6333 Fax: 4144/283-6330Tokyo—Telephone: 813/5202-7320 Fax: 813/5202-7333

Page 2: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 2645.3000 B

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

The information provided in this publication has been obtained from a variety of sources, which SRIConsulting believes to be reliable. SRI Consulting makes no warranties as to the accuracy,completeness or correctness of the information in this publication. Consequently, SRI Consulting willnot be liable for any technical inaccuracies, typographical errors or omissions contained in thispublication. This publication is provided without warranties of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, ornon-infringement.

IN NO EVENT WILL SRI CONSULTING BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL,CONSEQUENTIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TODAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR THE LIKE) ARISINGOUT OF THE USE OF THIS PUBLICATION, EVEN IF IT WAS NOTIFIED ABOUT THEPOSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THEEXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTALDAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN SUCH STATES SRICONSULTING’S LIABILITY IS LIMITED TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BYSUCH LAW.

Certain statements in this publication are projections or other forward-looking statements. Any suchstatements contained herein are based upon SRI Consulting’s current knowledge and assumptionsabout future events, including, without limitation, anticipated levels of global demand and supply,expected costs, trade patterns, and general economic, political, and marketing conditions. AlthoughSRI Consulting believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements arereasonable, it cannot, and does not, guarantee, without limitation, future results, levels of activity,performance or achievements. Readers should verify through independent third-party sources anyestimates, projections or other forward-looking statements or data contained herein before reachingany conclusions or making any investment decisions. SRI Consulting is not responsible for theReader’s use of any information in this publication.

The absence of a specific trademark designation within this publication does not mean that proprietaryrights may not exist in a particular name. No listing, description or designation in this publication is tobe construed as affecting the scope, validity, or ownership of any trademark rights that may existtherein. SRI Consulting makes no warranties as to the accuracy of any such listing, description ordesignation, nor to the validity or ownership of any trademark.

Page 3: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 3645.3000 C

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 4

Manufacturing Processes ......................................................................................................................... 6Benzene Alkylation ............................................................................................................................. 7Superfractionation................................................................................................................................ 7Other .................................................................................................................................................... 7Catalysts............................................................................................................................................... 8

Supply and Demand by Region ............................................................................................................... 8United States........................................................................................................................................ 8

Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 8Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 9Price ................................................................................................................................................. 10Trade ................................................................................................................................................ 11

Imports......................................................................................................................................... 11Exports......................................................................................................................................... 13

Canada ................................................................................................................................................. 14Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 14Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 14

Mexico ................................................................................................................................................. 15Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 15Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 15

Central and South America.................................................................................................................. 16Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 16Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 16

Western Europe.................................................................................................................................... 17Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 17Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 19

Central and Eastern Europe ................................................................................................................. 20Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 20Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 21

Africa and the Middle East .................................................................................................................. 22Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 22Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 23

Asia ...................................................................................................................................................... 24Japan ................................................................................................................................................ 24

Producing Companies .................................................................................................................. 24Salient Statistics........................................................................................................................... 25

China................................................................................................................................................ 26Producing Companies .................................................................................................................. 26Salient Statistics........................................................................................................................... 29

Republic of Korea............................................................................................................................ 29Producing Companies .................................................................................................................. 29Salient Statistics........................................................................................................................... 30

Taiwan ............................................................................................................................................. 31Producing Companies .................................................................................................................. 31Salient Statistics........................................................................................................................... 32

Page 4: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 4645.3000 D

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Other Asia........................................................................................................................................ 32Producing Companies .................................................................................................................. 32Salient Statistics........................................................................................................................... 33

Oceania ................................................................................................................................................ 34Producing Companies ...................................................................................................................... 34Salient Statistics............................................................................................................................... 35

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 35

Page 5: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 5645.3000 E

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

SUMMARY

Nearly all ethylbenzene produced in the world is used in the manufacture of styrene; therefore,ethylbenzene demand is determined primarily by styrene production. Styrene is used mostly in polymerproduction for polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) resins,styrene-butadiene elastomers and latexes, and unsaturated polyester resins. The major styrene marketsinclude packaging, electrical/electronics/appliances, construction and consumer products. Consumption ofethylbenzene for uses other than the production of styrene is estimated to be less than 1%. Theseapplications include use as a solvent and, on occasion, in the production of diethylbenzene, acetophenoneand ethyl anthraquinone.

The following table summarizes world supply and demand for ethylbenzene.

World Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene—2008(thousands of metric tons)

Average AnnualConsumption

Annual Capacity Consumption Growth Rate,2008-2013

2009a 2013 Production Imports Exports 2008 2013 (percent)

North AmericaUnited States 6,082 5,508 4,816 2 20 4,798 4,750 –0.2Canada 927 927 839 neg neg 839 820 –0.5Mexico 174 282 146 neg 0 146 225 9.0

Total North America 7,183 6,717 5,801 2 20 5,783 5,795 0.0%

Central and South Americab 1,139 1,219 479 39 22 496 805 10.2Western Europec 6,837 6,837 5,712 567 583 5,696 5,400 –1.1Central and Eastern Europed 1,233 1,453 919 115 97 937 1,100 3.3Africa and the Middle Easte 2,722 4,072 1,209 0 0 1,209 2,750 17.9

AsiaChina 4,239 6,682 2,761 0 neg 2,761 5,800 16.0Japan 3,751 3,334 3,248 0 neg 3,248 2,980 –1.7Republic of Korea 3,559 3,559 3,218 0 0 3,218 2,950 –1.7Taiwan 2,115 2,115 2,072 neg 0 2,072 2,050 –0.2Other Asiaf 2,223 2,255 2,076 neg neg 2,076 2,100 0.2

Total Asia 15,887 17,945 13,375 0 0 13,375 15,880 3.5%

Oceania 135 0 73 0 0 73 0 –100.0

Total 35,136 38,243 27,568 723 722 27,569 31,730 2.9%

a. Data as of midyear 2009.

b. Data include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.

c. Data include Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Swedenand the United Kingdom.

