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CellsCells
VideoVideo
• They Might Be Giants
How Were Cells Discovered?
How Were Cells Discovered?• New technologies lead to new discoveries
• Robert Hooke - invented the first microscope and was the first to observe and name the small units that make up organisms. He called those small units cells because of the appearance of the structures in the dead cork he observed.
How Were Cells Discovered?
How Were Cells Discovered?
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - improved the
microscope and procedures for observing cells. He was able to clearly see living cells when observing the scrapings from his teeth.
Fill It In …Fill It In …
Cells observed by …•Hooke:
•Leeuwenhoek:
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
Through the cooperative efforts of many individual scientists, a unifying cell theory developed:
1.All organisms are made of cells
2.Cells are the structural & functional units of organisms
3.Cells come from pre-existing cells
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
• Are all cells alike?
• Two main types of cells ….
1. Prokaryotic Cells1. Prokaryotic Cells
a.Simplest type of cellb.Includes only bacteria.c.Structure of a
prokaryotic celli. No nucleusii.No membrane-bound
organellesiii.Includes: circular
chromosome (DNA), plasmids (smaller rings of DNA, and ribosomes
Prokaryotic Cells- MYPProkaryotic Cells- MYP
• Thought to have a symbiotic relationship with Eukaryotic Cells• Nucleus• Mitochondria• Chloroplasts
2. Eukaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
a. More complex than prokaryotic cells
b. Includes protist cells, fungi cells, plant cells, and animal cells (i.e. - everything EXCEPT bacteria cells)
c. Structure of a eukaryotic celli. Chromosomes contained
within a nucleusii.In addition to ribosomes
contains membrane-bound organelles
Cells :)
Fill It In …Fill It In …
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. Who first to observed dead cells?
Who first to observed living cells?
2. What are the two main types of cells?
3. How is the location of the DNA
different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. Who first to observed dead cells? HOOKE
Who first to observed living cells? LEEUWENHOEK
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. Who first to observed dead cells? HOOKE
Who first to observed living cells? LEEUWENHOEK
2. What are the two main types of cells?
PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. Who first to observed dead cells? HOOKE
Who first to observed living cells? LEEUWENHOEK
2. What are the two main types of cells? PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC
3. How is the location of the DNA different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? EUKARYOTIC CELLS KEEP THE DNA INSIDE A NUCLEUS
What do cells share?Structures found in
ALL cells
What do cells share?Structures found in
ALL cells
DNA/Chromosome(s)DNA/Chromosome(s)
1. DNA organized as chromosome(s). DNA directs cell activity
CytoplasmCytoplasm2. Cytoplasm is the “filling” of the cell and is made of up to 90% water. Water provides the necessary environment for all the chemical reactions the cell needs
RibosomesRibosomes3. Ribosomes are
organelles that are the site of protein synthesis. Proteins are essential for enzymes, structure, and communication
• Uses DNA code to synthesize proteins
4. Cell Membrane4. Cell Membrane
•Also called the Plasma Membrane
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4 structures found in ALL cells:
1.2.3.4.
Cell MembraneCell Membranea. Composed of a
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane
Cell MembraneCell Membranei. Fluid - individual
phospholipids and proteins can move past each other; they are not fixed in one position
ii.Mosaic - the membrane has more than one type of molecule (phospholipids & proteins)
Cell Membrane- MYPCell Membrane- MYP
• Flexible/strong barrier • Some proteins from channel or pumps to allow things to go in and out of the cell
• Carbohydrates are attached to membrane• These are used as chemical identification markers for the cell
b. Functions of the Cell Membrane
b. Functions of the Cell Membrane
i. Selectively permeable - regulates what enters and leaves the cell. This helps maintain homeostasis
ii.Gives the cell (cytoplasm) shape
Fill It In …Fill It In …
The cell membrane is also called …
And is S____________ P_____________
B. Structures (organelles) found in
EUKARYOTIC cells
B. Structures (organelles) found in
EUKARYOTIC cells
Fill It In …Fill It In …
Organelle means …
“tiny organ” – specialized structure inside a cell that performs a specific function
1. Nucleus1. Nucleus•Nucleus - surrounds the chromosomes for additional protection; is made of a phospholipid bilayer
Nucleus- MYPNucleus- MYP
• Surrounded by nuclear envelope (lipid bilayer)
• Nuclear pores • Chromatin- DNA bound to proteins
• Chromosomes are condensed chromatin
• Nucleolus- dense region where ribosomes are synthesized
2. Mitochondria2. Mitochondria• Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration which produces cell energy (ATP)• Active cells (muscle) -> hundreds of mitochondria
• Inactive cells (fat) -> few mitochondria
• Structure contains folded membranes which increases surface area allowing more space for more reactions
• (MYP)-inherited through the ovum
•Vacuoles - store food, waste or water to be used inside the cell or excreted from the cell.
