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CENTRAL PROCESSINGCENTRAL PROCESSING

UNITUNIT(CPU)(CPU)Name:Name: Safwan Zulfazli Bin Abdul KadirSafwan Zulfazli Bin Abdul Kadir

Faaiz Bin FadzilFaaiz Bin Fadzil

Mohd Nabiil Bin Mohd AshareeMohd Nabiil Bin Mohd Asharee

Muhd Affiq ZainiMuhd Affiq ZainiClass:Class: 2 Hemah2 Hemah

Teacher:Teacher:

En FaizalEn Faizal

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CENTRAL PROCESSING

UNIT(CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is the portion of a

computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program,and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions

This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early1960s

The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramaticallysince the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much

the same.

Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, computer

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MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s significantly affected the

design and implementation of CPUs

Since the introduction of the first commercially available microprocessor

(the Intel 4004) in 1970 and the first widely used microprocessor (the Intel

8080) in 1974, this class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other

central processing unit implementation methods

Mainframe and minicomputer manufacturers of the time launched proprietary

IC development programs to upgrade their older computerarchitectures, and

eventually produced instruction set compatible microprocessors that were

backward-compatible with their older hardware and software

Combined with the advent and eventual vast success of the now ubiquitouspersonal computer, the term "CPU" is now applied almost exclusively to

microprocessors

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Typesof CPUTypesof CPU

There aren't really different types of CPU,

but there are some major differences

between CPUS

Like Bus Sizes - we have 32 & 64 bits Some support SSE, SSE2 and SSE3

But there are different processor

architectures which you are probably

talking about

There are SPARC, IA64, X86, X64, IBM Cell

and more

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There are many types of brand of CPU like:There are many types of brand of CPU like:--

1.1. ARMARM

2.2.

AtmelAtmel3.3. PICPIC

4.4. IntelIntel

5.5. ZilogZilog

6.6. AMDAMD

7.7. And Many MoreAnd Many More

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The average price of CPU is normally fromThe average price of CPU is normally from

RM950RM950--3000 varies and depends on the3000 varies and depends on the

type of CPUtype of CPU

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AA CPU socketCPU socket oror CPU slotCPU slot is anis an electrical componentelectrical component thatthatattaches to aattaches to a printed circuit boardprinted circuit board (PCB) and is designed to(PCB) and is designed tohouse ahouse a microprocessor.microprocessor.

It is a special type ofIt is a special type of integrated circuitintegrated circuit socket designed forsocket designed forvery high pin counts.very high pin counts.

A CPU socket provides many functions, including providing aA CPU socket provides many functions, including providing aphysical structure to support the CPU, providing support for aphysical structure to support the CPU, providing support for aheat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost)heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost)

and most importantly forming an electrical interface both withand most importantly forming an electrical interface both withthe CPU and the PCB.the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets can most often be found inCPU sockets can most often be found in

mostmost desktopdesktop andand serverserver computers (laptopscomputers (laptops typicallytypicallyuseuse surface mountsurface mount CPUs), particularly those based onCPUs), particularly those based onthethe IntelIntel x86 architecturex86 architecture on the motherboard.on the motherboard.

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Central processing unit power dissipationCentral processing unit power dissipation ororCPU powerCPU powerdissipationdissipation is the process in whichis the process in which central processingcentral processingunitsunits (CPUs) consume(CPUs) consume electrical energy, and dissipate thiselectrical energy, and dissipate thisenergy by both the action of the switching devices containedenergy by both the action of the switching devices containedin the CPU, such asin the CPU, such as transistorstransistors oror vacuum tubes, and via thevacuum tubes, and via theenergy lost in the form ofenergy lost in the form of heatheat due to thedue to the impedanceimpedance ofofthethe electronic circuits.electronic circuits.

Designing CPUs that perform theseDesigning CPUs that perform thesetaskstasks efficientlyefficiently withoutwithout overheatingoverheating is a majoris a major

consideration in nearly all CPU manufacturers to date.consideration in nearly all CPU manufacturers to date. Some implementations of CPUs use very little power, forSome implementations of CPUs use very little power, for

example, the CPUs inexample, the CPUs in mobile phonesmobile phones often use just a fewoften use just a fewhundredhundred milliwattsmilliwatts of electricity.of electricity.

