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Center for Information and Communication Studies
Measuring Value and ROI of Academic Libraries:
The IMLS Lib-Value Project
Carol TenopirUniversity of Tennessee
Northumbria August 2011
Center for Information and Communication Studies
2 Value Studies
Lib-Value Scholarly Reading and Value of Library Resources
Aim: Develop models for assessing value and ROI for academic libraries.
Aim: examine the value UK academics place on having
access to scholarly materials.
End Result: An international perspective on the role and value
libraries and their resources bring to individuals and institutions.
Center for Information and Communication Studies
1.purchase or exchange value: what one is willing to pay for information in money and/or time, and
2. use value: the favorable consequences derived from reading and using the information.
In the information context economist Machlup described 2 types of value:
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Lib-Value Comprehensive Library Value Study (Bruce Kingma)
• Economic (private)– What is the value to an individual to use the library
resources?
• Social (public)– What is the value to the institution of the library?
• Environmental (externality)– What is the value of the environmental savings of library
provision of electronic resources? – Have libraries gone green without knowing it?
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1) Implicit value (i.e., usage, downloads)
2) Explicit value (i.e., interviews)
3) Derived values (i.e., ROI)
Value can be measured in many ways:
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University of Tennessee-Knoxville Downloads
FY04-05 FY05-06 FY06-07 FY07-08 FY08-09 FY09-100
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
5,000,000
1,336,639 1,481,040
1,969,350 1,946,883
2,558,722
4,496,516
UTK Article Downloads
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Article Readings Over TimeA
vera
ge n
umbe
r of
art
icle
re
adin
gs p
er y
ear
*2011 (UK), n=1013; 2005,n=932; 2000-03, n=397; 1993, n=70; 1984, n=865; 1977,
n=2350
1977 1984 1993 2000-2003 2005 20110
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
*
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Average Readings Per Month:U.K. Faculty, 2011
Article Book Other Publication0
5
10
15
20
25
30
25
8
11
n=2117, June 9 2011, 6 UK universities
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Purpose
Outcomes
Return on Investment (ROI)
Going beyond implied value to show…
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Multiple institutions using multiple methods to measure multiple values for multiple stakeholders
LIB-VALUE:
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Reading and Scholarship Surveys (Tenopir & King, 1977-present)
Measure explicitly purpose, outcome, and value from scholarly reading by focusing on critical incident of last reading, with open-ended questions
Include all reading (from library and not) Exchange and use value Method can be used for other services
Center for Information and Communication Studies
“The following questions in this section refer to the SCHOLARLY ARTICLE YOU READ MOST RECENTLY, even if you had read the article previously. Note that this last reading may not be typical, but will help us establish the range of patterns in reading.”
Critical incident of last reading
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Libra
ry S
ubscrip
tion
Free W
eb Journ
al, Websit
e
Dept. or P
ersonal S
ubscrip
tion
Colleague's
Copy
Oth
er0
20
40
60
80
100
65
14 9 6 6
n=1189, June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Per
cen
t
Source of Article Readings
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Under 30 31-40 Years
41-50 Years
51-60 Years
Over 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
66 69 68 68
54
Per
cen
t
n-=1047, June 9, 2011, 6 universities
Article Readings from Library by Age of Reader
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Where did you read this last article? (Articles from library only)
Office, Lab62%
Home26%
Travelling10% Library
2%
n=764, June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Preliminary Faculty Survey Results
ActivityAverage last 30
days% of
respondents Physical Visits 2.9 visits 73%
Remote Visits 14.2 visits 88%
Average Total Resources Used:
in-person visit to the library 7.3 uses 80%
remotely online 14.9 uses 89%
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Electronic72%
Print28%
US, 2005
Use of Library Collections for Articles
Elec-tronic93%
Print7%
UK, 2011
n=775
June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
n=562
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Principal Purpose of Reading
51%
20%
9%
11%
9%
n=1433
67%
12%
6%
8%7%
ResearchTeachingCurrent AwarenessProposalsOther
U.K, 2011U.S, Australia, 2004-2006
n=1161
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Source of Reading by Purpose of Reading: Faculty in U.K
n=1161, 2011
71%5%
11%
4%
5%
4%
Teaching
67%4%
12%
5%
4% 8%
Library Subscrip-tion
Personal Subscrip-tion
Open Web
Colleagues
School/Department Subscription
