Center for Middle Eastern Studies

Spring 1989

Panelists at the Conference

1950s"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Impact of the Iraqi Revolutionon Other Arab States"; Isam al-Khafaji, "Class, Clan and theState in Contemporary Iraq'\; and Roger Owen, "Putting theState Back In: Some Thoughts on Batatu's Account of Classand Class Politics in Iraq Before 1958." Hanna Batatuconchlded with "Response and Second Thoughts," which wasfollowed by a general discussion. Themes woven through thespeeches and discussion included the social structure of classesin the background of the Revolution, the part played byCommunists and Ba'thists in the emancipation of Iraq fromBritish control, the social and political consequences of themovement, and the significance of the Revolution to theMiddle East in general.

Exhibits pertaining to the Revolution and precedingperiods in Iraq were organized for display in the Tom LeaRooms. One exhibit featured photographs of figures of theMonarchy and of the Revolution. Another was devoted tophotographs of the people and the land. A display of Iraqistamps traced the country's political history from the Britishperiod through the Monarchy into the post-Revolutionaryperiod. Cases of memorabilia from these times-clothes,furnishings, books and documents were provided by theHoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at StanfordUniversity; the University's Middle East Collection; theUniversity's Perr.y Castenada Library; and Center faculty andstaff. The exhibits were organized by Aseel Dyck, ResourceCenter Coordinator.

The Conference was presented by the Center. OtherUniversity of Texas sponsors were the College of Liberal Arts,the School of Graduate Studies, the Lyndon B. Johnson

School of Public Affairs, and the Depar,tments ofAnthropology, Government, and History.

The University of Texas at Austin

NEWSLETTER

Center Director Manners and Conference organizers Fernea andLouis with Hanna Batatu

Academics, government and foreign servicerepresentatives, and journalists from Europe, the Middle Eastand the United States met March 10-11 on the Universitycampus for a Conference entitled The Iraqi Revolution of1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited. The focus of theevent was Hanna Batatu's major study, The Old Social Classesand the Revolutionary Movements ofIraq, published ten yearsago. The thirtieth anniversary of the Revolution was chosenfor the scholarly reassessment of the event, which resulted inthe overthrow of the existing social order and effected politicaland economic consequences that persist to the present day.

Organizers of the Conference were Robert Femea(Anthropology, UT Austin) and Roger Louis (Kerr Professorof History, UT Austin). The participants were welcomed in theTom Lea Rooms of the Harry Ransom Humanities ResearchCenter by Ian Manners, Director of the Center for MiddleEastern Studies. Speakers the first day were Marion Farouk­Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, "The Social Classes and theOrigins of the Revolution"; Robert Femea, "The Struggle forHegemony in Southern Iraq on the Eve of the 1958Revolution"; Sami Zubaida, "Community, Class andMinorities in Iraqi Politics"; Roger Louis, "Britain and theOrigins of the Iraqi Revolution"; and Norman Daniel, "Britainand the Iraqi Revolution in Historical Perspective."

Speakers the second day were Frederick Axelgard,"American Policy and the British in Iraq in the Pre­Revolutionary Period"; Nicholas Thacher, "Reflections onU.S. Foreign Policy Toward Iraq in the 1950s"; Joe Stork,"Iraq and the Super Powers in the Revolutionary Period of the

Mo. 12

Conference onIraqi Revolution of 1958

By the PenFirst in Translation Series

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The Center is proud to announce its publication ofthe English translation of By the Pen, by deceased Iranianauthor Jalal Al-e Ahmad. The novel is the first in the newModern Middle Eastern Literature in Translation Series,published by the Center and the University of Texas Press. Dr.M. R. Ghanoonparvar, currently a recipient of a RockefellerFellowship at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, is thetranslator of By the Pen, and Michael C. Hillmann, Professorin the Department of Oriental and African Languages andLiteratures at The University of Texas, wrote the Introduction.Literature East & West was responsible for producing camera­ready copy for the publication.

