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Cell search,paging and uplink access in CDMA systems
Song Pengpeng
Presentation Title — 2 All rights reserved © 2004
Contents
> Cell search in cdma2000 and WCDMA• Acquisition in cdma2000• Cell search in WCDMA
> Paging in cdma2000 and WCDMA• Paging channels in cdma2000• Paging channels in WCDMA
> Random access in cdma2000 and WCDMA• Random access in cdma2000• Random access in WCDMA
Presentation Title — 3 All rights reserved © 2004
Acquisition in CDMA2000
> Pilot channel
> Pilot Channel is effectively the PN sequences itself and contains no information.
> Pilot channel provides the mobile with timing and phase reference.
> Pilot symbol strength is a key measurement in soft handoff.
S(t)
BasebandFi l ter
BasebandFi l ter
Al l 0s
I -Channel PN sequence1. 2288Mcps
Q-Channel PN sequence1. 2288Mcps
I (t)
Q(t)
tfc2cos
tfc2sin
W0
(Al l 0s at 1. 2288Mcps)
Presentation Title — 4 All rights reserved © 2004
Acquisition in CDMA2000
> The Sync Channel carries baseband information at 1.2 kbps and is spread by Walsh function 32.
BasebandFi l ter
BasebandFi l ter
Syncchannel
bi ts
Wal sh 32Sequence at1. 2288Mcps
I -Channel PN sequence1. 2288Mcps
Q-Channel PN sequence1. 2288Mcps
B
b
Bl ockI nterl eaver
Symbolrepeti t i on
Conv.EncoderR=1/ 2
1. 2 kbps 2. 4 kbps 4. 8 kbps1. 2288M cps
Sync channel super f rame (96 bi ts) Sync channel super f rame (96 bi ts)
Sync channelf rame (32
bi ts)
Sync channelf rame (32
bi ts)
Sync channelf rame (32
bi ts)
Sync channelf rame (32
bi ts)
Sync channelf rame (32
bi ts)
Sync channelf rame (32
bi ts)
Pi l ot PNsequence
Pi l ot PNsequence
Pi l ot PNsequence
Pi l ot PNsequence
SOMSync channel f rame body (31 bi ts)
Sync channel message capsul e: 31*6=186 bi ts
80 ms
Presentation Title — 5 All rights reserved © 2004
Acquisition in CDMA2000
> Pilot channel for short code acquisition--- search window of 26.66ms
> Decoding Sync channel --- data rate@2kbps
““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000
Presentation Title — 6 All rights reserved © 2004
Acquisition in CDMA2000
> Ec/No @-21dB at cell boundary;
> The sync channel can be reliably decoded in 240ms;
> Maximal boot_up time for cdma2000 system is 325ms !““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000
Presentation Title — 7 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> cell search---to resolve code ,time and frequency ambiguity.• Power on---for initial cell search• Idle mode---for identifying new camping cells• Active mode---for identifying handover candidates
> Cell search procedures
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000
Sl otsynchroni zati on
Code groupi denti fi cati on
and f ramesysnchroni zati on
Scrambl i ngcode
i denti fi cati on
Frequencysynchroni zati on
Decodi ng BCHchannel
Target cel l search
i ni t i al cel l search
Presentation Title — 8 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> Sync channels in a cell search for WCDMA
““ cell searching in WCDMA”,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003; 3gpp TS 25.211~214cell searching in WCDMA”,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003; 3gpp TS 25.211~214““ cell searching in WCDMA”,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003; 3gpp TS 25.211~214cell searching in WCDMA”,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003; 3gpp TS 25.211~214
Unmodulated orthogonal
gold code --- Cp
Unmodulated orthogonal
gold code --- Cp
Cs*DjCs*DjCs*DjCs*Dj
Cell Cell specific specific
ScramblinScrambling codeg code
Cell Cell specific specific
ScramblinScrambling codeg code
Presentation Title — 9 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> Stage 1: Slot synchronization by PSC
Autocorrelation function over the full PN periodAutocorrelation function over the full PN periodAutocorrelation function over the full PN periodAutocorrelation function over the full PN period
Slot synchronization using the matched filterSlot synchronization using the matched filterSlot synchronization using the matched filterSlot synchronization using the matched filter
““Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,[email protected],IEEE [email protected],IEEE 2003
““Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,[email protected],IEEE [email protected],IEEE 2003
Presentation Title — 10 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> Stage 2: frame synchronization and GI(Group Indicator) identification
Ful l correl at i ond1, d2, . . . d16
Cs * Dj
Ful l correl at i ond1, d2, . . . d16
Ful l correl at i ond1, d2, . . . d16
threshol d(Cs, Dj )
Cs, 1
Cs, 2
Cs, 16…
““Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,[email protected],IEEE [email protected],IEEE 2003
““Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,Initital cell search procedure in WCDMA---an imporved algorithm for FDD”,[email protected],IEEE [email protected],IEEE 2003
Presentation Title — 11 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> Stage 3: scrambling code identification---symbol-wise correlation over CPICH with all scrambling
codes within the code group identified in step 2.
