Cep

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38) 1

Construction Industry: Before discussing project players we should be familiar with: Contractor: The term “Contractor” comes from legal agreement. There will be a legal agreement between the owner and the builder. A contractor may be a builder but a builder may or may not be a contractor. Contract: A construction contract is defined as, “An agreement between two parties such that it is enforceable by the law and must be agreed” Contract is a negotiation between owner and contractor for the cost control. Project Players:

i) Owner OR Client ii) Construction Manager iii) General Contractor iv) Sub Contractors OR Specialty Contractors v) Designer OR Architect Engineer vi) Insurance Companies vii) Banks viii) Suppliers ix) Public x) Construction Labor Force

i) Owner:

Owner is also called client. Owner is the person who actually arranges finance for particular project. Owner is the real instinct who has to launch idea. Owner may be a “person” or “Government”.

ii) Construction Manager (CM): CM is the person who actually coordinates the construction process on behalf of the owner. Construction manager is not common in Pakistan, usually in foreign countries client assigns construction work to a CM who deals and manages all the things related to construction.

iii) General Contractor (GC): GC is a person who actually execute the contract, he actually negotiate the contract with client. Following are the duties of GC: a) Assure the work to be completed on time he specified. b) He must use Tool & Plant (T&P) at the site, which he has specified at the time of contract. c) He must arrange labor force.

iv) Sub Contractor: Sub contractor is also known as Specialty contractor. They are actually the



people who provide other facilities to the General contractor for the sub projects. There exist some agreement between General contractor and Sub contractor. Some facilities which Sub contractor can provide are: a) Electric wiring b) Plumbing c) Air Condition supply d) Wood work e) Paint f) Providing Soil for project

v) Designer: Designer may be Architect or Engineer who gives complete design to the project on the basis of their previous experience.

vi) Insurance Companies: These are the companies which provides, a) Bid bond Facility b) Performance Bond c) Payment Bond by the contractor to the owner.

vii) Bank: The bank will allow funding on behalf of client, and provides complete insurance to the contractor.

viii) Suppliers: Suppliers are actually the people who provide construction material. i.e. bricks, concrete, cement, etc

ix) Public: Public is the labor force that are managed by the contractor or sub contractor or by the masons or by the skilled workers.

x) Construction Labor Force: Following are the labor force, a) Masons i) Brick Masons ii)Brick stone Masons iii)Block Masons iv)Cement Masons b)Carpenters c)Construction equipment operator d)Electricians e)Fixers OR Steel Fabricator f)Glazers g)Painters h)Plumbers i)HVAC



Organization of the Construction Industry:

i) Residential Construction ii) Commercial Construction iii) Industrial Construction iv) Heavy/Highway Construction

i) Residential Construction:

In this type of construction generally two types of homes are constructed, these are: a) Tract Homes: These are those homes which are constructed on same pattern and design usually constructed in same area. b) Custom Homes: These are those homes in which we can do alteration even after its construction.

ii) Commercial Construction: Commercial construction includes construction of Plazas, offices, shopping malls etc Commercial construction is usually carried out by two sectors: a) Private Sector: Sector where privately single person or group of some people invests money for construction. b) Public Sector: Sector where Government invests money for construction.

iii) Industrial Construction: Industrial construction includes construction of mills, factories, power generation plants etc Industrial construction is usually carried out by two sectors: a) Private Sector: Sector where privately single person or group of some people invests money for construction. b) Public Sector: Sector where Government invests money for construction.

iv) Heavy/Highway Construction: This includes construction of roads, railways, airports, seaports, dams, etc. These constructions are oftenly carried out by Government.



Flow chart of Project players:

OWNER DESIGNER/ENGINEER

CONSULTANT

CONTRACTOR

PROJECT MANAGER

PLANNING ENGINEER

QUALITY CONTROL

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

SITE ENGINEER ADMINISTRATION OFFICE

FINANCE ACCOUNTING

ASSISTANT

FOREMAN

SUPERVISOR

ASSISTANTLABOR



Pre-Qualification of Contractor: Pre qualification is financial and technical evaluation of contractor by employer or engineer. The owner ensures financial and technical soundness of contractor to handle the project. Criteria for Pre-Qualification of Tenderer/Bidder/Contractor:

i) Company Assets: Company should asset the contractor. The contractor should be well recognized.