d. Data include the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.

e. Data include all of Africa, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.

f. Includes Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Page 6: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 6645.3000 F

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

The following table presents estimated operating rates of ethylbenzene units by region in 2008:

Ethylbenzene Utilization Rates by Region—2008

RegionOperating Rate

(percent)

North America 80.8United States 79.2Canada 90.5Mexico 83.9

Central and South America 41.7Western Europe 76.4Central and Eastern Europe 74.5Africa and the Middle East 54.9Asia 87.3

China 76.0Japan 85.5Republic of Korea 90.4Taiwan 98.0Other Asia 93.4

Oceania 54.1

Total 79.4% SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Global ethylbenzene operating rates declined in 2008 as the global economic recession resulted indiminished styrene demand. In the United States, Western Europe and Japan, producers contended withrising feedstock pricing and oversupply through capacity reductions and the formation of joint ventures.In the Middle East and China, ethylbenzene/styrene capacity continues to increase to meet anticipateddemand growth. Central and South America utilization rates were low in 2008 due to the completion ofInnova’s new ethylbenzene/styrene facility in Triunfo, Brazil which began operation late in the year,nearly doubling the region’s supply. Global operating rates should improve between 2009 and 2010 asmarkets slowly recover.

World ethylbenzene demand will increase at an average annual rate of 2.9% from 2008 to 2013, resultingin a total demand of 31.7 million metric tons in 2013. Consumption is expected to grow the fastest in theMiddle East and China.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Currently, two commercial processes are widely used in the manufacture of ethylbenzene. The processesare vapor-phase alkylation, which employs a zeolite catalyst, and liquid-phase alkylation using an AlCl3-based catalyst or a zeolite-based catalyst. Approximately 99% of ethylbenzene is produced by the Friedel-Crafts alkylation between benzene and ethylene. Ethylbenzene is also isolated by a commercialdistillation process known as superfractionation; however, only small amounts of the ethylbenzeneproduced worldwide are manufactured by this process.

The maximum theoretical yield for styrene conversion is over 98%. Yields of styrene from ethylbenzenerange from 85-90% for older plants to 92% and above for newer plants. The current average industryyield of 89-90% for styrene production corresponds to an estimated 1.15 kilograms of ethylbenzeneconsumed per kilogram of styrene.

Page 7: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 7645.3000 G

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

BENZENE ALKYLATION

Ethylbenzene is produced primarily by the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with ethylene, followedby a distillation to purify and isolate the product. The industry uses two types of alkylation processes: theliquid-phase process and the vapor-phase process. AlCl3 and zeolite catalyst alkylation processes are usedcommercially. The zeolite-based catalyst processes are either liquid phase or vapor phase.

The liquid-phase AlCl3 process involves low temperature and pressure with an aluminum chloridecatalyst. Many variations of the AlCl3 catalyst–based process are used throughout the industry. Onewidely used version is the Mobil/Badger process, which, like many of the other patented processes, canachieve a yield of over 99%.

The vapor-phase zeolite process requires a higher temperature and pressure (over 300°C and 900 psi) thanthe liquid-phase process. Solid phosphoric acid catalysts or alumina-silica catalysts (synthetic zeolites)are used in this process. The vapor-phase process has distinct advantages over the liquid-phase AlCl3process: the reaction mixture is heterogeneous and noncorrosive, aqueous waste treatment facilities arenot required and heat produced by the reaction can be recovered and used. Although liquid-phase AlCl3plants will continue to operate in the future, all plants built in the next few years will be based on vapor-phase zeolite technology. The Friedel-Crafts reaction is as follows:

C6H6 + CH2 CH2 C6H5CH2CH3

benzene ethylene ethylbenzene

mol wt: 78.1 28.0 106.1

Approximately 0.11 kilogram of ethylene and 0.34 kilogram of benzene are consumed per kilogram ofethylbenzene produced.

SUPERFRACTIONATION

Approximately 1% of world capacity is based on the separation of ethylbenzene from mixed xylenesstreams. This process is known as superfractionation. Mixed xylenes streams are generally produced fromrefinery reformate and to a lesser extent from the pyrolysis gasoline stream from ethylene crackers thatprocess naphtha or gas oil. Recovery of ethylbenzene from a mixed aromatics stream requires distillationtowers with over 300 trays in series and a high reflux ratio. This process is expensive because of thedifficulty of separating ethylbenzene from other similar boiling compounds.

OTHER

Dow developed a process that selectively upgrades butadiene in a raw C4 stream to styrene, producingraffinate-1 (a mixture of C4 hydrocarbons except butadiene) as a by-product. More recently, DSMannounced a lower-cost butadiene-based process in which butadiene is converted by catalyticdimerization to vinyl cyclohexane; after purification, it is dehydrogenated to ethylbenzene. At presentthere are no known commercial applications of either process.

Page 8: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 8645.3000 H

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

CATALYSTS

A majority of newer ethylbenzene units in the world utilize zeolite-based catalyst technology; with manyof the older units still using aluminum chloride–based catalyst in a liquid-phase process. Recentdevelopments in Fischer-Tropsch and vanadium-based catalysts, as well as derivations of existingtechnologies, are ongoing in an effort to increase yields and reduce capital and operating costs.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND BY REGION

UNITED STATES

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in the United States:

U.S. Producers of Ethylbenzene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009(thousands ofmetric tons)

Americas Styrenicsa

St. James, LA 945

Chevron Phillips ChemicalPascagoula, LA 131

Cos-Mar Companyb

Carville, LA 1,280

Dow Chemical U.S.A.c

Freeport, TX 574

INEOS NOVAd

Bayport, TX 880Texas City, TX 510

LyondellBasellChannelview, TX 1,472

Westlake Styrene CorporationSulphur, LA 290

Total 6,082 a. Company is a joint venture between Chevron Phillips

Chemical (50%) and Dow Chemical (50%).

b. Company is a joint venture between SABIC InnovativePlastics (50%) and Total Petrochemicals (50%).

c. Company will close ethylbenzene and styreneproduction by year-end 2009.

d. Company is a joint venture between INEOS Group(50%) and NOVA Chemicals (50%).