By the Pen is a novel about Iranian intellectuals,Iranian men of the pen. But it is also about the peoples andcultures of Iran and the role and responsibility of the writer insociety. Set in an imaginary time and place, By the Pen tellsthe story of a revolution and of the two writers who questionwhether those who assume power are able to rule in accordancewith their own ideals or are compelled as they face the realitiesof governing to resort to actions not unlike those of the rulersthey deposed.

Jalal Al-e Ahmad is one of Iran's best known authorsin the United States, Many of his works have been translatedand published in English. As well as a writer of novels andshort stories, he was also a translator, ethnographer, andessayist.

By the Pen can be purchased for $8.95 by orderingthrough the University of Texas Press, P.O. Box 78]9,Austin, Texas, 78713-7819. Send $2.00 for postage andhandling, and Texas residents should add the appropriate salestax.

The Center's next book in the Modern'Middle EasternLiterature in Translation Series will be That's All That's Leftto You by Ghassan Kanafani. The next publication in theModem Middle East Series will be Arabian Oasis City, TheTransformation of Unayzah by anthropologists Soraya Altorkiand Donald Cole. Both books should come out in the latesummer or early fall.

Two University FellowshipsFor MES Masters Candidates

Two University Fellowships have been offered tostudents who have applied for acceptance in the Center'sMasters in Middle Eastern Studies program. The students areMark Allen Barnes, a graduate of John HopkinsUniversity, and Jonathan B. Oberlander, a graduate of theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UniversityFellowship is one of the highest honors awarded to a graduatestudent at The University of Texas.

The Center is proud to announce also that AnnGardner, Anthropology graduate student concentrating on theMiddle East, has received a Fulbright-Hays DoctoralDissertation Research scholarship for twelve months in EgyptHer research will focus on Bedouin socioeconomic change dueto settlement in the Sinai Desert, especially the effects ofsettlement on women's status in relation to informal tribalnetworks.

In other student-related news, recipients of the1988/89 Foreign Language and Area Studies scbolarships areNajeeb Ahmad, Catherine Ahmad, Linda Boxberger,Brian Evans, Mark Juditz, Marietta Mugford, andAndrew Vorona. Recipients of the Summer FLAS awardsduring 1988 were Diana Davis, Daniel Lefkowitz, andPeter Riley.

Martha Diase, Communications graduate studentspecializing in the Middle East, has been chosen for a FordFoundation Internship in New York City for the summer of1989. She will be researching projects for the DevelopingCountries Program.

Three University students have been chosen for StateDepartment Internships in the Middle East during the summerof 1989. Gwenn Okruhlik has been assigned to Abu Dhabiin the Political and Economic Section to conduct research andanalysis for the Foreign Economic Trends and United StatesImplications Report. The other two holders of StateDepartment internships are Jim Fitzgerald and RobertAcker. Mr. Fitzgerald will be with the American Embassy inRiyadh, Saudi Arabi, where he will help in reporting andexamining economic activity in the region. Mr. Acker will bewith the American Embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

Kristen Stilt, senior honors major in MiddleEastern Studies, has been named as a participant in a Texas­Soviet Exchange Program, sponsored by the U.S. CitizensExchange Council. Along with 15 other University students,she will visit Irkutsk University during March. During April,a party of students from Irkutsk will return the visit to TheUniversity of Texas. Turkish is Ms. Stilt's main language inher degree program, and since Irkutsk is in Siberia, she hopesthat she may hear some of the Turkish-related languages ofsouth-central Russia.

Jenny White has just returned from two years inTurkey where she conducted research for her dissertation inAnthropology. Ms. White is studying small commodityproduction in urban Turkey. She also taught at MarmaraUniversity while in Turkey.

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JLecturers and Visitors

The Center continues to present a Colloquium Serieson Thursday afternoons at 3:30 in the Resource Room, SSB3.102. On February 2, Professor Gordon Newby of the HistoryDepartment at North Carolina State University spoke on"Jewish Kings and Jewish Bedouin in Early Arabia." Dr.Tamar Katriel, Visiting Lecturer in Communications at theUniversity, presented "Tlliking Straight: Dugri Speech inIsraeli Sabra Culture." The Women's Studies ResearchSeminar Program joined the CoUoquium Series on February16 to present Elizabeth Fernea from the English Departmentand the Center to speak on "Changing Attitudes TowardChildren in the Arab World," the topic of her latest research fora book in progress. On February 23 Professor James A.Miller, on leave from the Geography Department at ClemsonUniversity, spoke on "Change in Ethnic Relations in the Dra'aValley of Morocco."

