Central European Monarchs ClashCentral European Monarchs Clash21.321.3

Peace of Augsburg (1555) Breaks Peace of Augsburg (1555) Breaks DownDown

• Catholic, Holy Roman Emperor Catholic, Holy Roman Emperor ((Charles Charles VV) ) allowed German Princes to choose allowed German Princes to choose CatholicismCatholicism or or LutheranismLutheranism, but not , but not CalvinismCalvinism

• 1618: 1618: Emperor Ferdinand II Emperor Ferdinand II became king became king of Bohemia = of Bohemia = ProtestantsProtestants in Prague in Prague began to Revoltbegan to Revolt

Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648• One of the most destructive wars in One of the most destructive wars in

European HistoryEuropean History

• Fought mainly in GermanyFought mainly in Germany

• Began as a war of religion, but turned Began as a war of religion, but turned into a power struggle between all of into a power struggle between all of Europe’s great powers.Europe’s great powers.

SidesSidesHapsburg SideHapsburg Side

• Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor

• AustriaAustria

• SpainSpain

• BavariaBavaria

• HungaryHungary

Opposing SideOpposing Side• BohemiaBohemia

• NetherlandsNetherlands

• FranceFrance

• SwedenSweden

• EnglandEngland

Hapsburgs Are DefeatedHapsburgs Are Defeated

• France & France & Sweden turn Sweden turn the tide against the tide against the Hapsburg the Hapsburg DynastyDynasty

Results of the War• Peace of Westphalia (16Peace of Westphalia (1648)48)

1.1. Weakened Hapsburg Spain & AustriaWeakened Hapsburg Spain & Austria2.2. Strengthened Bourbon FranceStrengthened Bourbon France3.3. Dutch finally free of SpainDutch finally free of Spain4.4. Disbanded the Holy Roman EmpireDisbanded the Holy Roman Empire5.5. Ended religious wars in Europe Ended religious wars in Europe 6.6. Began era of Nation-StatesBegan era of Nation-States

Germany Lost Germany Lost 4 million 4 million People. People.

Which slowed Which slowed its its

DevelopmentDevelopment

Central Europe Differs from the West

• Feudalism lasted longer in Germany, Feudalism lasted longer in Germany, Austria, Poland, & Hungary Austria, Poland, & Hungary

• Wars created instabilityWars created instability

• Did not benefit from Commercial Did not benefit from Commercial RevolutionRevolution

Rise of Austria & PrussiaRise of Austria & PrussiaBecame Dominant States of Central EuropeBecame Dominant States of Central Europe

• Austria– Ruled by Catholic Ruled by Catholic

HapsburgsHapsburgs

– Absolutist; Absolutist; conquered much of conquered much of central Europecentral Europe

–German elite ruled German elite ruled over a diverse over a diverse populationpopulation

• PrussiaPrussia–Ruled by Lutheran Ruled by Lutheran

HohenzollernsHohenzollerns

–Came to dominate Came to dominate northern Germanynorthern Germany

–Strong Military Strong Military CultureCulture

Maria Theresa of AustriaMaria Theresa of Austria• Absolute Ruler of Absolute Ruler of

Austria: Austria: 1717 – 17801717 – 1780

• Religious Catholic, Religious Catholic, cared for the poor, cared for the poor, but not Civil Rights but not Civil Rights

• Mother of Marie Mother of Marie Antoinette Antoinette

Frederick II “The Great” of PrussiaFrederick II “The Great” of Prussia• Made Prussia the 1Made Prussia the 1stst

Welfare State & Military Welfare State & Military Power: 1712 – 1786Power: 1712 – 1786

• Enlightened RulerEnlightened Ruler

• Atheist, Invented Public Atheist, Invented Public Ed., Social ReformsEd., Social Reforms

Seven Years War (1756 – 1763)Seven Years War (1756 – 1763)First truly “Global” War

British Empire & PrussiaVs

French Empire, Austria, Russia

• (French & Indian War) Gave Britain dominance in North America• Britain gained sole economic rights in India

ResultsResults• Britain Became Dominant Imperial PowerBritain Became Dominant Imperial Power–Dominance in North America & India Dominance in North America & India

• Prussia became dominant in Germany = set Prussia became dominant in Germany = set up for its unification laterup for its unification later

• France lost its Empire & entered period of France lost its Empire & entered period of trouble that would lead to Revolutiontrouble that would lead to Revolution