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Page 9: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 9645.3000 I

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

The U.S. ethylbenzene and styrene industry underwent a number of major changes over the past severalyears highlighted by the closure of Sterling Chemicals in 2007 and the formation of new joint ventures in2008. In September 2009, Dow furthered its own reorganization plan by confirming the closure ofethylbenzene and styrene monomer production at Freeport, Texas by year-end. Total U.S. ethylbenzenecapacity will have dropped a total of 23% between 2007 and 2009, bringing U.S. styrene supply anddemand closer into balance.

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents salient statistics for ethylbenzene:

U.S. Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

ProductionEstimated

Reported Estimated Importsa Exportsa Consumptionb

1985 3,350 3,988 30 75 3,943

1990 4,076 4,229 37 116 4,1501991 4,024 4,286 3 89 4,2001992 5,039 4,696 5 55 4,6471993 5,333 5,213 36 16 5,2331994 5,383 5,833 25 28 5,830

1995 6,193 5,832 34 9 5,8561996 4,699 6,157 7 57 6,1071997 5,432 5,921 3 78 5,8461998 5,743 5,915 1 54 5,8621999 5,945 6,129 <1 10 6,119

2000 5,968 6,134 <1 33 6,1012001 4,642 4,730 38 8 4,7602002 5,412 5,551 <1 19 5,5322003 5,579 5,689 49 15 5,7232004 5,779 5,890 9 6 5,893

2005 5,251 5,670 35 9 5,6962006 5,286 5,397 0 3 5,3942007 5,664 5,711 0 16 5,6952008 4,104 4,816 2 20 4,7982009 -- 4,405 neg 1 4,404

2013 -- 4,750 -- -- 4,750

See MANUAL OF CURRENT INDICATORS for additional information. a. Reported under the following import and export code numbers:

1985 404.05401990-2009 2902.60.00.00

b. Data for ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION are calculated as ESTIMATED PRODUCTIONplus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

Page 10: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 10645.3000 J

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

SOURCES: (A) Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales, U.S.International Trade Commission (data for REPORTED PRODUCTION for1985 and 1990-1994).

(B) Petrochemical Surveys, National Petroleum Refiners Association (data forREPORTED PRODUCTION for 1995-2001 and 2003-2008).

(C) Petrochemical Surveys-Second Quarter 2002, National Petroleum RefinersAssociation (datum for REPORTED PRODUCTION for 2002).

(D) Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals and Products, U.S. International TradeCommission (datum for IMPORTS for 1985).

(E) U.S. Imports, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (datafor IMPORTS for 1990-1998).

(F) U.S. Exports, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (datafor EXPORTS for 1985 and 1990-1998).

(G) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc. (data forIMPORTS and EXPORTS for 1999-2009).

(H) CEH estimates (all other data).

U.S. production of ethylbenzene by distillation from mixed xylenes streams is estimated at less than athousand metric tons per year. All styrene producers in the United States have captive ethylbenzenecapacity. In addition, small quantities of ethylbenzene are occasionally sold to the solvent market bystyrene producers, particularly when demand for styrene is soft. Ethylbenzene sales generally account foronly a small percentage of total production.

Practically all ethylbenzene produced in the United States is consumed in the manufacture of styrene.Major polymer applications include polystyrene, SB elastomers and latexes and ABS/SAN resins. Somenonpolymer applications include rubber antioxidants, diluents for epoxy resin manufacture and use invarnishes. Ethylbenzene demand averaged 5% per year declines as styrene and derivatives markets shrankbetween 2004 and 2008. Future ethylbenzene demand is anticipated to decline an estimated 0.2% per yearon average between 2008 and 2013 as styrene outlets begin to slowly improve over the forecast period.

PRICE

The following table presents historical data on the unit trade values for ethylbenzene:

Page 11: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 11645.3000 K

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

U.S. Unit Trade Values for Ethylbenzenea

(dollars per metric ton)

Unit ImportValue

Unit ExportValue

1999 28.5 55.8

2000 31.2 56.32001 50.9 46.92002 97.4 42.42003 58.0 47.22004 100.2 116.3

2005 96.7 106.02006 585.2 104.92007 816.8 113.82008 889.5 119.22009 63.0 225.8 a. Data are calculated from rounded data on

sales and value of sales and are onlyapproximations of average yearly values.

SOURCE: World Trade Atlas, Global TradeInformation Services, Inc.

Since almost all of the ethylbenzene produced is captively consumed by styrene producers, ethylbenzeneprices fluctuate based on raw material (benzene and ethylene) prices and the demand for nonstyreneapplications.

TRADE

Imports

The following table presents U.S. imports of ethylbenzene:

Page 12: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 12645.3000 L

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

U.S. Imports of Ethylbenzenea

Quantity(thousands ofmetric tons)

Value(millions of

dollars)Primary Country/Region of Origin

1975 0.4b -- Western Europe

1980 18.7b -- Canada

1985 29.9b -- Netherlands

1990 37.2 10.0 Netherlands1991 3.1 2.0 Canada1992 5.4 2.8 Netherlands and Canada1993 35.5 12.4 Netherlands and Canada1994 25.1 13.0 Netherlands

1995 33.7 16.3 Netherlands and Brazil1996 7.2 2.4 Brazil and United Kingdom1997 3.3 1.5 Canada and United Kingdom1998 0.5 0.3 Canada and Germany1999 0.2 neg Canada

2000 0.3 0.1 Canada2001 37.6 19.1 Canada and Netherlands2002 0.1 neg Canada2003 49.4 28.6 Canada and Netherlands2004 8.5 8.5 Canada

2005 35.5 34.3 Canada2006 0.01 0.05 Spain2007 0.01 0.1 Germany2008 2.1 1.8 Brazil2009 neg -- Canada and Netherlands a. Reported under import code # 2902.60.00.00.

b. Data for 1975-1985 list imports from principal sources and may not representtotal ethylbenzene imports.