In March the Colloquium Series continued withBarbara Kellner-Heinkele of the Turkish Department of GoetheUniversitl1t Frankfurt lecturing on "Dervishes and Scholars:Glimpses at the Daily Life of Ottoman Naqshbandis." And onMarch 30, Lila Abu-Lughod of the Anthropology Departmentat the University of Pennsylvania presented a lectufe entitled"The Romance of Resistance: Bedouin Women and Power.", Other lecturers to the University sponsored i.n part bythe Center this semester include Professor Andre Raymond ofthe Universite de Provence in Aix-en-Provence, France. Hislecture on "Arab Cities in Ottoman Times" was cosponsoredby the Department of History.

Several dialogues were presented during 'the semester.On December 6, Professor Avraham Zilkha of the Departmentof Oriental and African Languages and Linquistics andProfessor Robert VitaIis of the Government Department spokeon "The Israeli Elections and the Palestinian Conference inAlgiers: Prospects for Peace." Visiting professors Mark R.Cohen of Princeton and Norman Stillman of the StateUniversity of New York at Binghamton presented "TheHistory and Politics of Jews and Arabs in the Middle East:Two Perspectives." This joint lecture on January 25 wascosponsored by the Center, B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, andthe Department of History. In connection with Liberal ArtsWeek at the University (February 27-Marcl'1 3) ProfessorZilkha and Professor Clement Moore Henry of theGovernment Department spoke on "The Question of aPalestine State."

On February 22, Aseel Dyck, Coordinator-Librarianof the Middle East Resource Center, gave a presentation forgraduate students and interested individuals about the "NewLibrary Resources at UT." Her talk will be repeated eachsemester.

Panel on Salman Rushdie ConflictThe University campus was the scene of a panel that

discussed the conflict caused by the publication of the SalmanRushdie book The Satanic Verses. The book caused deaththreats against its author, a number of deaths abroad, andprotests from Muslims around the world.

Moderator of the panel discussion was Fedwa Mal'li­Douglas, Associate Director of the Center. Two guests on the

Panel were Sabah EI Din Karam, Chairman of the AustinMosque, and Imam Yahya Abdullah, Chairman of the NorthTexas Council of Masajid. Also participating on the Panelwere ACLU spokesperson Virginia Raymond, and GailMinault, University of Texas Associate Professor of Historyand specialist in Muslims of India. Over 300 students, faculty,and community members attended and offered questions directlyto the panelists.

The panelists agreed for the most part that Muslimshad been genuinely offended by passages in the book, and thatKhomeini's death ,threat was unfortunate. They disagreed on thedefinitions and philosophies of the concepts of freedom ofspeech and freedom of religion. Imam Abdullah explained theIslamic concept of free speech. "We have freedom whhconditions. We don't have the right to slander." Proponents ofthe other side of the argument stated that the freedom of allindividuals was threatened by the Iranian government's actionto put a bounty on Rushdie's head. They also argued the ideathat government censorship is hard to limit and results in theimposition of only that particular body's views.

Roger AllenSpeaks on Proficiency

Roger Allen, Professor of Arabic at the University ofPennsylvania, spoke on February 17 to language instructors inthe Department of Oriental and African Languages andLiteratures. Professor Allen has been active in promotingproficiency training among teachers of the uncommonly-,taughtlanguages. In Arabic, he has developed a proficiency-orientedcurriculum and has written the first national proficiencyguidelines.

The movement to adopt the proficiency method is aresult of 1inguists' and language teachers' efforts to rethinkapproaches to language teaching and testing. This effort tookplace in great part because of the comparatively poorperformances of American students in foreign lang-uages. TheDepartment of Education now provides funding for FLASscholarships only in languages that are taught with methodsmoving towards proficiency-based principles.