ii) Financial Status: Financially the contractor should have to satisfy the company. He should have financial or bank statement for previous year.

iii) Organo-Gram Unit: In Organo-Gram unit a) The contractor should have list of skilled staff. The contractor should have to manage all these things before the time of execution of work. b) The contractor should also have skilled labor. The masons should be perfectly skilled.

iv) Tool & Plant (T&P): The contractor should have all types of machinery related to the project to satisfy the client.

v) Experience of Previous Project: Contractor should have lists of previous projects being executed by him in order to satisfy his client.

vi) Experience About Current Project: Contractor should have executed the same type of project which he is going to execute, so, he can handle it carefully.

vii) Registration with PEC: Contractor should be registered from Pakistan Engineering Congress. His degree should be valid.

Contract: A construction contract is defined as, “An agreement between two parties such that it is enforceable by the law and must be agreed” Types of Construction Contracts: There are three types of construction contracts,

i) Lump Sum Contract ii) Unit Price Contract iii) Cost Plus Contract

i) Lump Sum Contract: It is typically used in building construction projects in

which quantities are accurately measured. ii) Unit Price Contract: It is used when it is not possible to calculate the exact

quantities at that place.



For example for earth work, this can not be measured accurately before time. The payment is given at the given excavated amount of earth.

iii) Cost plus Contract: This contract is used in the situation where it is not possible either for the owner or contractor to predict the cost. Cost Plus Contract is of three types, a) Cost plus fixed fee (Owner Prefer) b) Cost Plus Percentage c) Innovation & Trend (used for heavy work e.g. highways, railways etc)

iv) Innovations & Trends OR A+B Contract: This contract is used in road construction, railway lines, etc

Contracting Methods: These methods will facilitate the owner/employer regarding the procurement of contract. There are two contracting methods,

i) Design Build ii) Design Build Operate

i) Design Build: It is a contracting method in which contractor will design,

build and execute the project himself. Contractor becomes wholly responsible for design and execution of project. Design build is usually a cost plus a guarantee minimum price (GMP).

ii) Design Build Operate: It is a contracting method in which contractor will design, build and operate the project after completion himself. For example, Toll plazas on highways which in return generates revenue, water treatment and purification systems etc.

Types of Bonds:

i) Bid Bond: This bond assures that low bidder will accept the contract if offered and will submit the required payment and performance bond.

ii) Payment Bond: This bond guarantee's that contractor will pay sub-contractors and suppliers.

iii) Performance Bond: This bond guarantee's that contractor will complete the work in accordance with plan and specifications.

Criteria Of Contract: i) There must be mutual agreement or meeting of mind. ii) There must be an offer. iii) The offer must be acceptable. iv) There must be consideration for the service performed. v) The subject matter of the contract must be lawful. vi) The contracting parties must have the legal capacity to enter a contract.



Purpose Of A Contract: i) A quality construction. ii) Construction on time. iii) Construction within budget. iv) Safe construction.

Essentials of contract/Tender documents: The document comprises of following items,

i) Introduction to Tendrers ii) Tendering Data iii) General Conditions Of Contract iv) Specific Conditions v) The Specifications vi) Form of Tender and Appendixes to Tender vii) Bill of Quantities viii) Form of Tender Security ix) Form of Agreement x) Form of Performance and Security Bond and Mobilization Advance

Guarantee xi) The Drawings

Some of these contract documents are explained below:-

i) Agreement: Agreement is the document which represents and reflects the legal (contract Agreement) between owner and contractor. It is simply letter constitute legal evidence and forms, the agreement must contain following documents: a) Date of agreement b) Name and addresses of parties c) Description of work d) Time limitation e) Contract consideration f) Payment condition g) Reference to other documents h) Signatures

ii) General Condition: Documents called general condition is essential part of contract, it defines responsibilities of parties involve in the contract, i.e. owner and general contractor. It describes the guide line that will be used in the administration of contract. It contains some documents as standard to all contracts, these are: a)Owner b)Contractor c)Engineer d)Administration of Contractor e)Sub Contractor f)Changes in work g)Time h)Payment & Completion i)Protection



of person & property j)Insurance & bonds k)Uncovering & correction of work l)Miscellaneous provisions m)Termination and suspension of contract