SOURCES: (A) Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals and Products , U.S.International Trade Commission (data for 1975 and 1980).

(B) World Petrochemicals Program, SRI Consulting (data for1985).

(C) U.S. Imports, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of theCensus (data for 1990-1998).

(D) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.(data for 1999-2009).

Since 1990, the United States has imported the bulk of its ethylbenzene from Canada. Imports have notbeen a major factor in domestic supply/demand accounting for less than 1% of U.S. ethylbenzeneconsumption.

Page 13: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 13645.3000 M

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Currently, there is no import duty for ethylbenzene coming from Canada, the Caribbean Basin, theAndean countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) and Mexico. Theimport duty on ethylbenzene for the rest of the world is 15.4 cents per kilogram plus 55% ad valorem.

Exports

The following table presents U.S. exports of ethylbenzene:

U.S. Exports of Ethylbenzenea

Quantity(thousands of metric tons)

Value(millions of dollars)

1975 38.2 8.4

1980 23.8 13.2

1985 74.8 39.2

1990 116.4 73.81991 88.9 45.21992 54.9 14.61993 15.8 5.11994 28.3 13.6

1995 9.5 5.21996 57.1 23.11997 78.4 32.01998 54.4 19.21999 10.0 5.6

2000 33.3 18.72001 8.0 3.82002 18.8 8.02003 15.1 7.12004 6.1 7.1

2005 8.9 9.42006 2.7 2.92007 15.7 17.82008 20.2 24.22009 1.0 2.3 a. Data are reported under the following export code numbers:

1975, 1980 511.02601985 404.05401990-2006 2902.60.00.00

SOURCES: (A) U.S. Exports, U.S. Department of Commerce,Bureau of the Census (data for 1975-1998).

(B) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for 1999-2009).

U.S. exports peaked in 1990 at 116 thousand metric tons dropping significantly by 1995 to only 9.5thousand metric tons before rebounding slightly in 1996-1998. Since 1999, U.S. exports have not reachedsignificant levels. Over 70% of exported material is delivered to the Netherlands.

Page 14: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 14645.3000 N

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

CANADA

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Canada:

Canadian Producers of Ethylbenzene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

INEOS NOVAa

Sarnia, ON 477

Shell Chemicals CanadaScotford, AB 450

Total 927 a. Company is a joint venture between INEOS

Group (50%) and NOVA Chemicals (50%).

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents Canadian salient statistics for ethylbenzene:

Canadian Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 903 0.2 0.3 9032001 864 0.2 30 8342002 889 0.2 neg 8892003 977 0.3 18 9592004 940 0.2 8 932

2005 839 0.2 35 8042006 876 0.1 0 8762007 912 0.1 0 9122008 839 0.2 neg 8392009 797 0.4 neg 797

2013 820 -- -- 820 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) Global Trade Information Services, Inc. (data for IMPORTS andEXPORTS). Reported under harmonized code # 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (data for PRODUCTION and APPARENTCONSUMPTION).

All ethylbenzene is consumed in the manufacture of styrene. Canadian styrene exports account for over65% of total styrene production. Ethylbenzene trade to and from Canada is solely with the U.S.

Page 15: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 15645.3000 O

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

MEXICO

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table lists the Mexican ethylbenzene producer with its plant location and capacity:

Mexican Producers of Ethylbenzene

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009(thousands ofmetric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2014

PEMEXLa Cangrejera, Veracruz 174 282

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents Mexican salient statistics for ethylbenzene.

Mexican Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 158 0.3 -- 1582001 140 0.3 -- 1402002 140 0.4 -- 1402003 114 0.3 -- 1142004 179 0.3 -- 179

2005 160 0.2 -- 1602006 153 0.1 -- 1532007 151 0.1 -- 1512008 146 0.1 -- 1462009 143 neg -- 143

2013 225 -- -- 225 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) Global Trade Information Services, Inc. (data forIMPORTS and EXPORTS). Reported underharmonized code # 2902.60.00.00

(B) CEH estimates (data for PRODUCTION andAPPARENT CONSUMPTION).

Estimated ethylbenzene demand will increase as a rate of 7-9% per year. Upon completion, the expansionin Veracruz will reduce Mexico’s styrene import by nearly 50%.

Page 16: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 16645.3000 P

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Central and SouthAmerica:

Central and South American Producers of Ethylbenzene

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2014

ProposedStart Date

Argentina

Petrobras EnergiaSan Martin 215 215

Brazil

CBECamaçari, Bahiaa 180 260 2010Cubutão, São Paulo 204 204

InnovaTriunfo, Rio Grande do Sulb 540 540

Total 1,139 1,219 a. Plant was originally owned by Estireno do Nordeste (EDN). CBE

acquired the plant from parent company Dow Brasil SA in 2008.Plant was idled mid-2008. Upgrading capacity from 180 thousandto 260 thousand metric tons in 2010.

b. Innova began operation of a new 540 thousand metric ton unit infourth quarter 2008. The start-up was followed by the closure of asmaller 190 thousand metric ton unit at the site.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents Central and South American salient statistics for ethylbenzene:

Page 17: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 17645.3000 Q

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Central and South American Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 569 10.7 2.9 5772001 551 8.0 4.9 5542002 532 6.8 -- 5392003 544 1.0 0.9 5442004 599 12.6 9.5 602

2005 542 41.6 42.8 5412006 633 51.2 50.5 6342007 616 29.9 29.3 6172008 479 38.8 22.1 4962009 519 0.1 -- 519

2013 805 -- -- 805 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTSfor 2000-2009). Reported under harmonized code# 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (data for PRODUCTION andAPPARENT CONSUMPTION).

Trade in ethylbenzene in Central and South America primarily consists of exports from Petrobras inArgentina to styrene producers in Brazil and small quantities shipping from the United States. Braskem’splanned 40 thousand metric ton styrene unit will absorb additional regional surplus ethylbenzene when itcomes on stream in 2010. Overall, ethylbenzene demand in Central and South America is projected toincrease 10% per year between 2008 and 2013.

