Date post: | 03-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | stuart-potter |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
A quick review…A quick review…
When we eat, we get ______ from When we eat, we get ______ from glucose and other sugarsglucose and other sugars
Food energy is c_______ into usable Food energy is c_______ into usable energyenergy
Energy used to bond phosphate Energy used to bond phosphate groups to ADP to make _____ .groups to ADP to make _____ .
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
What is cell respiration???What is cell respiration???
Respiration:Respiration: the process of breaking the process of breaking down food molecules into usable energydown food molecules into usable energy
THE GOAL:THE GOAL: Create ATP for cells to useCreate ATP for cells to use Free up electrons—have high energyFree up electrons—have high energy
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Types of cell respirationTypes of cell respiration
Aerobic Processes:Aerobic Processes: REQUIREREQUIRE oxygen to take place oxygen to take place A lot of energy available (efficient) A lot of energy available (efficient)
Anaerobic Processes:Anaerobic Processes: DO NOTDO NOT require oxygen to take place require oxygen to take place Get energy quickly (inefficient)Get energy quickly (inefficient)
GlycolysisGlycolysis Involves breaking down 6-carbon Involves breaking down 6-carbon
sugarssugars Break sugars into pyruvic acid moleculesBreak sugars into pyruvic acid molecules
3-Carbon molecules3-Carbon molecules
This process is This process is ANAEROBICANAEROBIC No oxygen necessaryNo oxygen necessary
Occurs in the cytoplasm of cellsOccurs in the cytoplasm of cells
GlycolysisGlycolysis Glycolysis also creates hydrogen ions Glycolysis also creates hydrogen ions
and free electronsand free electrons The whole point of respiration = high energyThe whole point of respiration = high energy
H H ++ ions bond with NAD ions bond with NAD++ to form to form NADH + H NADH + H ++
NADH carries electrons and H NADH carries electrons and H ++ ions ions
This process uses This process uses 2 ATP 2 ATP but but creates creates 4 ATP4 ATP molecules molecules
GlycolysisGlycolysis TOTAL ATP PRODUCTION:TOTAL ATP PRODUCTION:
Glycolysis Glycolysis Step 1Step 1 uses 2 ATP molecules uses 2 ATP molecules
Glycolysis Glycolysis Step 2Step 2 converts 4 ADP converts 4 ADP molecules into 4 ATP moleculesmolecules into 4 ATP molecules
Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every glucose glucose
moleculemolecule
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Oxygen is our Oxygen is our friend…friend…
When oxygen is When oxygen is present, present, aerobic aerobic respirationrespiration occurs occurs
Happens in the Happens in the mitochondriamitochondria
GlycolysisGlycolysis Breaking down Pyruvic Acid…Breaking down Pyruvic Acid…
Occurs in the mitochondriaOccurs in the mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compoundPyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compound
Broken down into…Broken down into… 2-Carbon compound—acetic acid2-Carbon compound—acetic acid Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
GlycolysisGlycolysis Intermediate Step in GlycolysisIntermediate Step in Glycolysis
2-Carbon Compound—Acetic Acid2-Carbon Compound—Acetic Acid Combined with coenzyme A (CoA)Combined with coenzyme A (CoA) Forms compound called acetyl-CoAForms compound called acetyl-CoA
This is only an intermediate step—have This is only an intermediate step—have to move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycleto move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid (Krebs) CycleCitric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Produces more ATP and releases Produces more ATP and releases more electronsmore electrons Electrons picked up by NAD Electrons picked up by NAD ++ and FAD and FAD
Organic carrier moleculesOrganic carrier molecules
Occurs inside mitochondriaOccurs inside mitochondria Mitochondrial MatrixMitochondrial Matrix
Citric Acid (Krebs) CycleCitric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon moleculemolecule to form a 6-carbon molecule
Citric AcidCitric Acid
NAD becomes NADH NAD becomes NADH FADH becomes FADHFADH becomes FADH22
COCO22 released released ATP is createdATP is created
The cycle starts againThe cycle starts again
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain What is the ETC???What is the ETC???
A series of molecules along which A series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing electrons are transferred, releasing energyenergy
Occurs in the mitochondria—Occurs in the mitochondria— mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial matrix
Aerobic processAerobic process Oxygen is involvedOxygen is involved
Acts as the electron acceptorActs as the electron acceptor
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
As the electrons are passed between As the electrons are passed between carrier proteins, energy is releasedcarrier proteins, energy is released ATP is createdATP is created
Carbon is given off as carbon dioxideCarbon is given off as carbon dioxide
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain A problem exists if there is no oxygenA problem exists if there is no oxygen
Anaerobic processAnaerobic process
When oxygen is used up, electrons When oxygen is used up, electrons cannot be removedcannot be removed
Traffic jam in the mitochondriaTraffic jam in the mitochondria
KEY POINTKEY POINT —Electron Transport —Electron Transport Chain Chain cannot run without cannot run without oxygenoxygen
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration If no oxygen present after glycolysis, If no oxygen present after glycolysis,
pyruvic acid can still be broken downpyruvic acid can still be broken down This is FermentationThis is Fermentation
Only 2 ATP made during fermentationOnly 2 ATP made during fermentation
Uses electrons carried by NADH + HUses electrons carried by NADH + H ++
so that NADso that NAD++ can regenerate for can regenerate for glycolysisglycolysis
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration ****Two types of fermentationTwo types of fermentation
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation (Yeast) (Yeast)
Glucose2 Pyruvic
Acid2 Lactic
Acid
Glucose2 Pyruvic
Acid2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
Muscle fatigueMuscle fatigue When your muscle cells require more energy When your muscle cells require more energy
than can be producedthan can be produced Lack of oxygenLack of oxygen Lactic acid build up = muscle fatigueLactic acid build up = muscle fatigue
When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks downdown
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
Occurs in bacteria, plants and most Occurs in bacteria, plants and most animalsanimals
Can you think of a bacteria that is used Can you think of a bacteria that is used for fermentation???for fermentation???
Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxideand carbon dioxide
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
General FormulaGeneral Formula
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O