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
> False alarm probability and detection threshold
Presentation Title — 12 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
> Initial Cell search procedures
30 ms30 ms
20 ms20 ms
10 ms10 ms
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 1
Stage 2 . . . Stage 2 Stage 2
Stage 3 Stage 3 … Stage 3 Stage 3
Stage 1 . . . Stage 1 Stage 1
start Stage 3rej ects
candi dates
Stage 3accepts
candi dates
Frequencyacqui si t i on
achi eved
Nt sl ots
Nf sl ots
Presentation Title — 13 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> It can be seen that for a 90% reliability, the acquisition time is around 500ms at the cell boundary of –21dB !
WCDMA acquisition time in AWGN channelWCDMA acquisition time in AWGN channelWCDMA acquisition time in AWGN channelWCDMA acquisition time in AWGN channel WCDMA acquisition time in fading channelWCDMA acquisition time in fading channelWCDMA acquisition time in fading channelWCDMA acquisition time in fading channel
““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000““Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, Handoff between asynchronous and synchronous systems”, [email protected] , IEEE VTC2000 , IEEE VTC2000
> Synchronization time : Ts=Tc/(1-Pe)
Where
Presentation Title — 14 All rights reserved © 2004
Cell search in WCDMA
> Average acquisition time with different radio configuration parameter
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
““Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Cell search in WCDMA”, Yi-Pin Wang, Tony Ottosson, IEEE joural on selected areas in communications,Vol18,No8, August 2000Vol18,No8, August 2000
Presentation Title — 15 All rights reserved © 2004
Paging channel in CDMA2000
> QPCH, BCCH and CCCH replace the paging channel in IS95.• Enabling Access Probe Handoff(APHO) and Access Handoff
(AHO)• BCCH---cell specific broadcasting information• CCCH---BS responds to MS• QPCH---to improve mobile phone standby time
– Single bit messages twice per 80ms slot to direct slotted-mode MS
– Pilot aided coherent OOK detection– Tri-valued decision:0,1 or Erasure
““The paging channel in cdma2000”,[email protected], IEEE 2000The paging channel in cdma2000”,[email protected], IEEE 2000““Phone standby time in cdma2000:the quick paging channel in soft Phone standby time in cdma2000:the quick paging channel in soft
handoff”,__,IEEE handoff”,__,IEEE transactions on vehicular technology,vol 50,No5,Sept 2001.transactions on vehicular technology,vol 50,No5,Sept 2001.
““soft handoff on the quick paging channel”,__,Globalcomm’99soft handoff on the quick paging channel”,__,Globalcomm’99““Cdma2000:battery life improvement techniques”,__,IEEE 2000Cdma2000:battery life improvement techniques”,__,IEEE 2000
““The paging channel in cdma2000”,[email protected], IEEE 2000The paging channel in cdma2000”,[email protected], IEEE 2000““Phone standby time in cdma2000:the quick paging channel in soft Phone standby time in cdma2000:the quick paging channel in soft
handoff”,__,IEEE handoff”,__,IEEE transactions on vehicular technology,vol 50,No5,Sept 2001.transactions on vehicular technology,vol 50,No5,Sept 2001.