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In comparison, CPUs in generalIn comparison, CPUs in generalpurposepurpose personal computers,personal computers,

suchsuch desktopsdesktops andand laptops, dissipatelaptops, dissipatesignificantly more power because of theirsignificantly more power because of theirhigher complexity and speed.higher complexity and speed.

These microelectronic CPUs may consumeThese microelectronic CPUs may consumepower in the order of tens of watts. Historically,power in the order of tens of watts. Historically,early CPUs implemented withearly CPUs implemented with vacuumvacuumtubestubes consumed power in the order ofconsumed power in the order of

manymany kilowatts.kilowatts.

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CPUCoreVoltageCPUCoreVoltage

TheThe CPU core voltage (CPU core voltage (VCOREVCORE)) is theis the powerpowersupplysupply voltagevoltage supplied to thesupplied to the CPUCPU (which is a(which is a digitaldigitalcircuit),circuit), GPU, or other device containing a processing core. TheGPU, or other device containing a processing core. Theamount ofamount of powerpower a CPU uses, and thus the amount of heat ita CPU uses, and thus the amount of heat itdissipates, is the product of this voltage and thedissipates, is the product of this voltage and the currentcurrent ititdraws. In modern CPUs, which are made usingdraws. In modern CPUs, which are made using CMOS, theCMOS, thecurrent is almost proportional to thecurrent is almost proportional to the clock speed, the CPUclock speed, the CPUdrawing almost no current between clock ticks.drawing almost no current between clock ticks.

In order to help conserve power and manage heat,In order to help conserve power and manage heat,manymany laptoplaptop andand desktopdesktop processors have aprocessors have a powerpowermanagementmanagement feature that allows software (usually thefeature that allows software (usually the operatingoperating

system) tosystem) to adjust the clock speed andadjust the clock speed and core voltage dynamically.core voltage dynamically. The trend is towards lower core voltages, which conserveThe trend is towards lower core voltages, which conserve

power. This presents the CMOS designer with a challenge,power. This presents the CMOS designer with a challenge,because in CMOS the voltages go only to ground and thebecause in CMOS the voltages go only to ground and thesupply voltage, the source, gate, and drain terminals ofsupply voltage, the source, gate, and drain terminals ofthethe FETsFETs have only the supply voltage or zero voltage acrosshave only the supply voltage or zero voltage acrossthem.them.

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Speed Of A ProcessorSpeed Of A Processor TheThe performanceperformance oror speedspeed of a processor depends on e.g. the clock rateof a processor depends on e.g. the clock rate

and the Instructions Per Clock (IPC), which together are the factors forand the Instructions Per Clock (IPC), which together are the factors forthethe Instructions Per SecondInstructions Per Second (IPS) that the CPU can perform.(IPS) that the CPU can perform.Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates onMany reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates onartificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realisticartificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic

workloads consist of a mix of instructions and applications, some of whichworkloads consist of a mix of instructions and applications, some of whichtake longer to execute than others.take longer to execute than others.The performance of theThe performance of the memory hierarchymemory hierarchy also greatly affects processoralso greatly affects processor

performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because ofperformance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because ofthese problems, various standardized tests such asthese problems, various standardized tests such as SPECintSPECint have beenhave beendeveloped to attempt to measure the real effective performance indeveloped to attempt to measure the real effective performance incommonly used applications.commonly used applications.

Processing performance of computers is increased by usingProcessing performance of computers is increased by using multimulti--corecoreprocessors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processorsprocessors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors(called(called corescores in this sense) into onein this sense) into one integrated circuit.integrated circuit.

Ideally, a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a singleIdeally, a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a singlecore processor. In practice, however, the performance gain is far less, onlycore processor. In practice, however, the performance gain is far less, onlyabout fifty percent, due to, e.g. imperfect software algorithms andabout fifty percent, due to, e.g. imperfect software algorithms and

implementation.implementation.

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