iii) Special or Supplementary Conditions: Supplementary and special contracts are known as special provisions and special conditions. The purpose of special conditions is to provide an extension of general condition of contract to fit the specific project at hand. They serve as amendment to the general condition either included in special conditions or entirely subject to the description of owner/employer. Special conditions contains the following data: a) Number of copies of contract received by contractor. b) Survey information provided by the Engineer/employer. c) Material provided by the owner. d) Change in insurance formalities/requirements e) Phasing requirements f) Site visits g) Start date of construction sub-initial. h) Requirements for security and temporary factors i) Procedure for sub-initial and processing shop drawing j) Cost and schedule requirements k) Street cleaning and traffic control requirements l) Responsibility for testing of material

iv) The Specifications: It is also known as technical provision, they are written instrument to be used in conjunction with the drawings, and so, together the drawings and the specifications fully describes and defines the requirements of contract to include the quality that is to be achieved. The specifications or technical provisions consists of following data, a) Quality of material b) Quality of workmanship c) Execution and installation procedure d) Test and inspection requirement method Specifications may also describes these criteria’s, a) Accuracy and adequacy b) Definite and clear stipulation c) Fair and equitable requirements d) A format that is easy to use during bidding or tendering and also during construction e) Legal enforceability

v) The Drawings: Drawings are the mean by which designer convey the physical, quantitative and visual description of the project to the contractor. Drawings are the two dimensional representation of physical structure that conveys the objective of the owner.



The drawings which are normally used are: a) Architectural drawings (A-I) b) Electrical drawings (E-I) c) Mechanical drawings (M-I) d) Structural drawings (HVAC)

Some Important Terms Related To Tender:

i) Bid Opening: stands for the opening and tabulation of bid at the prescribed time and place.

ii) Addenda: Any change to the tender document after they are released for tendering actually requires issuance of addenda. This formal document changes original tender or bid document and becomes the part of original tender package. Addenda may not be issued within about five days of tender opening unless tender approval is also extended accordingly.

iii) Owner/Employer: “Owner means the person and legal successor entitled to such a person, e.g. engineer”. Engineer is only representative to contractor or sub contractor.

iv) Letter of Acceptance: means the formal acceptance by the employer of the tender.

v) Commencement Date: means date upon which contractor receive the notice to commence the project.

vi) Notice To Proceed: It is a document that establishes the contractor’s right to have access to the owner’s property. It is issued after the contract between the owner and general contractor is executed. It establishes the official start date of the contract and also the completion date of the project.

Cost: Cost is the actual expenditure incurred. Amount: Amount is any numerical figure which can be evaluated or it is a numerical value prior to expenditure. Estimate: An estimate is an anticipated or probable amount of construction which is usually made before the execution of the actual construction work. Estimation: Estimation is the scientific way of working out the approximate amount of an engineering project prior to the execution of the work. Some important points about estimation:

i) Estimated amount is totally different from calculation of exact cost after the completion of the project.

ii) Estimate should not differ more than 5% to 10% of actual cost of the project.



iii) Estimation requires thorough knowledge of construction procedure, labor and construction materials.

Estimation requires: a) Drawings b) Specifications c) Rates

a) Drawings:

Drawings are the mean by which designer convey the physical, quantitative and visual description of the project to the contractor. Drawings are the two dimensional representation of physical structure that conveys the objective of the owner. The drawings which are normally used are: a) Architectural drawings (A-I) b) Electrical drawings (E-I) c) Mechanical drawings (M-I) d) Structural drawings (HVAC)

b) Specifications: It is also known as technical provision, they are written instrument to be used in conjunction with the drawings, and so, together the drawings and the specifications fully describes and defines the requirements of contract to include the quality that is to be achieved. The specifications or technical provisions consists of following data, a) Quality of material b) Quality of workmanship c) Execution and installation procedure d) Test and inspection requirement method Specifications may also describes these criteria’s, a) Accuracy and adequacy b) Definite and clear stipulation c) Fair and equitable requirements d) A format that is easy to use during bidding or tendering and also during construction e) Legal enforceability

c) Rates: There are mainly three types of rates: 1. Scheduled Rates 2. Non-Scheduled Rates 3. Item Rates

1. Scheduled Rates: They are called composite scheduled rates because they provide us total rates (company overheads+salary of labor+every expense). Composite scheduled rates



are published by the standing rates committee for the Punjab that provides schedule rates for the preparation and concentration of an estimate. Tender Price: Tender price will be the estimated amount through these composite schedule rates (CSR) plus 20% or 30% of premium on that year will be announced on the rates.

