Cells

Prokaryotes DO have: Cell Membrane Cell Wall (not like plant’s cell wall)

Cytoplasm DNA (genetic material) Ribosomes Flagella / Cilia

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Prokaryotes DO NOT have: Nucleus Membrane Bound

Organelles

Flagella

Cilia

Remember: Bacteria are Prokaryotes

What is a Prokaryote?

Plants

Animals Fungi

Protista

Eukaryotes DO have:NucleusMembrane Bound Organelles

(Mitochondria, E.R., Golgi, etc.)

What is a Eukaryote?

What must ALL CELLS have?(Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes)

4 Things:

DNA Cytoplasm

Cell MembraneRibosomes

•Cell Wall•Chloroplasts•Large Vacuole

What 3 things do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells

do not have?

3 Parts of the newest Modern Cell Theory

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things

All cells contain specialized structures (organelles) to perform functions necessary for life

All organisms are made of one or more cells and come from other cells by reproduction

Who invented the microscope and saw the first living cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties?”

Leeuwenhoek

“Lee” sounds like “Wee”

Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”?

Hint: His name rhymes with “cork”

Hooke

What did Schwann say?

What did Schleiden say?

Schwann claimed that all animals are made of cells.

Think: Schwann sounds like swan

Schleiden claimed that all plants are made of cells.

Think: Schlidin’ down the vine

Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cellsby reproduction?

Virchow“Vircow”

Hint: His name sounds like “cow”

Cows come from cowsCells come from cells

Who did this red meat experiment and believed in biogenesis?

Redi For Biogenesis

No Growth No Growth

Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis?

Needham – Abiogenesis(He needed more information on how to do a good experiment)

Heated (not boiled) Broth

Who repeated Needham’s experiment but this time boiled the broth and got NO GROWTH in the sealed flask? SPALLANZANI

Believed in BIOGENESISCONTROL = OPEN

FLASK GROWTH

NO GROWTH IN CLOSED

FLASKBOILED BROTH

Pasteur - Biogenesis

Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis?

S-shaped flask

What determines the shape of a cell?

The cell’s FUNCTION

Nerve Cells Blood Cells Muscle Cells

What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the cell?

make up make up make up

Examples:Red blood cells

blood cells

Nerve cellsWhite

Cell Specialization is when cells perform a specific function for an

organism.

What is the semi-permeable membrane, phospholipid bilayer that regulates what goes in and out of a cell?

Cell Membrane

What is the hard covering of the plant cell that provides support

and protection for the plant cell?

Cell Wall

What 3 things pass through the cell membrane or cell wall easily?

Carbon DioxideBy Diffusion Oxygen

By Diffusion

H2OBy Osmosis

What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell?

Protein in Protein Channels

What is the jelly-like liquid between the cell membrane

and the nucleus?

Cytoplasmcyto = cell

plasm = fluid

NUCLEUS

What is the control center (brain) of the cell?

Nucleolus

What is the organelle that is inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes?

What covers the outside of the nucleus and what are the holes called to allow ribosomes and RNA out?

Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope)and Nuclear Pores

What is the genetic material “Blueprints” that is inside the nucleus?

CHROMOSOMES

What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell and found in all Eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista)

Hint: Think Mighty Mouse that has lots of power

Mitochondria

What makes proteins for the cell?

Hint: If you eat Ribs you are getting protein from the meat.

RIBOSOMES

Chloroplasts

What is used for photosynthesis in the plant cell?

What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of?

Plastids

VACUOLE

What is the large sac in a plant cell (holds water) and small sac in an animal (used for storage) called?

What digests food and gets rid of unwanted waste in a cell?

ANIMAL CELLS ONLY

Transportation and processing of

Proteins

Transportation and processing of Lipids

& Carbs

___E.R.________is a folded membrane and transports materials throughout the cell.

____________ is used in packaging proteins and other materials and transport out of cell?

Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes

Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus

What are the microtubules covering

the cell like hair used for movement?

What are the microtubules that are whip-like and used for

movement?

Cilia

Flagella

PROKARYOTES!!!

The movement of molecules (CO₂ , O₂) from HIGH → LOW concentration and does NOT need a cell membrane but can cross one is called __DIFFUSION__

Movement of WATER across the cell membrane from HIGH → LOW is

called Osmosis.

What is movement of HIGH → LOW concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein but no energy?

Also called “Passive

Transport”

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

What is movement of LOW → HIGH concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein and needs energy?

___ Endocytosis _____ is when a large food particle is moved into the cell using a cell membrane and energy.

ENDO = ENTER

___ Exocytosis _____ is when a large particle is moved out of the cell using a cell membrane and energy.

EXO = Exit

Endocytosis and Exocytosis (moving big particles in or out of the cell) is also called __BULK TRANSPORT_.

Bulk Transport

When the solute concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal. This is called an isotonic solution. Water goes

in and out; cell stays the same.

1010%10%

H2O

When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell it is called Hypertonic Solution. Water goes

out of cell; cell shrinks.

1010%20%

H2O

When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a Hypotonic solution. Water goes into the

cell. The cell swells.

1020%10%

H2O

What happens to the cell in this situation? Cell ShrinksWhere does water move in this situation? Water moves out

75% H2O 25% Solute

93% H2O7% Solute

Water goes out

You need to understand what happens when given water concentrations instead of solute concentrations.

Hypertonic Solution

Name the 2 reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball and explain.

1. Geometry: Volume increases faster than surface area which makes it hard for membrane to keep up with needs of the cell

2. Practical aspects: Nucleus can’t handle that big of a job.

ReviewYourCellsTestAnswers!