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CELLS

CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES

CELL THEORY

1. All living things are made up of one or more cells

2. The cell is the smallest unit of life.

3. All new cells come from pre-existing cells.

There are two types of cells:

1. Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other membrane bound cell ORGANELLES

2. Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & membrane bound cell ORGANELLES

Which is more complicated?

REMEMBER YOU ARE EUKARYOTIC!

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Label the parts of the animal cell.

A. Cytoplasm

B. Cell membrane

C. Golgi Body

D. Lysosome

E. Endoplasmic

Reticulum

F. Nucleus

G. Mitochondria

H. RibosomeImage: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

The answers are …

1 –

2 –

3 –

4 –

5 –

6 –

7 –

8 –

B. Cell membrane

E. Endoplasmic

Reticulum

F. Nucleus

H. Ribosome

D. Lysosome

G. Mitochondria

C. Golgi Body

A. Cytoplasm

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Label the parts of the plant cell.

Image: http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/nature/plantcell.jpg

Cytoplasm Cell Wall Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Nucleus Mitochondria Cell Membrane Chloroplast

The answers are …

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Cell

Membrane

Cell Wall

Mitochondria

Vacuole

Endoplasmic

Reticulum (ER)

Organelles

The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell ORGANELLES:

All cells have the following organelles:

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

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Cell Appendages

Cilia

Short, numerous hairlike structures

Flagella

Longer and less numerous than cilia

Create movement with a whiplikemotion

Eukaryote cells ALSO have:

Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Golgi Body Complex Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuole Lysosome Centrioles (ANIMAL ONLY)

Only Plant Cells have all of the above &: Cell Wall Chloroplast

organelles

little “organs” of the cell

Organelles are present in BOTH plants and animals

Carry out cellular functions!

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Nucleus

Nucleus is the part of the eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities and contains genetic information stored in DNA.

DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes.

Nuclear membrane

surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and leave

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Nucleolus

Is often seen as a large dark spot in the nucleus of the cell.

usually a pair

The nucleolus makes ribosomes, organelles that are involved in the production

of proteins.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are not surrounded by a cell membrane.

Ribosomes are in the cell’s cytoplasm and can also be attached to a web-like organelle called endoplasmic reticulum.

Ribosomes produce proteins.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

ER spreads from the nucleus throughout most of the cytoplasm.

ER with ribosomes on its surface is called rough endoplasmic reticulum.

ER without ribosomes on the surfaces are called smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Rough ER is the site for protein synthesis.

Smooth ER makes lipids such as cholesterol.

Smooth ER is important because it removes harmful substances from the cell.

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Cytoplasm (protoplasm)

fluid like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus

over 80 % water

“HOLDS” cell organelles in place

site of most organelles and cellular chemical reactions

Vacuole

Vacuoles are organelles that store food, water and waste material.

Vacuoles are crucial in single-celled organisms

Two Types:

Food vacuole--store and digest ingested food

Contractile vacuole-pumps excess water from cells maintaining homeostasis.

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Lysosome

pouch containing digestive enzymes

digest bacteria and some foods entering the cell

Breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (SLICE)

breakdown worn out cell organelles

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Mitochondrion

"Powerhouse of the cell"

carries on cellular respiration.

Energy is released (contains respiratory enzymes that make ATP) (energy molecule)

The energy is stored in high energy molecules called ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate

Golgi apparatus (complex)

usually located near the nucleus

synthesizes, packages, and secretes cellular products

Packages waste & harmful materials

Plasma (cell) membrane

The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE

selectively regulates the flow of materials to and from the cell--thus maintaining chemical homeostasis within the cell

The membrane acts like a BOUNCER only allowing certain things in and out of the cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer

double layer of FAT - "Fat sandwich"

transport through the plasma membrane likely occurs through these globular proteins (Fluid mosaic model)

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Hydrophilic- attracts water

Hydrophobic- repels water

Why is it important that the cell membrane is made up of small phospholipids?

ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ONLY

Centriole- a cylindrical structure found in the cytoplasm which appears to function during the division of certain animal cells (usually near the nucleus)

Helps animal cells divide

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PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY

Cell Wall- a nonliving structure which surrounds and supports the cell - composed mostly of cellulose Gives the plant cell structure &

support

Chloroplasts- green in color-double membrane - contain the green pigment chlorophyll which carries on photosynthesis Uses the sun’s energy to make food

for the plant

photosynthesis

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy by chlorophyll in chloroplasts

Overall Net equation for photosynthesis: 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields

glucose + 6 oxygen (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight)

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Levels of Tissue Organization

cell - unit of structure of all life

tissue - composed of groups of similar cells

organs - composed of groups of tissues functioning together

organ systems - composed of groups of organs functioning together