2. Non-Scheduled Rates: Rates for those items which are encountered during execution of project and were not considered during preparation of estimate. These rates are taken in to account due to some unavoidable circumstances.

3. Item Rates: Rates which are not considered or given in composite scheduled rates but considered in estimates, bill of quantities, acceptance letter and contract.

Stages of an Estimate:

Serial No. Stage

Estimated Procedure

By

Reason For Estimate Method Used

01 Feasibility study Designer

To compare alternatives and

give the owner an indication of

funds required

Comparisons with previous

similar projects or use of CSR of

the road and building

construction

02 Completion of detailed design Designer

To provide more accurate

indication of funds needed to

complete the project and to assists in the assessment of

tenders as necessary in to

completion

Bill of quantities (BOQ) rates

from previous similar projects

are adjusted

03 Tender stage Contractor As basis of tender

Operational estimating unit rate estimate, sub-contractor

quotation



Need for an Estimate: Main purpose of an estimate is to know probable amount before the work is executed. The actual cost is always obtained after completion of the project. If the estimate is prepared with a lot of accuracy and with care then the estimated amount will be near to the actual cost, that’s why an experienced person is employed for this purpose. Estimate will help us in following ways,

i) It tells whether the project is suitable or not by considering the cost comparison.

ii) The quantity of major components of the project like cement, bricks, steel, sand etc and their cost to be incurred.

iii) It helps to invite tenders. iv) It helps to monitor the contractor payment record (invoicing record). v) We can also check the contractor work being executed. vi) It helps to experience the details of the work to be executed and to foresee the

minor and major components of the project. vii) Estimate will serve as the basis for developing job costing system and the

construction schedule. Job Costing: The job costing system compares actual cost of project (item of estimate) at specific time for particular item of estimate, this date tells which item needs more cost control during construction process.

viii) It helps in preparing construction schedule prior to execution. ix) It helps to find out various activities for construction schedule, e.g. duration of

work. Duration of work = Magnitude of work/Standard output(No. of labors, machines)

x) The essence of an estimate consists of forecasting future events in construction process and then placing rupee value on those events. However many additional factors can also effect the future events of construction. a) Labor production b) Material availability c) Financial markets d) Weather e) Construct ability issues f) Equipment availability g) Contract types h) Ethics i) Quality issues j) Project control system k) Management ability

Qualities of good Estimator:

i) Estimator has ability to read and interpret drawings and specifications. ii) Estimator should have good communication skill. iii) Estimator should have knowledge of basic mathematics. iv) Estimator should have patience.



v) Estimator should have good understanding of fields operations and procedures.

vi) Estimator should have ability to visualize three dimensional projects from looking at drawings.

vii) Estimator should have ability to identify the risks and then neutralize as much as possible.

viii) Estimator should have good organizational ability to communicate the estimate in logical and clear presentation.

ix) Estimator should have ability to produce construction schedule. x) Estimator should have ability to anticipate all construction steps in building

projects. xi) Estimator should have good understanding, labor productivity, and equipment

performance, i.e. good output ability. xii) Estimator should have understanding and ability to use the construction

company’s job costing system. xiii) Estimator should have ability to recognize when Construction Company’s

standard for estimating cost does not apply to particular line items in estimate. xiv) Estimator should have understanding of contractual relationship. xv) Estimator should have creativity and ability to think of alternate methods of

constructions. xvi) Estimator should have ability to develop strategy for being successful in

bidding and negotiation phase of the project. xvii) Estimator should have ability to meet deadlines and still remains calm. xviii) Estimator should have a solid load of ethics.