Although reading, writing, and listening are part ofthe proficiency approach, speaking skills are most stressed.The student gains a better sense of the cultural setting withinwhich language is used and becomes familiar with thefunctional use of language in everyday life as illustratedthrough newspapers, magazines, and radio and televisionprograms. Ba'sic to the program is the principle of continualtesting so that the student will reach the stipulated proficiencyin a "pass/fail" mode rather than spend a certain amount oftime in a classroom. Learning grammar is not the main focus,In the effort to promote oral language abilities, instructors areencouraged to use class dynamics that keep students talkingand taking risks with their skills.

Professor Allen discussed the special problemspertaining to guidelines for teaching Arabic with proficiencymethods as the organizing principle. Difficulties arise as towhere to put modem, colloquial, and classic language traininginto the proficiency scale. The individual goals of studentshave to be considered. The University of Texas is fortunate tohave in Arabic two teachers who are highly skilled inproficiency teaching and testing. They are Doctors PeterAbboud and Aman Attieh.

Arabic and Persian TranslationsIn New HRC COllection

The University has acquired 68 rare volumes writtenor owned by the famous 18th century English linguist, SirWilliam Jones. These volumes are housed in the Rare BooksLibrary of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center(HRC). Often called "the father of comparative linguistics"because he was the first to notice the similarities in ,thelanguages that would come to be known as Indo-European,Jones was initially a scholar of Oriental languages.

Published early in Jones' prolific career was Histoirede Nader Chah, a translation of a Persian manuscript broughtto England by Christian VII of Denmark and partiallytranslated into French from the original Ta'rikh-i-Nadiri, byMirza Mahdi Khan. Jones finished the French translation andlater published an abridged English version. Jones appended tothe Histoire an essay on Oriental poetry, in which he arguedfor the literary and intellectual qualities of Arabic and Persianwriting, and included 13 of the poems of Hafiz.

Still early in his career, while mastering English lawin order to provide himself with a secure income, Jonespublished A Grammar of the Persian Language, which was asuccess overnight, going through nine editions in 57 years. Itcontained the popular Persian Song of Hafiz, which inspiredGoethe, among others, and led Fitzgerald into publishing theRubaiyat.

In 1783 Jones was appointed a judge of the high courtin Calcutta, the administrative seat of the East India Company,an office which he held until his death. Here Jones was able toindulge in his Oriental and Asian studies-Arabic, Persian,Sanscrit, and Indian languages-for the rest of his life.

The HRC Collection spans the whole of Jones' careeras linguist. Other important Arabic- and Persian- related worksin the collection include Jones' working copy of TheMoallakflt, seven Arabic poems he translated. The volume isinterleaved and extensively annotated by Jones in Arabic andEnglish. The Moallakat is the name given to the Seven Odeswhich hung from the temple at Mecca. They are oftenconsidered the most significant work in the entire canon of pre­Islamic Arabic poetry. Jones added to each poem a brief criticalessay that was intended to encourage the study of Arabic.

Not a book by Jones, but one presented to him, is acopy of Charles, Count Reviczky's edition of Hafiz. Reviczky,a Hungarian scholar-diplomat, was one of the first Orientaliststo appreciate Jones' unique talents. In the Collection isReviczky's first edition of his translation of sixteen poemsfrom Hafiz's Divan. Also in the Collection is a series ofvolumes with the Persian text and Latin translat,ions.

Funds to acquire the Sir WilHam Jones Collectioncame from the Dean's Office in the College of Liberal Arts,the HRC, and the General Libraries.

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A first edition of 16 poems from Hafiz's Divan has Persian text on the left pageswith 'a Latin version on the right pages. (Photograph by University News and Information)

Faculty

Allen Douglas (French) delivered a lecture "Bandedessinee et politique" at the University of Meknes, Morocco,in November. He also participated in the Conference onCultural Dimensions of Development, in Tunis, where hespoke on "Femmes et histoire."

Elizabeth Fernea (English and CMES) has been avisiting lecturer at several campuses during the lale fall andwinter. She spoke in the Distinguished Speakers Program atthe State University of New York at Binghamton; at theWomen in Arab-Islamic Culture Conference at Cornell; at theResident Associate Program Seminar on the Middle East at lieSmithsonian in Washington, D.C.; at the University of MainePeace Conference; and at invited lectures at Princeton andRutgers.