WESTERN EUROPE

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Western Europe:

Page 18: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 18645.3000 R

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Western European Producers of Ethylbenzene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Belgium

BASF AntwerpenAnwterpen 900

France

Totala

Gonfrevillel l’Orcher 675

Germany

BASFLudwigshafen 600

Dow Olefinverbund GmbHBöhlen 340

INEOS Manufacturing Deutschlandb

Marl 560

Shell Deutschlandc

Heide 12

Italy

Polimeri Europad

Mantova 600Priolo 70Sarroch 40

Netherlands

Dow Benelux NVTerneuzen 750

Lyondell Chemie NederlandBotlek-Rotterdam 720

Shell Nederland Chemie BVMoerdijk 650

Spain

Repsol Química, S.A.Puertollano 190Tarragona 570

United Kingdom

Shell Chemicals UKEllesmere Port 160

Total 6,837 a. Company closed its 360 thousand metric ton plant at Carling,

France in January 2009.

b. Formerly Innovene Deutschland.

Page 19: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 19645.3000 S

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

c. Formerly DEA Mineralöl AG.

d. Formerly EniChem SpA.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Approximately 97% of the ethylbenzene manufactured in Western Europe is by the Friedel-Craftsalkylation process, with the remaining 3% manufactured via superfractionation. The companies thatproduce ethylbenzene from xylenes operations are Shell (formerly DEA Mineralöl) in Germany andPolimeri Europa (formerly EniChem) in Italy. The Polimeri Europa Priolo plant recovers ethylbenzenefrom pyrolysis gasoline obtained as a by-product of ethylene production from liquid feedstock rather thancatalytic reformate.

Ethylbenzene capacity declined 3-5% over the past eighteen months following plant closures by Total atCarling, France (a net 120 thousand metric ton loss following the expansion at the Gonfreville-l’Orchersite), and SABIC UK Petrochemicals (formerly Huntsman), at Stanlow, UK. With feedstock prices highand margins difficult to sustain, both BASF and Dow have begun plans to sell all or portions of theirstyrenics businesses.

SALIENT STATISTICS

Production, external trade and consumption of ethylbenzene in Western Europe have been as follows:

Western European Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

1990 4,218 295 220 4,2931991 4,183 200 164 4,2191992 4,213 151 183 4,1811993 4,196 114 271 4,0391994 4,494 259 302 4,451

1995 4,436 189 231 4,3931996 4,520 229 264 4,4851997 4,817 265 268 4,8141998 4,975 306 252 5,0291999 5,113 288 244 5,157

2000 5,444 330 359 5,4152001 5,733 176 403 5,5062002 5,594 193 180 5,6072003 5,823 294 411 5,7062004 6,122 507 236 6,393

2005 6,042 543 256 6,3292006 5,935 479 340 6,0732007 5,787 573 400 5,9602008 5,664 567 583 5,6172009 5,664 469 516 5,617

2013 5,400 -- -- 5,400

Page 20: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 20645.3000 T

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services,Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTS for 2000-2009).Reported under harmonized code # 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTS for1990-1999 and PRODUCTION and APPARENTCONSUMPTION for all years).

Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom account for the majority of theethylbenzene produced in Western Europe. Ethylbenzene consumption in Western Europe is projected todecrease at an average annual rate of 1.1% for 2008-2013, as a result of styrene and derivative capacityreductions resulting in an estimated 5.4 million metric tons of ethylbenzene consumed in 2013. It isestimated that regional ethylbenzene/styrene supply and demand has come closer into balance; however,with styrene markets soft, and derivative expansions in the Middle East and China, further capacityreductions are possible over the next few years.

A considerable amount of internal trade occurs within Western Europe (approximately 140-190 thousandmetric tons of ethylbenzene per year), with Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom being themajor traders. Following the reduction in styrene production at Dow’s Terneuzen, Netherland facility,additional ethylbenzene may become available to domestic markets, reducing imports.

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Central and EasternEurope:

Central and Eastern European Producers of Ethylbenzene

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2014

ProposedStart Date

Czech Republic

SYNTHOS KralupyKralupy 300 300

Poland

Petrochemia-BlachowniaKedzierzyn-Kozle 85 85

Page 21: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 21645.3000 U

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Central and Eastern European Producers of Ethylbenzene (continued)

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2014

ProposedStart Date

Russia

Angarsk Petrochemical Co.Angarsk 54 54

NizhnekamskneftekhimNizhnekamsk 395 395

SalavatnefteorgsintezSalavat 225 225

Sibur KhimpromPerm 113 333 2011

Slovakia

Slovnaft PetrochemicalsBratislava 61 61

Total 1,233 1,453 SOURCE: CEH estimates.

In March 2009, PKN Orlen withdrew plans to build a 120 thousand metric ton ethylbenzene plant atPlock, Poland. The facility was to be operated by PKN subsidiary Etylobenzen and supply feedstock toSYNTHOS (formerly Firma Chemiczne Dwory) in Poland on a long term basis. SYNTHOS will sourceethylbenzene from its affiliate in the Czech Republic. Ethylbenzene supply will still experience an 18%increase over the next few years upon completion of an expansion by Sibur Khimprom in 2011.

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents Central and Eastern European salient statistics for ethylbenzene:

Page 22: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 22645.3000 V

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Central and Eastern European Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 686 48.1 56.7 6772001 667 77.6 50.1 6952002 713 90.6 55.7 7482003 758 66.9 49.8 7752004 801 66.7 48.6 819

2005 812 64.7 41.9 8352006 862 80.9 44.6 8982007 926 112.0 86.8 9512008 919 114.8 96.7 9372009 933 124.2 110.6 947

2013 1,100 -- -- 1,100 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services,Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTS for 2000-2009).Reported under harmonized code # 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (all other data).

