Cells - Basic Unit of Life

8/12/2019 Cells - Basic Unit of Life

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Prepared by Miss Lee Y. H. (2014)


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What is a cell?

Cell is

The basic unit of life (of all living things).

The building blocks of life

Cells are constantly being damaged, but are

also constantly being replaced.



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What is a cell?

Living things that are made up of a SINGLE

CELLare called UNICELLULARor SINGLED-CELL

organisms.

Living things made up of MANY CELLSare

called MULTI CELLULARorganisms.

Cells multiply so that an organism can grow.



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Unicellular: Singled-Cell Organisms

In a singled-cell organism, a single cell

performs all vital activities such as feeding,

movement, respiration and reproduction.



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Examples of Singled-Cell Organisms



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Unicellular: Singled-Cell Organisms



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Multi Cellular Organisms

In multi cellular organisms, cells represent the

lowest level of organization. Other levels of

organization include tissues, organs and organ

system. The organ system get together to form

a complete organism.



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Organization of Cells in Multi Cellular

Organisms

Cellsare the basic unit of life.

Cells that work together to perform a specificjob in the body are called tissues.

A group of tissues that work together toperform a specific job are called organs.

Organs that work together in groups are called

organ systems. Organ systems come together to form an

organismthat can live on its own.



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Organization of Cells in Multi Cellular

Organisms



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What are cells like?

Cells come in different shapes and sizes.

Each cell performs a different task.



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Types of Cells



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Types of Cells



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Parts of a Cell

Cells have three parts:

The MEMBRANEis the part that covers around

the cell.

The NUCLEUSis the part which controls the cell.

The CYTOPLASMis the part that is between the

nucleus and the membrane.



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Animal Cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell

Membrane



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Types of Animal Cells

Nerve cells carry messages between different

part of the body. Hence, they are elongated in

shape.



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Muscle cells help in movement through

contraction and expansion. Hence, they are

thin and long.



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Skin cells cover a large area. Hence, they are

flat in shape.



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Cheek cells

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell

Membrane



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Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells



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Bone cells make up the skeleton of

vertebrates.



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Plant Cells

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell

Membrane

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Vacuole



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Types of Plant Cells

Onion cells NucleusCell

Membrane

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm



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Leaf cell



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Root cells



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Cell membrane

Nickname: The Barrier

Function : It is the outer most covering of a

cell. It is a partially permeablemembrane that controls what

goes in and out of the cell.



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Cell

Membrane



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Nucleus

Nickname: The Control Center

Function : It holds DNA. It is the brain of

the cell and directs all activitiesin the cell. It also controls the

growth and reproduction of the

cell.



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Nucleus



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Cytoplasm

Nickname: Jelly Belly

Function : It is a gel-like fluid inside a cell

that holds all the organelles in

the cell. Most activities and

chemical reactions take place

here.



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Cytoplasm



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Cell Wall

Nickname: The Supporter & Protector

Function: It supports the plant and holds it

upright. It protects the cell

membrane. It gives plant its

shape.

Only present in a plant cell



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Cell Wall



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Vacuole (Va-q-ol)

Nickname: The Refrigerator Function : It is a large storage that stores

water, nutrients and waste. It

helps to support the cell

structure.

Plant cells usually have one large vacuole while

animal cells may have many small vacuoles. Theyare found in the cytoplasm.



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Vacuole (Va-q-ol)

The vacuole stores most of the water in the

plant cell.



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Vacuole



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Chloroplast

Nickname: Green Bean Oven

Function : It contains green pigment called

chlorophyll (gives plant its green

colour). It traps energy from the

sun to allow plants to make food

through photosynthesis. Only present in plant cells.



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Sun

Energy

Chloroplast

CO2+

Water

Sugar+

Oxygen


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Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts



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Other Parts of a Cell



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Animal and Plant

CellsSimilarities & Differences



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Animal Cells

Animal cells have

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Many small vacuoles



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Plant Cells

Plant cells have

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chloroplasts

One large vacuoles



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Lets compare!