Robert Fernea (Anthropology) went to IndiaFebruary 10-20 to chair a meeting of Directors of AmericanOverseas Research Centers. Professor Fernea was elected lastyear chair of the Council of American Overseas ResearchCenters (CAORC). While in India, he travelled to severalcities, visiting branches of the American Institute of IndianStudies, which hosted the meeting.

Clement Moore Henry (Government) had"Islamic Banking: Financial and Political Intermediation inArab Countries" published in Orient 29: 1 (Hamburg, March1988). The article will also be published in French andGerman versions by the CNRS (France) and the KonradAdenauer Stiftung. Professor Henry delivered at the 1988MESA meeting a paper entitled "Islamic Banks andCompetitive Politics in the Arab Wodd and Turkey."

M. A. Jazayery (persian) lectured on February 21at the University of California at Berkeley on "Ahmad Kasravion the Revival of Islam." On the same day he spoke in Persianto the Society of Iranian Professionals in Berkeley on "Kasraviand Representative Government in Iran." Professor Jazayery'sarticle, "Persian Contributions," was published in Discovery,Volume 11, Number 2, an issue devoted to languagescholarship at the University.

Fedwa Malti.Douglas (Arabic) was LiteratureEditor of a special twentieth-anniversary volume of A1­Arabiyyd, which appeared in November. Her article "TheRevolution ill Arabic Literary Studies" appeared in that issue.Her article "The Classical Arabic Detective" was published inArabica; and the article "Classical Arabic Crime Narratives:Thieves and Thievery in Adab Literature" appeared in theJournal of Arabic Literature. In November, she delivered alecture on "Litterature comparee et litterature canonique" at theUniversity of Meknes, Morocco. That month, she alsodelivered a paper at the Conference on Cultural Dimensions ofDevelopment, in Tunis. In April, she will present "Poetry andPatriarchy: The Autobiography of Fadwa Tuqan," at aConference on the Canon and Middle Eastern Literatures, atOhio State University. She has also been invited to speak atthe Levi Della Vida Award Conference honoring Andre Miquelto be held in Los Angeles in May.

Ian Manners (Geography) spoke in November aL uspecial workshop on water management in the Middle East.organized for pre-collegiate teachers by the Middle Ea~l

Outreach Council during the annual meeting of the MiddleEastern Studies Association. His talk was emiLIe<! "The Onceand Future Nile." In March Professor Manners visited Egypt atthe invitation of the Egyptian Ornithological Society and theEgyptian Wildlife Service to lecture at al-Azhar University onthe conservation of biological resources in the Middle East.Subsequently, he joined Egyptian wildlife biologists on a ten­day field trip to visit newly established biological reserves inEgypt.

Gail Minault (History) attended in September theEuropean Conference of Modern South Asian Studies inVenice, Italy, and presented a paper entitled "Purdah and

Bounderies: Images of Women and the Emergence of Indo­Muslim Identity." In January she gave three guest lectures atthe Universi,ty of Washington, Seattle, concerning her researchon Indian Muslim women. Professor Minault attended theAssociation for Asian Studies in Washington, D.C. in Marchto serve as a discussant on a panel on women in Pakistan.

Denise Schmandt·Besserat (Art History) wasinvited to take part during December in an internationalconference in Czerniejewo, Poland, on the Biology ofLanguage: Essentialist vs. Evolutionist in the Nature ofLanguage. Her presentation was called "Symbols in thePrehistoric Middle East." She had an article appear in ScienceNews, December 24-31, 1988, entitled "Tokens of Plenty."Professor Schmandt-Besserat was the UNA Lecturer, 1989, atthe University of California at Berkeley. She delivered a seriesof four lectures there during March entitled "Writing andCounting: the Near Eastern Legacy."

Caroline Williams (Architecture) was electedSecretary-Treasurer of ,the Texas Association of Middle EastScholars for two years. She went to Washington, D.C. inMarch in her role as a member of the National SelectionCommittee for the Malcolm Kerr High School ScholarsProgram, which is sponsored by the National Council on U.S.Arab Relations.