•Size differs in plant vs. animal cells• Much, much larger in plant cells … why?
3. Vacuole3. Vacuole
•Lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes which digest food contained in vacuoles as well as old or damaged cell parts• (contain lipid bilayer)
4. Lysosomes4. Lysosomes
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
•ER - a series of interconnected folded membranes that function in modifying (changing) proteins, detoxification of alcohols, and communication
ER (MYP)ER (MYP)
• Lipid components of the cell membrane are made here
• Proteins and other material are exported or inserted into the cell membrane
Two Types of ERTwo Types of ER
•Rough ER•Covered in ribosomes
•Modify proteins
Two Types of ERTwo Types of ER
• Smooth ER• Lacks ribosomes
• Detoxification
• Golgi Complex - packages materials for export from cells
• (MYP)- Modify, Sort, and Package • “finishing touches”
6. Golgi Complex6. Golgi Complex
Plant Cellversus
Animal Cell
Plant Cellversus
Animal Cell
1.Chloroplasts - organelles full of chlorophyll that are the site of photosynthesis which produces sugars (C6H12O6)
• Composed of folded membranes for more surface area
Structures found ONLY in plant and plant-like
cells
Structures found ONLY in plant and plant-like
cells
2. Cell Wall - provides extra support, protection, and shape for the cell
• Found outside the cell membrane and made of cellulose
Structures found ONLY in plant and plant-like
cells
Structures found ONLY in plant and plant-like
cells
•Centrioles -organelle that helps with cell division in animal cells
Structure found ONLY in animal cells
Structure found ONLY in animal cells
Cytoskeleton (MYP)Cytoskeleton (MYP)
• Protein filaments to help maintain shape
• May help with movement (amoeba)• Microtubules help with cell division (pulling the chromosomes)
Fill It In …Fill It In …
Summary of structure/function:Nucleus -Mitochondria -Vacuole - Lysosome -ER -Golgi -Chloroplast -
Fill It In …Fill It In …
Plant only Animal only
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. What four structures are found in all cells?
2. What is the function of the mitochondria?
3. What is the function of the ribosome?
4. What term refers to small cell structures?
5. What two structures are found in plant and plant-like cells?
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. What four structures are found in all cells? DNA, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOMES, CELL MEMBRANE
2. What is the function of the mitochondria?
3. What is the function of the ribosome?
4. What term refers to small cell structures?
5. What two structures are found in plant and plant-like cells?
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. What four structures are found in all cells? DNA, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOMES, CELL MEMBRANE
2. What is the function of the mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION/MAKE ENERGY FOR THE CELL
3. What is the function of the ribosome?
4. What term refers to small cell structures?
5. What two structures are found in plant and plant-like cells?
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. What four structures are found in all cells? DNA, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOMES, CELL MEMBRANE
2. What is the function of the mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION/MAKE ENERGY FOR THE CELL
3. What is the function of the ribosome? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
4. What term refers to small cell structures?
5. What two structures are found in plant and plant-like cells?
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!
1. What four structures are found in all cells? DNA, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOMES, CELL MEMBRANE
2. What is the function of the mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION/MAKE ENERGY FOR THE CELL
3. What is the function of the ribosome? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
4. What term refers to small cell structures? ORGANELLES
5. What two structures are found in plant and plant-like cells?
Check Yourself!Check Yourself!1. What four structures are found in all
cells? DNA, CYTOPLASM, RIBOSOMES, CELL MEMBRANE
2. What is the function of the mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION/MAKE ENERGY FOR THE CELL
3. What is the function of the ribosome? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
4. What term refers to small cell structures? ORGANELLES
5. What two structures are found in plant and plant-like cells? CHLOROPLAST & CELL WALL