Central Places:Theory and Applications

Ken Keller

APHG Teacher’s Conference

Boca Raton, FL

March 6, 2010

Walter Christaller

Die Zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland

Central Places in Southern Germany

Originally published in 1933, translated into English in 1966

CENTRAL

PLACE

THEORY

Deduction

Induction

THE CIRCLE OF INQUIRY

What is? vs. What should be?

CENTRAL

PLACE

THEORY

More small places than

big places

Big places farther apart

than small places

Ratio of big places to small places relatively constant

CENTRAL

PLACE

A settlement whose livelihood depends on the sale of goods and services to people in

the surrounding area

Settlement Sizes

• Hamlet

• Village

• Town

• City

• Metropolis

POSTULATES or OUTCOMES“Then . . . “

PREMISES or ASSUMPTIONS“If . . . “

• Isotropic Surface– “featureless plain” with no barriers to movement

• Even Population Distribution– similar in purchasing power and behavior

• Homo Economicus– “economic man” with purely economic motives

• Integrity of the Law of Supply and Demand– customers needed for a business to stay open

POSTULATES or OUTCOMES“Then . . . “

• There will be a regular spatial order in the number of central places of different population sizes.– Few large places– Many small places

• There will be a regular spatial order in the spacing of central places of different population sizes.– Large places relatively farther apart– Small places relatively closer together

Central Place FunctionsCategories of like services found in a

central place

• Grocery Stores• Gas Stations• Jewelry Stores• Book Stores• Hair Stylists• Auto Dealerships

• Houses of Worship• Schools• Doctors• Dentists• Museums• Concert Halls

Higher-Order FunctionsHigher-Order Central Places

• Provision of higher-order goods and services

• Trade in goods and services that are more valuable and infrequently demanded

• Because the goods and services are more valuable, people are willing to travel farther to shop.

• Higher-order goods and services are available in higher-order central places.

Lower-Order FunctionsLower-Order Central Places

• Provision of lower-order goods and services

• Trade in goods and services that are less valuable and frequently demanded.

• Because the goods and services are less valuable, people are willing to travel only short distances to shop.

• Lower-order goods and services are available in lower-order central places.

Would you travel farther to buy a new car or the week’s groceries?

To buy a new car

Would you travel farther to go to elementary school or to go to high school?

Would you travel farther to see your family physician or a heart specialist?

To see a heart specialist

To go to high school

A Hierarchy of Educational

Services

Hamlet:

No Schools

Village:

Elementary

School

Town:

High School

City:

College

Stock Exchange

Sports Stadium

Regional Shopping Mall

Major Department Store

Income Tax Service

Convenience Store

Gas Station

How big is the trade area of a service center?

It depends on . . . - How far a consumer is willing to travel for the service- How many customers a service needs

Each central place function has a:

• Threshold: the minimum number of people needed to support a central place function

• With fewer customers a store cannot afford to stay in business.

• Range: the maximum distance beyond which a person will not travel to purchase a good or service

• Beyond a certain distance people cannot afford the travel costs.

Deduction

Induction

THE CIRCLE OF INQUIRY

What is? vs. What should be?

“We never knew whether or not a village would have a shop or a restaurant, but we were developing a system. We used to look up the population on the map. The IGN puts this in tiny figures next to the village name. Our system went like this:

A WALK ACROSS FRANCE by Miles Morland

Village Population What to Expect

300+ One all-purpose shop

500+ Shop and café

Occasional pharmacy

700+ 2 shops, 2 restaurants, garage, pharmacy, maison de la presse

200 Forget it.

Tests of Central Place Theory

• J. E. Brush: The Hierarchy of Central Places in Southwestern Wisconsin

• B. J. L. Berry, Trading Centers in Haakon County, South Dakota

• R. C. Mayfield, A Central Place Hierarchy in Northern India

• Y. Watanabe, The Service Pattern in the Shinjo Basin, Yamagata Prefecture

• P. Woroby, Functional Ranks and Locational Patterns of Service Centers in Saskatchewan

According to Central Place Theory, what should we find about 5.5 miles

around Carlisle?

• Mount Holly Springs• Boiling Springs• Churchtown• New Kingston• Carlisle Springs• Plainfield• Mount Rock

Central Place Functions

GREEN VILLAGE

19TH Century 1972

2 churches

2 stores

1 hotel

1 church

1 grocery store

1 school

Central Place Functions

GREEN VILLAGE

1972 1997 2002

1 church

1 grocery store

1 school

4 churches

2 stores

2 restaurants

1 primary school

1 car repair

1 insurance agency

1 rental agency

1 beauty shop

1 garage door

5 churches

3 stores

2 restaurants

2 car sales/repair

1 primary school

1 gas station

1 credit union

1 beauty shop

1 self storage

1 garage door

Villages become towns,and towns become cities.

The ‘Tween Places

Central Places ofIntermetropolitan Corridors

Half-way between Washington and Richmond?

• FredericksburgHalf-way between Richmond and

Norfolk?• WilliamsburgHalf-way between Washington and

Baltimore?• Columbia

Why do we not ever see a perfect central place hierarchy?

• Physical geography is important! Topography and hydrography interfere.

• Consumer behavior is determined by more than economic considerations.

• The automobile has made long-distance travel popular (cheap and easy).

• People make multiple-purpose shopping trips, often bypassing the smallest places.

• The Internet has made it unnecessary to have customers nearby.

The Practical Value ofCentral Place Theory

Where would you go for ideas, if . . . .

You were McDonalds and you wanted to build a new restaurant?

Central Place Theory

You were attempting to place a new Minor/Major League Sports Franchise?

You were Starbucks and you wanted to find a new location?

Central Place Theory

Central Place Theory

You were Dutch and needed to settle the newly drained polders of the Zuider Zee?

Central Place Theory

You were an archaeologist and wanted to know where to dig next?

You were Brazilian and needed to settle people on the Amazon frontier?

Central Place Theory

Central Place Theory

How could central place theory help you to choose a location for:

• A new hospital?

• A new high school?

• A new mall?

• A new café?

• A new grocery store?

• Other services?