A jump in ABS production and steady growth by other styrene derivatives will correlate to an estimated 3to 4% per year increase in ethylbenzene consumption between 2008 and 2013. Regional operating ratesgenerally range from the mid-60s to mid/upper 70s (percentage basis).

Trade data primarily reflect exports of ethylbenzene by SYNTHOS (the Czech Republic) and Slovnaft(Slovakia) to Polish styrene producer SYNTHOS. Negligible quantities are occasionally exported intoWestern European countries.

AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Africa and theMiddle East:

Page 23: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 23645.3000 W

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

African and Middle Eastern Producers of Ethylbenzene

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2014

ProposedStart Date

Iran

Pars PetrochemicalAssaluyeha -- 675 2009

Tabriz PetrochemicalTabriz 107 107

Kuwait

Kuwait Styrene Co.b

Shuaiba 520 520

Qatar

Qatar Petrochemicals JVMesaieed -- 675 2014

Saudi Arabia

Jubail Chevron Phillips Petrochemicalc

Al Jubail 850 850

Saudi Petrochemical Co. (SADAF)Al Jubail 1,245 1,245

Total 2,722 4,072 a. Will begin operation in fourth quarter 2009.

b. Company began operation in mid-2009.

c. Company began operation in mid-2008.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

By year-end 2009, Middle Eastern ethylbenzene capacity will have increased by more than 2 millionmetric tons in over eighteen months with the completion of three major ethylbenzene/styrene facilities.Major investments in the Middle Eastern region over the next few years will capitalize on an abundanceof low-cost feedstock and proximity to growing Asian markets. Despite some styrene derivative growthanticipated in Africa within the next few years, there is no ethylbenzene/styrene capacity reported overthe forecast period.

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents African and Middle Eastern salient statistics for ethylbenzene:

Page 24: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 24645.3000 X

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

African and Middle Eastern Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 813 -- -- 8132001 987 -- -- 9872002 1,077 -- -- 1,0772003 1,051 -- -- 1,0512004 1,103 -- -- 1,103

2005 976 -- -- 9762006 1,003 -- -- 1,0032007 996 -- -- 9962008 1,206 -- -- 1,2092009 1,685 -- -- 1,685

2013 2,750 -- -- 2,750 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

There is no trade in ethylbenzene in Africa or the Middle East as production is completely integrated intopetrochemical facilities for styrene consumption. Total ethylbenzene demand is expected to increase17.9% annually totaling over 2.7 million metric tons by 2013. Styrene exports will account for a majorityof demand during the forecast period.

ASIA

JAPAN

Producing Companies

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Japan:

Page 25: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 25645.3000 Y

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Japanese Producers of Ethylbenzene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture 820

Chiba Styrene Monomer Company, Ltd.Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture 305

Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K. (DENKA)Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture 271

Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. Ltd.Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture 237Tokuyama, Yamaguchi Prefecture 340

Mitsubishi Chemical Corporationa

Kashima, Ibaraki Prefecture 417

Nippon Steel CorporationOita, Oita Prefecture 220Oita, Oita Prefectureb 262

Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture 461

Taiyo PetrochemicalUbe, Yamaguchi Prefecture 418

Total 3,751 a. Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. announced plans to close its styrene

monomer capacity by March 2011.

b. Formerly part of the joint venture Nippon Styrene Monomer.Nippon Steel Corp. acquired the remaining 35% share from TosohCorporation in March 2008.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Approximately 98% of ethylbenzene produced in Japan is manufactured from ethylene and benzene, withthe remaining 2% produced from xylenes operations. Mitsubishi Chemical is capable of producingethylbenzene by both methods.

Salient Statistics

The following table provides historical data for ethylbenzene supply/demand in Japan:

Page 26: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 26645.3000 Z

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Japanese Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

1990 2,442 42 3 2,4811991 2,453 42 6 2,4891992 2,484 3 26 2,4611993 2,503 2 45 2,4601994 2,790 3 37 2,756

1995 3,418 -- 94 3,3241996 3,529 -- 37 3,4921997 3,440 -- 25 3,4151998 3,131 -- 10 3,1211999 3,441 -- -- 3,441

2000 3,344 -- -- 3,3442001 3,380 -- 0.1 3,3802002 3,393 -- 0.2 3,3932003 3,480 -- 0.2 3,4802004 3,683 -- 3.4 3,680

2005 3,629 -- 0.3 3,6292006 3,717 -- 0.2 3,7172007 3,840 -- 4.3 3,8362008 3,248 -- 0.1 3,2482009 3,163 -- 0.1 3,163

2013 2,980 -- -- 2,980 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTS for2000-2009). Reported under harmonized code# 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (all other data).

Japanese consumption of ethylbenzene grew at an average annual rate of 2% from 2000 to 2007. With theslowdown of the general economy and domestic styrene consumption, ethylbenzene demand is projectedto decrease 1.7% annually during 2008-2013, resulting in consumption of 2,980 thousand metric tons in2013.

CHINA

Producing Companies

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in China:

Page 27: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 27645.3001 A

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Chinese Producers of Ethylbenzene

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2013

ProposedStart Date

BlueStar Petroleum Co., Ltd.Daqing, Heilongjiang 90 90

Changzhou Dohow Chemical Co., Ltd.Changzhou, Jiangsu 450 450

CNOOC Shell Petrochemical Company Ltd.Huizhou, Guangdong 630 740 2010

CNPC Huabei Petroleum Admin. BureauRenqui, Heibei 90 90

Hainan Shihua Jiasheng Chemical Co., Ltd.Yangpu, Hainan 90 90

Jiangsu Leasty Chemical Co.Jiangyin, Jiangsu 472 472

Liaoning Huajin Tongda ChemicalPanjin, Liaoning -- 136 2009

Linyuan RefineryLinyuan, Heilongjiang 30 30

Ningbo Keyuan Plastics Co. Ltd.Ningbo, Zhejiang 30 30

Ningbo ZRCC Lyondell Chemical Co.Ningbo, Zhejiang -- 650 2010

Panjin Ethylene Co. Ltd.Panjin, Liaoning 84 84

Petrochina Dalian Petrochemical Co.Dalian, Liaoning 114 114

Petrochina Daqing Petrochemical Co.Daqing, Heilongjiang 105 225 2012

Petrochina Dushanzi Petrochemical Co.Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur --a 360 2009