““soft handoff on the quick paging channel”,__,Globalcomm’99soft handoff on the quick paging channel”,__,Globalcomm’99““Cdma2000:battery life improvement techniques”,__,IEEE 2000Cdma2000:battery life improvement techniques”,__,IEEE 2000
Presentation Title — 16 All rights reserved © 2004
Paging channel in WCDMA
> PCH+FCCHSecondary Common Control Channel
> PICH: to carry the paging indicators.• A PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a
PCH transport channel is mapped.
b1b0
288 bits for paging indication12 bits (transmission
off)
One radio frame (10 ms)
b287 b288 b299
3GPP physical layer specification 25.2113GPP physical layer specification 25.2113GPP physical layer specification 25.2113GPP physical layer specification 25.211
Structure of Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)Structure of Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Structure of Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)Structure of Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Presentation Title — 17 All rights reserved © 2004
Enhanced random access in CDMA2000
> IS95 access mode: slotted ALOHA mode
> New features in CDMA2000 reverse access:• Faster capture feedback: an access header containing
request ID and access type• Fast congestion and overload control:periodically
broadcasting a fast access inhibit indicator bit (ISMA)• Support of variable-size/rate packets• Closed loop power control • Shortened access probe• Soft handoff capability• Discontinuous /gated-off preamble
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
3GPP2 C.S00002-A,”physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems”, Release A3GPP2 C.S00002-A,”physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems”, Release A
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
3GPP2 C.S00002-A,”physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems”, Release A3GPP2 C.S00002-A,”physical layer standard for cdma2000 spread spectrum systems”, Release A
Presentation Title — 18 All rights reserved © 2004
Enhanced random access in CDMA2000
> REACH: Basic Access mode
…Message data
Preambl e
REACH
> Involved channels:• REACH: distinguished by its long codes• RCCCH: only be used based on a reservation mode• FCPCH(forward common power control channel)• FCACH(forward common channel assignment
channel): to provide a fast feedback or response mechanism
• FCCCH:
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
Presentation Title — 19 All rights reserved © 2004
Enhanced random access in CDMA2000
> REACH: Power control access mode
…Message data
Preambl e
REACH header
FCPCH
Earl y ACK
Accessmessage
ACK
…
Preambl e
REACH header
Earl y ACKti me out
(a): a successful probe
(b): a fai l ed probe
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
Presentation Title — 20 All rights reserved © 2004
Enhanced random access in CDMA2000
> REACH: reservation access mode
A reservation access probe followed by data transmission on RCCCHA reservation access probe followed by data transmission on RCCCHA reservation access probe followed by data transmission on RCCCHA reservation access probe followed by data transmission on RCCCH
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
…
Preambl e
REACH header
FCPCH
RCCCHassi gnment
Accessmessage
ACK
RCCCH data
Presentation Title — 21 All rights reserved © 2004
Enhanced random access in CDMA2000
> Enhanced access procedures
Cel lsel ecti on
Modesel ecti on
Formi ngthe
AccessProbes
Accessi nhi bi tcheck
Accessprobi ng
Powercontrol(except
BAmode)
Sof thandoff(RA mode
onl y)
Monitors Monitors the Ec/Iothe Ec/IoMonitors Monitors the Ec/Iothe Ec/Io
RA mode for long RA mode for long data burst;data burst;
BA or PCA mode for BA or PCA mode for short signaling and short signaling and
MAC messagesMAC messages
RA mode for long RA mode for long data burst;data burst;
BA or PCA mode for BA or PCA mode for short signaling and short signaling and
MAC messagesMAC messages
…
TA RT
I ni t i alpower
Power i ncrement
Access probe
Access probe sequence
Check the Check the busy/idle busy/idle status or status or
inhibit flaginhibit flag
Check the Check the busy/idle busy/idle status or status or
inhibit flaginhibit flag
RandomlRandomly selects y selects a ERACHa ERACH
RandomlRandomly selects y selects a ERACHa ERACH
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
““Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, Enhanced Random Access and Reservation Scheme in CDMA2000”, kamran etemad, IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001IEEE Personal Communications. April 2001
Presentation Title — 22 All rights reserved © 2004
