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CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
Remain largely agrarian & retain serfdom
Low level of urbanization & industrialization
Limited development of merchant class
No overseas empires
Families remains large, extended, & multigenerational, age of marriage lower
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
POLAND
14th century: Dynastic alliance with Lithuania
Poland becomes superior partner = Republic of Poland
Becomes one of largest, most powerful states in Europe
Polish Queen Jadwiga weds Lithuanian Grand Duke Jageillo, unifying in 1385
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
POLAND
Structure of Society
Made up of estates – nobility, burghers (townspeople), peasants
Nobility (Szlachta) = 8% of population, had all rights & privileges
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
POLAND
Structure of State
Monarch elected by parliament (Sejm)
Each deputy had veto power = LIBERUM VETO
King had no national army, court system or bureaucracy
Led to political chaos & weakness
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Muslim Turks controlled large area of Christian Eastern Europe from 15th c.
Became great power, but began to decline in 18th c.
But did not interfere with religious or cultural life
Significant impact on development of lands it held
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Structure of Society
Divided subjects into MILLETS based on religion
Practiced relative toleration
Muslims = privileged class
Christians subject to DEVSHIRME
Much resentment of Ottoman rule
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Structure of State
Similar to feudal system
• Military leaders gave service to SULTAN
• Muslims = lords Christians = peasants
• Local rulers (Pashas) had virtually complete control
Began to decline in 17th century
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
AUSTRIA
Consolidation of State
LEOPOLD I (r. 1657-1705)
• Established religious conformity
• Defeated Ottomans & gained Hungarian lands
• Expanded into Balkans, Italy, & Netherlands
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
PRUSSIA
Consolidation of State
Brandenburg unified with Prussia & began to expand
GREAT ELECTOR – Frederick William (r. 1640-1688)
• began build up of army
• centralization of power at expense of JUNKERS
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
PRUSSIA
Consolidation of State
FREDERICK I (r. 1688-1713)
• named king in return for supplying troops to Habsburgs
• continued building army & centralizing
• army = centerpiece of Prussia state & society