Animal Cell


Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Many small vacuoles

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

One large vacuole

Cell wall

Plant CellVS


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Know your Animal and Plant Cells!

Plant cell:

http://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cell

s/plant_cell.swf

Animal cell:

http://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cell

s/animal_cell.swf

http://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/plant_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/plant_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/animal_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/animal_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/animal_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/animal_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/animal_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/plant_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/plant_cell.swfhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/resources/ks3/cells/plant_cell.swf


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Answer:

Through cell

division, new cells

will be produced to

replace and/orrepair the damaged

cells on the girls

knee.

The cut willheal as new

cells are

made during

cell division

The cut heals

because you wash

it with soap and

water and put a

band aide on it.

The cut will

heal because

new cells are

made during

budding.

The cut

will heal

because

the doctor

treats it.

How will

the Girlscut heal?


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Cell Division

Questions!

What is cell division?

What do cells do?

Why is it important to me?



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Producing New Cells

Cells increase in number by a process calledcell division.

The nucleus and the cytoplasm of a parent cell

divide to form two daughter cells. Eachdaughter cell divides further to form morecells.

Organisms are either single-celled or multi-celled. Both types of organisms undergo celldivision for different reasons.



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Cell Division

There are 2 types of cell division

Binary Fission

Budding (usually for single-celled organisms)



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Binary Fission

Binary Fission happens when a parent celldivides itself into 2 identical daughter cells.

Each of these daughter cells is identical to its

parent cells. Each daughter cell and grow and be able to

make a copy of its nucleus and divide into 2again.

As this process continues, many more cells areformed.



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Binary Fission


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Binary Fission

L di id ll h h bi fi i


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Task:

You are going to carry out a simpleactivity to show how cells divide tomake new ones.

1.Copy the table into your book.

2.Starting with one piece of paper,tear it in half.

3.How many pieces of paper do youhave now? Record this at stage B.

4.Now tear each of these pieces ofpaper in half and record how manypieces you have at stage C.

5.Repeat this process until youhave filled in your table.

StageNumber of

piecesA 1

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Lets divide cells through binary fission


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Binary Fission

http://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/ch

apter10/animation_-_cell_division.html

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic

/65525/binary-fission

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65525/binary-fissionhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter10/animation_-_cell_division.html


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Budding Yeast is a microscopic fungus made up of only one cell.

They can increase in number by budding.

A bud forms on the outer surface of a parent cell.

The nucleus then doubles and divides.

One of the nuclei enters the bud. Then, a cell wall isformed between the parent cell and the bud.

Finally, the bud breaks away to become a new daughter

cell.



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Budding



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Budding



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Budding

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQzntsCKnZc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQzntsCKnZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQzntsCKnZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQzntsCKnZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQzntsCKnZchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQzntsCKnZc


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Lets compare


Binary Fission Budding

Method One cell divides to form

two daughter cells of

almost equal size

Parent cell buds, forming

another, smaller daughter

cell.

Organism(s) Plants

Animals

Micro-organisms

Amoeba

Bacteria

Paramecium

Yeast

Function(s) Enables plants and

animals to grow Replaces old and

damaged cells

Reproduction in micro-

organisms

Reproduction of yeast.


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New cells need to be created For growth

Allow organisms to grow

To replace old/dead cells or repair damagedcells Replacing cells: Such as skin cells.

Repairing cells: Damaged tissues due to a fall isrepaired through cell division.

Cell regeneration (only if picture shows) Reproduction (for single-celled organisms)


What is cell division important?


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Binary Fission



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Can we see cells?

YES WE CAN!

BUT only with the help

with a microscope.

We cannotsee cells with

our naked eyes.