Petrochina Fushun Petrochemical Co.Fushun, Liaoning 70 70

Petrochina Jilin Petrochemical Co.Jilin, Jilin 180 350 2011

Petrochina Jinxi Petrochemical Co.Huludao, Liaoning 68 68

Page 28: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 28645.3001 B

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Chinese Producers of Ethylbenzene (continued)

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Company andPlant Location 2009 2013

ProposedStart Date

Petrochina Jinzhou Petrochemical Co.Jinzhou, Liaoning 90 90

Petrochina Lanzhou Petrochemical Co.Lanzhou, Gansu 68 68

Shandong Heze Yuhuang Chemical Co.Heze, Shandong -- 225 2009

Shanghai SECCO Petrochemical Co.Caojing, Shanghai 730 730

Sinopec AnqingAnqing, Anhui -- 112 2009

Sinopec Beijing Yanhua PetrochemicalBeijing 30 30

Sinopec Beijing Yanshan Co.Beijing 92 92

Sinopec Guangzhou Co.Guangzhou, Guangdong 92 92

Sinopec Jinling Co.Nanjing, Jiangsu 68 68

Sinopec Maoming Refining & ChemicalMaoming, Guangdong 146 146

Sinopec Qilu Petrochemical Co.Zibo, Shandong 230 230

Tianjin Dagu Chemical Co.Tiajin -- 560 2011

Yangzi BASF StyrenicsNanjing, Jiangsu 130 130

Zhongshan Nanrong Chemical Co.Zhongshan, Guangdong 60 60

Total 4,239 6,682 a. Styrene monomer unit became operational in September 2009.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Page 29: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 29645.3001 C

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

All ethylbenzene produced in China is manufactured by alkylation of benzene with ethylene. At presenteleven Chinese producers, representing 17% of total capacity, upgrade dilute ethylene captured fromcoke-oven gas and/or fluid catalytic cracking units. Sinopec Anqing and PetroChina Daqing facilities,both scheduled on stream in 2009, will also utilize dilute ethylene. Total ethylbenzene capacity isanticipated to increase nearly 58% by 2013, totaling nearly 6.7 million metric tons.

Salient Statistics

The following table provides historical data for ethylbenzene supply/demand in China:

Chinese Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 940 2.3 -- 9422001 899 1.2 -- 9002002 1,057 1.0 -- 1,0582003 1,125 -- -- 1,1252004 1,146 1.6 -- 1,148

2005 1,837 9.4 -- 1,8462006 2,487 0.4 0.1 2,4872007 2,833 2.3 -- 2,8352008 2,761 -- 0.1 2,7612009 3,045 0.1 0.1 3,045

2013 5,800 -- -- 5,800 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for IMPORTS andEXPORTS for 2000-2009). Reported underharmonized code # 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (all other data).

Chinese consumption of ethylbenzene grew at an average annual rate of 21.8% from 2002 to 2007.Consumption declined slightly in 2008 but is projected to increase at an average annual rate of 16% for2008-2013, resulting in consumption of 5.8 million metric tons in 2013. China supplements supplyshortages with negligible imports from Taiwan and Japan.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Producing Companies

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in the Republic ofKorea:

Page 30: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 30645.3001 D

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Republic of Korea Producers of Styrene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

BASF Co. Ltd.Ulsana 350

Dongbu Hitek Co. Ltd.Ulsanb 319

Honam Petrochemicalc

Daesan 440

LG ChemicalDaesan 190Yeochon 570

Samsung Total PetrochemicalsDaesan 1,040

SKC Chemical GroupUlsan 340

Yeochon NCCYeochon 310

Total 3,559 a. In August 2009 BASF announced the sale of this site to

SK Chemicals. Unit is currently idled.

b. Capacity is currently idled.

c. Formerly known as Lotte Daesan Petrochemical.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Between 2000 and 2008, South Korean capacity increased 4% annually.

BASF and Dongbu Hitek both idled ethylbenzene/styrene production in 2008 following sharp increases inethylene prices. Both companies purchased ethylene from SK Energy who was forced to increase pricesbecause of rising raw material costs. As of mid-2009, both units remained idle due to soft demand.

Salient Statistics

The following table provides historical data for ethylbenzene supply/demand in the Republic of Korea:

Page 31: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 31645.3001 E

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Republic of Korea Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 2,774 -- -- 2,7742001 2,616 -- -- 2,6162002 2,939 -- 0.1 2,9392003 2,849 -- -- 2,8492004 2,904 3.0 -- 2,907

2005 3,066 -- -- 3,0662006 3,271 -- -- 3,2712007 3,292 -- -- 3,2922008 3,218 -- -- 3,2182009 3,143 -- 0.1 3,143

2013 2,950 -- -- 2,950 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTSfor 2000-2009). Reported under harmonized code# 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (data for PRODUCTION andAPPARENT CONSUMPTION).

All ethylbenzene is consumed in the production of styrene. South Korea’s ethylbenzene consumption andproduction are both estimated to decline approximately 1-2% annually over the forecast period asdomestic styrene demand slows and styrene exports to China and Other Asia are gradually supplanted bycapacity startups abroad over the forecast period. Development of world-scale styene plants in the MiddleEast may lead to further declines in output and possible oversupply within the next several years.

