Cells and Chromosomes

Reported by: Marvin B. Gonzaga

The Cellular Environment

SPELL IT QUIZ!

1. This is the inside of a cell

Cytoplasm

The Inside of a Cell

▪ Hydrophilic substances– Salt– Sugars– amino acids– Certain vitamins

▪ Hydrophobic substances

SPELL IT QUIZ!

2. _____ such as starch and glycogen store chemical energy for work within

cells.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

▪ Composed of glucose, a simple sugar.

▪ The glucose subunits are attached one to another to form long chains, or polymers.

SPELL IT QUIZ!

3. These molecules are formed by chemical interactions between glycerol,a small organic compound, and larger organic compounds called fatty acids.

Lipids

SPELL IT QUIZ!

4. Each ______consists of one or more polypeptides, which are chains of amino acids.

Protein

Proteins

▪ Often a protein consists of two polypeptides—that is, it is a dimer

▪ sometimes a protein consists of many polypeptides—that is, it is a multimer.

▪ They also catalyze chemical reactions. We call these catalytic proteins enzymes.

SPELL IT QUIZ!

5. Plant cell walls are composed of ______ , a complex carbohydrate.

Cellulose

Cell Membranes

▪ Internal membranes may divide a cell into compartments, or they may help to form specialized structures called organelles.

▪ Bacterial cell walls are composed of a different kind of material called murein.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

▪ usually less than a thousandth of a millimetre long.

▪ typically lack a complicated system of internal membranes and membranous organelles.

▪ Their hereditary material—that is, the DNA—is not isolated in a special subcellular compartment.

▪ Includes bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic Cells

▪ usually at least 10 times bigger than prokaryotic cells.

▪ possess complicated systems of internal membranes, some of which are associated with conspicuous, well-organized organelles.

▪ Includes the cells of plants, animals, protists, and fungi

Parts of A Cell

▪ Found In Both Plant and Animal Cells1.Mitochondria - dedicated to the

recruitment of energy2.Ribosomes - involved in the synthesis of

proteins3.Golgi complex - set of membranous sacs and

vesicles that are involved in the chemical modification and transport of substances

4.Lysosomes - contain different kinds of digestive enzymes that would harm the cell if they were released into the cytoplasm.

Parts of A Cell

▪ Found In Both Plant and Animal Cells 5. Perioxisomes- dedicated to the metabolism

of substances such as fats and amino acids6. Nucleus - provide a safe haven for the DNA7. Cytoskeleton - give form to cells and

enable some types of cells to move through their environment.

▪ Found Only In Plant Cells 1. Chloroplast - captures solar energy and

converts it into chemical energy

Chromosomes: Where Genes Are Located

▪ Each chromosome consists of one double-stranded DNA molecule plus an assortment of proteins

▪ RNA may also be associated with chromosomes. ▪ Prokaryotic cells typically contain only one chromosome, although sometimes they also possess many smaller DNA molecules called plasmids.

▪ The DNA molecules in prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are circular, as are most of the DNA molecules found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells.

▪ The DNA molecules found in the chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells are linear.

Bacterial Chromosome

Human Chromosomes During Cell Division

Cell Division

Interphase

Mitosi

s

G1 → S → G2 → M

▪ S is the period in which the chromosomes are duplicated—an event that requires DNA synthesis

▪ M phase in the cell cycle is the time when the mother cell actually divides1.mitosis, which is the process that

distributes the duplicated chromosomes equally and exactly to the daughter cells

2.cytokinesis, which is the process that physically separates the two daughter cells from each other.

Thank You!