John Williams, who is currently the William R.Kenan, Jr., Distinguished Professor in the Humanities at ThCollege of William and Mary, is delivering the Kenan lecturesthis spring. They are entitled "Islamic Philosophy and MuslimFundamentalism: Theories of the Islamic State"; "Just lhFacts, Please: Early Muslim Historiography and the Quest 1'0Truth"; and "Mad Mullahs or Modernization: The MuslimWorld in Our Time." He will lecture also at Yale Universityon April 13-14. The second volume of Professor WilliamH'translation of al-Tabari's The Early 'Abbasis was publish dearly this year by Cambridge University Press.

Avraham Zilkha (Hebrew) has had his mod; I

Hebrew-English dictionary accepted by Yale University Pc· ,for forthcoming publication.

Teachers Workshop Features PhotoExhibit of Migrant Yeminis

The Outreach Program at the Center is sponsoring ateachers workshop on Saturday, April 1, 9:00-4:30. Theworkshop will feature a gallery tour by Outreach CoordinatorAnnette Pomeroy of the photographic exhibit "Sojourners and~ettl~rs: Y~~eni ~orkers ~t Home and Abroad." The imagesm thiS exhibit depict the Immigration of villagers from theYemeni central highlands to California's agricultural heartlandthe San Joaquin Valley. The Muslim workers were recordedsimultaneously in the Yemen and in California by Americandocumentary photographers, scholars, and the Yemeni villagersthemselves. The photographs unveil environments and aspectsof human adaption and interaction that, until recently, haverarely been seen by Americans. The exhibit is showing at theTexas Union Art Gallery from March 27 through April 9. Theexhibit was previously shown at the Smithsonian Institute.

.The workshop win ?pen in Student Services Building4.104 with CMES and Architecture faculty Caroline Williamswho will give a slide presentation on "The Mosque: It AllBegan in Me,dina." CMES graduate student Linda Boxberger,who taught m Yemen for two years, win also give a slidepresentation called "Travelling in the Yemen Arab Republic:Views of Cultural Diversity." A talk, "Joint Futures in Oiland Politics: Texas and the Arab Gulf S'tates," will be givenby Vicki Hammond, Government Department graduate studentwho lived in Saudi Arabia for many years. Two videotapes,"The Truck Driver" and The Arab Horse," will be shown.

Although the program is designed for social studies,geography, and history teachers of grades 6-12, one need notbe a teacher to attend. Participants will receive certificates forAdvanced Academic Training from the Texas EducationAgency.

Center for Middle Eastern StudiesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas 78712

Visiting Scholars for 1988/89The Center has sponsored several Visiting Scholars

for the academic year 1988/89. During the faU Dr. MohamedBerdouz~ visited the University on a Fulbright Fellowship. Alecturer m the Department of Public Law and Political Sciencein Rabat, Morocco, Dr. Berdouzi used the University to furtherhis research on important works on Morocco by leadingAmerican political scientists, with the objective of developinga critical review of available studies.

Professor Abdel-Mohsen AI-Qahtany from KingAbdelaziz University in Saudi Arabia spent December andJanuary at the University. A member of the Department ofArabic at his University in Jiddah, Professor Al-Qahtany spenthis time on campus working at the Middle East Collection onresearch pertaining to rhythm and meter in poetry.

Dr. Parkhideh Amiri continues her appointment as aVisiting Scholar so that she can complete a major researchstudy initiated in 1986. Dr. Amiri is conducting research inrhetoric and methodology of foreign language teaching. She isworking on translations from English to Persian in these fieldsusing the University libraries.

Dr. Barbara KeHner-Heinkele of the TurkishDepartment at the Goethe UniversiUit Frankfurt will be aVisiting Scholar through August. She is conducting researchon Ottoman and modern Turkish history and literature.

Professor James Miller of the Geography Departmentof Clemson University will also be a Visiting Scholar throughAugust. He is working on a book on landscape changes in theDra'a Valley, Morocco.

Editor: Annes McCann-Baker

Production, Design, and Photographs:Diane Watts