Random access scheme in WCDMA
> Initial access scheme proposed in [*]• In use of Orthogonal signatures ;preamble and data both
transmitted in I&Q branches
> Access scheme proposed by ARIB[**]• Data on I branch;preamble and pilot on Q branch
> Access scheme for UTRA• Power ramping method• Guard period for frame alignment• Avoid the drawbacks of above schemes
[*] [*] Esmailzadeh.R,Gustafsson,M. “A novel random access method for CDMA systems”,ICUPC’97,San Diego,CA,USAEsmailzadeh.R,Gustafsson,M. “A novel random access method for CDMA systems”,ICUPC’97,San Diego,CA,USA[**]ARIB,”specification of Air Interface for the 3G Mobile System”,ARIB report of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission [**]ARIB,”specification of Air Interface for the 3G Mobile System”,ARIB report of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission
Technology Special Group,Vol 3Technology Special Group,Vol 3Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC99Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC99
[*] [*] Esmailzadeh.R,Gustafsson,M. “A novel random access method for CDMA systems”,ICUPC’97,San Diego,CA,USAEsmailzadeh.R,Gustafsson,M. “A novel random access method for CDMA systems”,ICUPC’97,San Diego,CA,USA[**]ARIB,”specification of Air Interface for the 3G Mobile System”,ARIB report of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission [**]ARIB,”specification of Air Interface for the 3G Mobile System”,ARIB report of IMT-2000 Radio Transmission
Technology Special Group,Vol 3Technology Special Group,Vol 3Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC99Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC99
Presentation Title — 23 All rights reserved © 2004
Random access scheme in WCDMA
> RACH access: acknowledged by AICH• Minimized buffer requirements;• Minimized processing delay;• Frame structure compatibility with dedicated physical
channels
data
256chi ps
256*16=4096 chi ps
. . .
preambl e preambl e
data
Pi l otbi ts
TFCI
preambl e
1 radi o f rame=10 ms
Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC99Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC993GPP physical layer specification TS 25.11~2143GPP physical layer specification TS 25.11~214
Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC99Frank.G,Weber G,”random access scheme for the ETSI/UTRA WCDMA”,IEEE VTC993GPP physical layer specification TS 25.11~2143GPP physical layer specification TS 25.11~214
Presentation Title — 24 All rights reserved © 2004
Random access scheme in WCDMA
> CPCH access scheme: acknowledged by AP-AICH and CD/CA-ICH• DSMA/CR(digital sense multiple access/collision
resolution)
““an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in 3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,
““an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in 3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,
DL-PCpreambl e
Downl i nk DPCCH
UL-PCpreambl e
Upl i nk DPCCH
Downl i nk
Upl i nk
Downl i nkacknowl edge: AP-AI CH
Contenti on resol uti onacknowl edgement ondownl i nk: CD/ CA- I CH
Access Phase: powerrampi ng of preambl es
Contenti on resol uti onpreambl e: CD
Presentation Title — 25 All rights reserved © 2004
Random access scheme in WCDMA
> RACH---for fast access and short/medium packets• High rate RACH---suited for packet transmissions of
medium size• Low rate RACH--- only used for very short packet
transmissions
> CPCH--- the most efficient approach to bursty packet access• Do not need multiple control channels running to support
the circuit operation• A factor of 4 and 26 higher spectrum efficiency in
downlink and uplink as compared to use of dedicated channels.
• Four –fold efficiency as compared to RACH““an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in
3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,““Performance of a common channel packet access in WCDMA”,Farooq Khan,Performance of a common channel packet access in WCDMA”,Farooq Khan,
Christiaan Roobol and Johan Larsson, IEEE 1998Christiaan Roobol and Johan Larsson, IEEE 1998
““an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in an overview of Common Packet Channel(CPCH), an opitmum wireless Internet Mechanism in 3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,3GPP WCDMA system and comparison of various UMTS Non Real Time data deployment opitons”, Dr. Kourosh Parsa,
““Performance of a common channel packet access in WCDMA”,Farooq Khan,Performance of a common channel packet access in WCDMA”,Farooq Khan,Christiaan Roobol and Johan Larsson, IEEE 1998Christiaan Roobol and Johan Larsson, IEEE 1998
Thank you!