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Copyright April 2013 Anh-Thi Tang (a.k.a. Tangstar Science)

PARTS OF THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE


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eyepiece

objective lenses

body tube

base

coarse adjustment knob

fine adjustment knob

stage

stage clips

diaphragm

arm

revolving nosepiece

light source / illuminator

condenser



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eye piece

objective lenses

body tube

base

coarse adjustment knob

fine adjustment knob

stage

stage clips

diaphragm

arm

revolving/rotating nosepiece

light source/illuminator

condenser



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Eyepiece

Contains a lens to _______ the image of the specimen.

The usual magnification is ___ X.

magnify

10



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Eyepiece

Contains a lens to _______ the image of the specimen.

The usual magnification is ___ X.

Some microscopes have ___ eyepiece.

magnify

10

two



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Body Tube

It ________ the eyepiece to the objective lenses.connects

It ensures the correct ________ of the microscope

components to correctly _____ the light from the

specimen into the viewers eye.

alignment

direct



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One ____ should be around the arm when _______ the

microscope (the other should be under the ____).

Arm

It ________ the body tube to the base.connects

hand carrying

base



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One ____ should be around the arm when _______ the

microscope (the other should be under the ____).

It ________ the body tube to the base.connects

hand carrying

Arm

base



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It contains the _________ and __________.

It ________ the weight of the microscope.

One hand should be _____ the base while _______ the

microscope (the other hand should be holding the

arm).

Base

supports

electronics

carrying

light source

under



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It contains the _________ and __________.

It ________ the weight of the microscope.

Base

supports

electronics light source

One hand should be _____ the base while _______ the

microscope (the other hand should be holding the

arm).

carryingunder



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Light Source / Illuminator

It sends light _______ through the _____________ and

through the ____ in the stage onto the ________ on theslide.

hole specimen

condenser lensupwards



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Light Source / Illuminator

It sends light _______ through the _____________ and

through the ____ in the stage onto the ________ on the

slide.

Older microscopes used to use ______ to ______ the

ambient light upwards.

hole specimencondenser lens

mirrors

upwards

mirror

reflect



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Revolving/Rotating Nose Piece

The _____________ are attached to it.

_______ the nose piece allows you to _____

between the different lenses.

objective lenses

Rotating switch



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Objective Lenses

These lenses further _______ the image of the

specimen.

magnify

The magnifications are usually ___ , ____ and ____ .4 X 10 X 40 X

4 X

10 X

40 X

There are usually __ lenses3



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Objective Lenses

These lenses further _______ the image of the

specimen.

magnify

There are usually __ lenses3 but some have __ lenses.4

The magnifications are usually ___ , ____ and ____ .4 X 10 X 40 X



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Objective Lenses

As the power increases, the magnification becomes _____, but the field of view (visible area) becomes _______.

largersmaller



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The ____ knob you should use, and always under ___

power. Never use it in ____ power.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

lowfirst

high



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The ____ knob you should use, and always under ___

power. Never use it in ____ power.

Both knobs move the _____ up and down to help put the

specimen in _____.focus

The ______ knob you should use under ______ power

for _____ focusing.

second higher

stage

Fine Adjustment Knob

lowfirsthigh

exact



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Some microscopes have the two knobs located

___________________.

Fine Adjustment Knob

one on top of the other

The smaller one on the bottom is always the ____

adjustment knob.

fine



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Stage

The stage is where you place the ____ which contains

the ________.

slidespecimen

It contains a ____ that allows ____ to pass through the

stage and onto the specimen.

hole light



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Stage Clips

The stage is where you place the ____ which contains

the ________.

slidespecimen

The stage clips ______ the slide on the stage.secure

It contains a ____ that allows ____ to pass through the

stage and onto the specimen.

hole light



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The lens under the stage that ___________

from the illuminator through to the ____ in

the stage.

focuses light

Condenser Lens

hole



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The lens under the stage that ___________

from the illuminator through to the ____ in

the stage.

focuses light

Diaphragm

hole

It contains a dial that rotates to _____ the _____________

that reaches the specimen.

adjust amount of light

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Cells - Basic Unit of Life

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