Other
Research
57%
12%
17%
4%
7%3%
Current Awareness
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Readings for Research or Writing (2011)
• More likely to be found by searching• More likely to be from e-sources• More likely to be after the first year of
publication• More likely to “inspire new thinking”• More likely to be read with great care
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Outcomes of Journal Article Reading2004-06 2011
1st Inspire new thinking or ideas 55% 54%
2nd Improve results 40% 38%
3rd Narrow/broaden/change the focus 27% 28%
4th Resolve technical problems 12% 10%
5th Save time or other resources 12% 10%
6th Aid in faster completion 7% 5%
7th Assist or result in collaboration/joint research
6% 4%
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Under 30 Minutes
30-60 Minutes 1-2 Hours Over 2 Hours0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
55
27
126
n=1203, June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Time Spent Per Article Reading:Faculty in U.K, 2011
Per
cen
t
Mean time is 44 minutes; median time is 30 minutes
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Purchased Library Colleague, Publisher Other0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
39
28 25
8
n=931, June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Per
cen
t
Source of Book Readings
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Under 30 31-40 Years 41-50 Years 51-60 Years Over 60 Years0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
40
2923 22
30
Per
cen
t
n=863, data as of June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Book Readings from Library by Age of Reader
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Time Spent on Book Readings
Under 30 Minutes 30-60 Minutes 1-2 Hours Over 2 Hours0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3224 22 22
n=932, June 9, 2011, 6 UK universities
Mean time spent reading is 1 hour and 33 minutes; Median: 1 hour.
Per
cen
t
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Other Publications
Includes: conference proceedings, government documents, and trade journals or magazines
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Other Readings
n=735, data as of June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Government Document
Magazine/Trade Journal
Conference Proceeding
Other0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
34 31
19 16
Per
cen
t
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Website, Online
Publisher Copy
Purchased Library Colleague Copy
Other0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30
18 15 14 13 10
n=730, data as of June 9, 2011, 6 U.K universities
Per
cen
t
Source of Other Readings
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Under 30 Minutes
30-60 Minutes 1-2 Hours Over 2 Hours0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
67
20
8 5
Time Spent Reading Other Publications
n=588, data as of May 1, 2011, 5 U.K universities
Per
cent
Mean time spent reading is 35 minutes; Median: 30 minutes
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Time Spent (Exchange Value) Reading from Library
• Article• 55 min/article X 25 read per month X 12 months X 67%
from library= 184 hours a year per academic staff member
• Book• 123 min/book X 8 per month X 12 months X 27% from
library= 53 hours a year per academic staff member
• Other Publication• 51 min/publication X 11 per month X 12 months X 15%
from library= 17 hours a year per academic staff member
Center for Information and Communication Studies
What role do scholarly articles play in your research, teaching, and other activities?
” Absolutely essential. They form the basis of my work.
A great deal—they are the foundation.
A central one for both teaching and research…inseparable in any true university despite the current climate.
A great deal—they are the foundation.
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Portrait of a successful faculty member…
”• Publishes more • Wins awards• Reads more• Reads more from the
library• For every article cited,
reads 27-40 additional articles
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Return on investment in a strict sense…
…is a quantitative measure expressed as a ratio of the value returned to the institution for each
monetary unit invested in the library.
For every $/€/£ spent on the library,the university received ‘X’ $/€/£ in return.
Demonstrate that library collections contribute to income-generating activities
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Return on Investment is also…
…values of all types that come to stakeholders and the institution from the library’s collections, services, and
contribution to its communities.
Center for Information and Communication Studies
Value is demonstrated by time invested in reading, by purpose of reading, by value to purpose, by outcomes of reading, and by
how library services contribute to the income and mission of the
institution
Center for Information and Communication Studies
More details and searchable Lib-Value bibliographic database available on the
project website:
http://libvalue.cci.utk.edu