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¨ Description ¡ Protein molecules linked together to form long
strands. (Tent poles) ¡ Two types: Microfilaments and Microtubules
¨ Functions ¡ Provide structure and help maintain shape of cell ¡ Assists in the movement of cells and organelles
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¨ Description ¡ Long chains of cellulose combined with proteins
harden to form a wall with pores ú Pores allow ions and molecules to pass through to cell
¡ Primary and Secondary cell walls ú The secondary wall develops after the cell is full grown.
Turns into wood
¨ Function ¡ Provides support and protection
¨ Description ¡ Hairlike organelles which come out of the surface of
a cell. ¡ Strands that are long and few are called Flagella ¡ Short strands with large amounts are called Cilia
¨ Functions ¡ Movement of cell or material
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¨ Description ¡ A membrane that is filled with fluid. (Balloon) ¡ Usually fills 90% of the cell
¨ Functions ¡ Used as a storage ¡ Can store waste or toxins ¡ Separates stored material from rest of the cell
¨ Description ¡ A lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of a
cell ¡ It’s made of millions of smaller molecules that create
a flexible and porous container. ¡ The cell membrane is mostly made up of proteins
and phospholipids ú Phospholipids: make up the basic bag ú Proteins: found around the holes and help move
molecules in and out of the cell. Proteins are also attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.
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¨ Function ¡ Acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm
(fluid in the cell) ¡ Interlocks surfaces ¡ Binds cells together ¡ Selectively permeable (not completely solid) to select
chemicals that pass in and out of the cells. ú Water and Oxygen pass through freely
¨ Desription ¡ Two membrane organelle ¡ Outer membrane separates
organelle ¡ Inner membrane has
several folds called cristae ¡ Have their own DNA
¨ Functions ¡ Takes organic compounds
and turns it into ATP (energy source for cells)
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¨ Description ¡ Ribosomes are large RNA proteins roughly 20 to 30
nanometers in diameter. ¡ Every ribosome is a combination of two organic
compounds, protein and RNA. ¡ Unlike other organelles, ribosomes are not surrounded by
a membrane. ¨ Function
¡ Carry out protein synthesis through a process called translation
¡ Responsible for accurately translating the linear genetic code
¡ Translates RNA messenger into a linear sequence of amino acids to produce proteins.
¨ Description ¡ Endoplasmic Reticulum, also shortened as ER, is a
system of tubules and sacs. ¡ There are two sides, the rough and the smooth.
¨ Functions ¡ Rough ER- makes big amounts of proteins to send
them out to other parts of the cell. ¡ Smooth ER- involved in the synthesis of steroids in
gland cells, the regulations of calcium levels in muscle cells, and the break down of toxic substances by liver cells.
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¨ Description ¡ Composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures.
Usually There are 5 to 8 stacks in an cell. But in a mammalian cell contains 40 to 100 stacks.
¨ Function ¡ Integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging
macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the cell. ¡ It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough
endoplasmic reticulum. ¡ Also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, ¡ Creates lysosomes.
¨ Description ¡ Spherical organelles surrounded by a membrane
composed of phospholipids that separate the inside of the lysosome
¡ Contains enzymes ¨ Function
¡ Refereed to as "suicide bags" of the cell. ¡ They are the garbage disposal of the cell. ¡ Capable of breaking down virtually all kinds of bio
molecules; such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and cellular debris
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¨ Description ¡ Spherical organelle
surrounded be a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
¡ Nuclear pores in the envelope allow molecules to pass through
¡ Also contains a nucleolus ¨ Function
¡ Stores DNA and RNA ¡ The nucleolus synthesizes
ribosomes
¨ Description ¡ Two membranes contain and protect the inner parts
of the chloroplast. ¡ The inner membrane surrounds the stroma and the
grana stacks of thyroids.
¨ Functions ¡ Chlorophyll molecules capture light energy from the
Sun to produce sugars for the plant