Types of Estimates: Following are the types of estimates:

i) Preliminary/Approximate/Rough cost estimate ii) Plinth area estimate iii) Cube rate estimate iv) Approximate quantity method estimate v) Detailed/Item rate Estimate vi) Revised estimate vii) Supplementary estimate viii) Supplementary revised estimate ix) Annual repair & maintenance estimate

First four are the rough cost estimates, whereas, next five to nine are detailed estimates.

i) Preliminary/Approximate/Rough cost estimate: Estimate of cost before the construction from the line planes for architectural drawings when detail and structural drawings are not prepared. Objective: These estimates are used for obtaining administrative approval from the concerning authority. Method: Average unit cost is worked out for projects of similar nature, i.e. the project under consideration. In this method average unit cost is multiplied by total quantity of present work in the same unit.



e.g. a) For building cost per person b) For hospital cost per bed c) For student Hostel cot per student d) For hotels cost per person

ii) Plinth Area Estimate: Covered area of building is worked out and unit obtained is square feet. For cost per square feet of the covered area, plinth area method of estimation is most commonly adopted. This is practical and usual method of obtaining rough cost estimate.

iii) Cube Rate Estimate: In this method third dimension “height” is introduced and included so cube rate is established. In cube rate estimate the covered area is first calculated and then multiplied up to level of ceiling. For each floor level separate cube rate estimate is obtained.

iv) Approximate Quantity Method Estimate: In this method a linear length is used for estimation, therefore, total length of the object (wall) is calculated in running foot (m/ft). This length is then multiplied by running rate per running foot of object (wall) to get cost of the wall. In this estimate the structure is divided in to the sub-structure and super structure mostly used in roads, railways, streets, bridges etc. By using this method cost may be found in following ways: a) For roads & railways Cost/Km or Cost/miles b) For street Cost/100ft or Cost/30m c) For bridges cost/ ft. or cost/ meter of clear span* *Clear span means distance between two supports of bridge.

Example: Given that Covered area of ground floor = 10000sft. Covered area of first floor = 10000sft. Covered area of second floor = 10000sft. Covered area of third floor = 5000sft. Covered area for parking = 4000sft. (unit cost for parking is 12/sft.) Walkways + Land Scapping + Boundary wall + External services = Rs.1750000/-

Floor Unit cost Rs/sft. ΣTotal

Rs. Building worth Sanitary Electricity Gas/Sewerage

Ground 438/- 88/- 70/- 32/- 628 х 10000 =6280000/-

1st 350/- 105/- 70/- 45/- 570 х 10000 =5700000/-

2nd 403/- 123/- 70/- 45/- 641 х 10000 =6410000/-



3rd 432/- 140/- 80/- 48/- 700 х 5000 =350000/-

18740000/-

Covered area cost per sft. = 18740000/35000 = 535.43 Rs/sft. Area for Parking cost per sft. = 4000 х 12 = 48000 Rs/sft. Detailed Estimates: Detailed estimates are prepared carefully and separately calculating in detail the cost of various items of work that constitute the whole project, from the detailed working drawings and the specifications after the design as being finalized. If there is any mistake in rough cost estimate, then it will be eliminated in detailed cost estimate. Detailed estimates are submitted to competent authorities for obtaining technical sanction. The whole project is divided in to different items of work or activities. The quantity for each item will be calculated separately from drawing as accurately as possible. This procedure is known as “taking out quantities” or “quantities take off”. Bill of Quantities (BOQ): The quantities for each item may be calculated and shown in following pattern, which is known as bill of quantities. Serial No.

Description of items No. Measurements Quantity Total

Quantity Length Breadth Height

01 Brick work in 1st step 3 a b c x

Σ (x + y) 02 Brick work

in 2nd step 2 a b c y

Priced Bill of Quantities:

Serial No. Description of item Unit Quantity Rate Cost

01 A+B Cft. or sft. Σ (x + y) Rs./cft or Rs./sft. Rs./-

The total cost is then multiplied by 1.5 to get total cost of project including all expense plus profit of contractor. Center line Method of Estimation: The given drawing for school building consists of two class rooms, teacher room and verandah. Consider all possible item of work and estimate total amount of building? Estimate the following quantities:- i) Excavation ii) P.C.C iii) Brickwork (Sub & Super Structure) iv) D.P.C



Schedule of Openings:

Serial No. Description Dimensions 01 D1 4’ х 7’ 02 D2 3’ х 7’ 03 W1 6’ х 4’ 04 W2 4’ х 4’ 05 Lintels 0.75’ х 0.5’

Note: Lintels are provided on doors and widows.