TAIWAN

Producing Companies

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Taiwan:

Taiwanese Producers of Styrene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Formosa Chemicals & Fibre Corp.Mailiao 1,365

Grand Pacific Petrochemical Corp.Ta Sheh 370

Taiwan Styrene Monomer Corp.Linyuan 380

Total 2,115 SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Page 32: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 32645.3001 F

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Taiwan’s ethylbenzene capacity grew 67% between 2001 and 2007. Formosa Chemicals & Fibre Corp. isTaiwan’s largest ethylbenzene/styrene manufacturer, accounting for approximately 65% of total capacity.The company utilizes dilute ethylene from Formosa Petrochemical’s adjacent refinery in Mailiao. Nofurther expansion of ethylbenzene capacity is anticipated over the forecast period.

Salient Statistics

The following table provides historical data for ethylbenzene supply/demand in Taiwan:

Taiwanese Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 1,185 3.1 -- 1,1882001 1,238 -- -- 1,2382002 1,405 -- -- 1,4052003 1,423 -- -- 1,4232004 1,421 -- 0.2 1,421

2005 1,406 -- 0.1 1,4062006 1,375 -- 0.3 1,3752007 1,980 -- 0.2 1,9802008 2,072 -- -- 2,0722009 1,969 -- 0.1 1,969

2013 2,050 -- -- 2,050 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTSfor 2000-2009). Reported under harmonized code# 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (all other data).

Taiwan’s ethylbenzene units have operated above 95% utilization rates over the past several years.Following the completion of Formosa Chemicals’ ethylbenzene/styrene expansion in 2007, Taiwanbecame a net exporter of styrene, displacing some import volume. In addition to growing styrene exports,small quantities of ethylbenzene are occasionally shipped to China. Overall, ethylbenzene demand growthin Taiwan will remain relatively flat to 2013.

OTHER ASIA

Other Asia includes Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Producing Companies

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Other Asia:

Page 33: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 33645.3001 G

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Other Asian Producers of Styrene

Company andPlant Location

Annual Capacityas of Mid-2009

(thousands of metric tons)

Indonesia

PT Styrindo Mono IndonesiaSerang 335

Malaysia

Idemitsu SM (Malaysia)Pasir Gudong 228

Singapore

ELLBA Eastern Pte.Pulau Seraya 625

Shell Chemicals Seraya Pte.Pulau Seraya 450

Thailand

IRPC Public Co. Ltd.a

Rayong 225

Siam Styrene Monomer Co.Rayong 360

Total 2,223 a. Formerly Thai Petrochemical Industry Co. Ltd.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Idemitsu’s Pasir Gudang facility in Malaysia will boost capacity by 2010 bringing its total to 260thousand metric tons. No other expansion is anticipated in Other Asia over the next few years.

Salient Statistics

The following table provides historical data for ethylbenzene supply/demand in Other Asia:

Page 34: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 34645.3001 H

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

Other Asian Supply/Demand for Ethylbenzene(thousands of metric tons)

Production Imports ExportsApparent

Consumptiona

2000 1,342 0.9 0.1 1,3432001 1,349 0.8 0.1 1,3502002 1,584 0.8 0.1 1,5852003 2,130 0.6 0.2 2,1302004 2,056 0.8 0.1 2,057

2005 1,763 1.0 -- 1,7642006 1,923 1.1 -- 1,9242007 2,094 5.4 4.9 2,0952008 2,076 0.1 -- 2,0762009 2,016 0.5 2.0 2,014

2013 2,100 -- -- 2,100 a. PRODUCTION plus IMPORTS minus EXPORTS.

SOURCES: (A) World Trade Atlas, Global Trade InformationServices, Inc. (data for IMPORTS and EXPORTSfor 2000-2009). Reported under harmonized code# 2902.60.00.00.

(B) CEH estimates (all other data).

All ethylbenzene in Other Asia is consumed for styrene manufacture. Following the expansion byIdemitsu in 2010, Other Asian ethylbenzene supply and demand will remain relatively balanced over theforecast period.

OCEANIA

Oceania includes Australia, Guam, New Guinea and New Zealand.

PRODUCING COMPANIES

The following table presents ethylbenzene producers, plant locations and capacities in Oceania:

Oceanian Producers of Ethylbenzene

Annual Capacity(thousands ofmetric tons)

Company and ProposedPlant Location 2009 2014 End Date

Australia

Huntsman Chemical AustraliaWest Footscray, Victoria 135 -- 2010

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

Huntsman Chemical in Australia is the sole manufacturer of ethylbenzene/styrene in Oceania. The 135thousand metric ton plant will reportedly close by year-end 2009. No capacity additions in Oceania areanticipated over the forecast period.

Page 35: CEH ethylbenzene

December 2009 ETHYLBENZENE EthylbenzenePage 35645.3001 I

2009 by the Chemical Economics Handbook—SRI Consulting

SALIENT STATISTICS

The following table presents styrene supply and demand data for Oceania:

Oceania Supply/Demand for Styrene(thousands of metric tons)

AnnualCapacity Production

NetImports

ApparentConsumptiona

2005 135 126 -- 1262006 135 102 -- 1022007 135 81 -- 812008 135 73 -- 732009 135 54 -- 54

2013 -- -- -- -- a. PRODUCTION plus NET IMPORTS.

SOURCE: CEH estimates.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chemical Economics Handbook—The following CEH marketing research reports contain additionalinformation pertinent to the subject of this marketing research report:

BenzeneEthyleneStyreneXylenes

Process Economics Program—The following Process Economics Program reports and reviews containdetailed information on the manufacturing processes, process design and process economics of thechemicals discussed in this report. Address inquiries concerning this information to the ProcessEconomics Program, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, California 94025.

Styrene, Report No. 33C, March 1993.Styrene and p-Methylstyrene and Polymers, Report No. 176, November 1984.Styrene Economics, Review No. PEP 77-1-2, January 1978.Styrene from Ethylbenzene Using Membrane Reactors, PEP Review No. 91-3-4, May 1993.

World Petrochemicals Program—Additional information is available on geographic regions notcovered in this report. The “Ethylene and Derivatives” segment from World Petrochemicals tabulatescapacities for all producers in the world and provides supply/demand information on virtually allcountries and regions. Please forward your inquiries to the World Petrochemicals Program, Menlo Park,California 94025.


Recommended