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Cell Structure andFunctions
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Functions of a cellParts of a cell
Cellular Respiration
GlycolysisKreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Table of contents
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It it is the basic unit of life.It is the structural ,
Functional and biological
unit of eery liing
organis!.
What is a Cell ?
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How big is the cell
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Parts of a Cell
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E"ist as a pair near thenucleus.
Plays a part in the
seperaiton of
chro!oso!es duringcell diision
Centriole
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•Cilia (small and numerous) andflagella (large and single) have a 9 +2 attern of microtubules and areinvolved in cell movement!
•Cilia and flagella move when themicrotubule doublets slide ast oneanother!•"ach cilium and flagellum has abasal body at its base!
Cilia and Flagella
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# Consists of deo"yribonucleicacid $%&'( bound to proteins
$ found in the nucleus(.
#%uring cell diision, itcondenses to for! distinct
threadli)e structures called
chro!oso!es.
Chro!atin
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# site for !ost of the
che!ical actiities of the
cell.
Cytoplas!
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#flatten !e!brane bound structures.
# The outer surface of the RER is continous *ith the
!e!brane and it is coered *ith riboso!es
# it transports the proteins !ade by riboso!es to the
apparatus for secretion out of the cell.
#ough endolasmic #eticulum (#"#)
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# it is !ore tubular in structure and
attached to the RER
# it doesn+t hae riboso!es attached
to it.
# The ER synthesis substances li)e
fats and steriods# It is also inoled in the process of
deto"ification by conerting har!ful
substances into har!less substances.
!ooth Endoplas!ic Reticulu!$ER(
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# 'ppears as a stac) of flattenedspaces surrounded by !e!branes.
# -esicles tend to fuse at one side pf
the Golgi apparatus and pinch off fro!
the opposite side.
# It stores and !odifies substances produced by the ER
# It pac)ages substances in esicles
and secretes the! out of the cell.
Golgi 'pparatus
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:circular, but bigger thanribosomes
Nickname: $Clean-up Crews%
Function: to break down food into
particles the rest of the cell can useand to destroy old cells
Intracellular digestionReleases nutrientsreakdown of waste
Lysosomes
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The po*er /ouse of the cells
it conerts o"ygen and nutrients
into energy thourgh cellular
repiration.
0itochodiria
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Coordinates the cell+sactiities,1hich include gro*th,
!etabolic reactions, photo synthesis
and reproduction $cell diision(
tores the cell+s hereditary !aterial,
or %&' It consists of nuclear eneelope
*hich encloses the nucleoplas! and
%&'
&ucleus
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it is also called cell surface
!e!brane
It is lipid bilayer and !ay hae
proteins e!bedded in it
It is partially per!eable
!e!brane it regulates *hat enters and
leaes the cell and also proides
protection and support.
Plas!a 0e!brane
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It consists of plas!a
!e!brane, cyctoplas! and
nucleus.
It consists of about 234 to
534 *ater *ith dissoledsubstances li)e !ineral salts
and organic co!pounds.
Protoplas!
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& 'nvolved in rotein snthesis
& ound freel in the ctolasm or
attached to the surface of the rough
endolasmic reticulum
& #ibosomes found free in the
ctolasm ma*e roteins used withinthe cell!
ibosome attached to the #"# ma*e
rotiens that will be transorted out of
the cell!
Riboso!es
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tructure used to store
!aterials li)e *ater, salts,
proteins and carbohydrates.
-acuole
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Pro*arotes versus "u*aro
Celltructure
Pro*arotes
"u*arotes
i,e maller-&-.mmindiameter
/arger -.&-..mm indiameter
0uclearenveloe
1bsent Present
embrane boundorganelles
1bsent Present
nuclearmaterial
ingularloo of
circular301
3ouble&stranded
301arranged
8 a7or unctions f embrane
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Signal transduction is when the binding of the messenger
to the recetor triggers a chain reaction involving otherroteins5 which rela the message to a molecule that
erforms a secific activit inside the cell!
Cell-cell recognition is the abilit of a cell to distinguish one
te of neighboring cell from another! 6his attribute is
imortant in cell sorting and organi,ation as tissues andorgans in develoment! 't is also the basis for re7ection of
foreign cells b the immune sstem! Cells recogni,e other
cells b *eing on surface molecules5 often carbohdrates5
on the lasma membrane!
8 a7or unctions f embraneProteins
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Intercellular joining is when membrane roteins
of ad7acent cells ma be hoo*ed together invarious *inds of intercellular 7unctions! ome
membrane roteins (C1s) of this grou rovide
temorar binding sites that guide cell migration
and other cell&to&cell interactions!
Enzymatic activity is when a rotein built into themembrane ma be an en,me with its active site
e4osed to substances in the ad7acent solution! 'n
some cases5 several en,mes in a membrane act
as a team that catal,es se:uential stes of a
metabolic athwa as indicated (left to right) here!
8 a7or unctions f embraneProteins
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Cell-cell recognition is when some glcoroteins
(roteins bonded to short chains of sugars) serve asidentification tags that are secificall recogni,ed b
other cells!
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
matrix (ECM! "lements of the ctos*eleton (cell;s
internal suorts) and the e4tracellular matri4 (fibers
and other substances outside the cell) ma be
anchored to membrane roteins5 which hel maintain
cell shae and fi4 the location of certain membrane
roteins! thers la a role in cell movement or bind
ad7acent cells together
8 a7or unctions f embraneProteins