Word Parts• Cyto – cell• Plasm – jelly like substance• Plast – storage area• Leuco – white• Chloro – green• Chromo – colored• Multi/Poly – many• Mono/Uni – one

Old (Pro, Eu, Kary, ology)

The Cell

Cells are the basic units of life

Scientists

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek created the first single-lens microscope and observed pond water that revealed the world of microorganisms

• Robert Hooke in 1665 created the word “Cell” by using a compound microscope to observe cork & stated that the cork looked

like thousands of tiny, empty chambers.

Robert Brown discovered the nucleus

Matthias Schleiden (Botanist - plants)

Theodor Schwann (Zoologist - animals)

Rudolph Virchow (Pathologist - disease)

• These 3 worked together to come up with the cell theory.

The Cell Theory states:

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of living things.

3. New cells are only produced from existing cells. (Theory)

Two Types of Cells1. Prokaryotes – The

largest group of unicellular organisms because they include bacteria & are found in all types of environments.

2. Eukaryotes – contains a Nucleus where DNA is stored

Prokaryotes

– No Nucleus

– DNA centrally concentrated

– No membrane-bound organelles

– Generally smaller & simpler

– Earliest type of cell (4 billion years ago)

– Example: Bacteria (E. coli)

– Escherichia coli

Peptidoglycan

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

PiliDNAFlagellum

Cell Wall

Eukaryotes

• Larger & more complex

• DNA enclosed in a nucleus

• Contains many organelles

• Highly specialized

• Appeared later (1 billion years ago)

• Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists

Movement of Cells

• Flagella – long, usually singular tail-like structure– Example: Sperm

• Cilia – short, numerous, hair-like structure– Example: Human Egg

Plant and Animal Cell Differences

1. Animals have centrioles while plants have a cell plate for division

2. Plants have a chloroplast used for photosynthesis

3. Animals do not have a cell wall

4. Vacuoles are much larger in Plants

Organelles – general term for all cell parts

Animal or Plant ?

Word Parts

Tonic – Concentration

Hyper – High

Hypo – Low

Iso – Same/equal

Exo – Exit/outside

Endo – In/inside

Phago – Eat

Pino – Drink

Osis- Process

Hydro – Water

Philic – Loving

Phobic - Scared

Cell Transport

Concentration Gradient – a change in concentrations where particles move against the gradient (LowHigh) and with the gradient (HighLow)

Mountain Drawing:

2 Types of Gradients:

1. Active Transport – requires energy to move against the gradient (LH)

2. Passive Transport – requires no energy and travels down the gradient (HL)

3 Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion - random movement of particles from HL» Air Freshener Demo

2. Facilitated Diffusion – movement of materials across the cell membrane using transport proteins» Worksheet Drawings

3. Osmosis – diffusion of water across the cell membrane depending on concentrations (Hypertonic, Hypotonic, & Isotonic) » Egg Demo

Factors Affecting Diffusion

• Food Coloring Demo– Solute – gets dissolved (less)– Solvent – dissolving agent (water-most common)– Solution – mixture when solute is evenly

distributed in the solvent

– Factors that affect the rate of diffusion – concentration, movement, and heat

3 Types of Concentrations

• Potato Experiment

1. Hypertonic – High concentration of substances outside of cell causing it to shrink (Sugar or Salt Water)

2. Hypotonic – Low concentration of substances outside of cell causing it to swell and possibly burst (Pure Water)

3. Isotonic – Equal concentrations inside and outside of the cell causing the cell to stay the same size.

Equalibrium

• A state of balance between opposing forces

• Every concentration is trying to reach Equalibrium

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis is the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane

» Pinocytosis – liquids entering cell» Phagocytosis – solids entering cell

Exocytosis is the release of large amounts of material from the cell