Plan and Section of School:



Bill Of Quantities: Serial No.

Description Of Item No. Measurements Unit Quantity Total


01

Earth work in

excavation undressed lead up to

100 ft.

Wall A 3 31.5' 2.5' 3' Cft 708.75

1372.5 Wall B 2 29.5' 2.5' 3' Cft 442.5 Wall C 1 20.75' 2.5' 3' Cft 155.63 Wall D 1 8.75' 2.5' 3' Cft 65.63

02 PCC

(1:2:4) in foundation

Wall A 3 31.5' 2.5' 0.5' Cft 118.13

228.75 Wall B 2 29.5' 2.5' 0.5' Cft 73.75 Wall C 1 20.75' 2.5' 0.5' Cft 25.94 Wall D 1 8.75' 2.5' 0.5' Cft 10.94

03

Brick masonry

(1:6) Sub

Structure

1st Step Wall A 3 31.5' 1.5' 0.5' Cft 70.88

583.4

Wall B 2 29.5' 1.5' 0.5' Cft 44.25 Wall C 1 20.75' 1.5' 0.5' Cft 15.6 Wall D 1 8.75' 1.5' 0.5' Cft 6.6

2nd Step Wall A 3 31.5' 1.125' 0.5' Cft 53.16 Wall B 2 29.5' 1.125' 0.5' Cft 33.19 Wall C 1 20.75' 1.125' 0.5' Cft 11.67 Wall D 1 8.75' 1.125' 0.5'' Cft 4.92

3rd Step Wall A 3 31.5' 0.75' 2.5' Cft 177.19 Wall B 2 29.5' 0.75' 2.5' Cft 110.63

Wall C 1 20.75' 0.75' 2.5' Cft 38.91

Wall D 1 8.75' 0.75' 2.5' Cft 16.41



04 DPC

137.3 Wall A 3 31.5' 0.75' Sft 70.88 Wall B 2 29.5' 0.75' Sft 44.25 Wall C 1 20.75' 0.75' Sft 15.6 Wall D 1 8.75' 0.75' Sft 6.6 Deduction D1 2 4' 0.75' Sft 6 8.25 D2 1 3' 0.75' Sft 2.25

05

Brick masonry in

Super Structure

Wall A 3 31.5' 0.75' 11' Cft 779.63

1509.75 Wall B 2 29.5' 0.75' 11' Cft 486.75 Wall C 1 20.75' 0.75' 11' Cft 171.19 Wall D 1 8.75' 0.75' 11' Cft 72.19 Deduction W1 3 6' 0.75' 4' Cft 54

114.75 W2 2 4' 0.75' 4' Cft 24 D1 1 4' 0.75' 7' Cft 21 D2 1 3' 0.75' 7' Cft 15.75

Lintels Over

D1 2 4' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 3

7.88 D2 1 3' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 1.13 W1 1 6' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 2.25 W2 1 4' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 1.5

Priced Bill Of Quantities:

Serial No. Description of an item Unit Quantity Rate Cost

01 Excavation Cft 1372.5 Rs. 399.9/1000 Cft Rs. 549/-

02 P.C.C Cft 228.75 Rs.5627/100Cft Rs. 12872/-

03 Brick Masonry Cft 1970.5 Rs.

3457/100Cft Rs. 68120/-

04 D.P.C Sft 129 Rs. 954/ 100 Sft Rs. 1231/-

Total= Rs. 82772/-

Total cost including Contractors profit 82772 x 1.5=

124158



Long wall/Short wall Method of Estimation:

Plan and Section of three room house:



Schedule of Openings:

Serial No. Description Dimensions 01 D1 3.5’х 7’ 02 D2 4’ х 7’ 03 W1 4’ х 4’ 04 W2 6’ х 4’ 05 Lintels 0.75’ х 0.5’

Note: Lintels are provided on doors and widows.

ESTIMATION OF HOUSE USING LONG WALL/SHORT WALL METHOD:

Bill Of Quantities

Serial No.

Description Of Item No. Measurements Unit Quantity Total


01

Earth work in excavation undressed lead up to

100 ft.

Long wall 2 45.875' 2.5' 3' Cft 688.13 1115.63 Short wall 4 14.25' 2.5' 3' Cft 427.5

02 PCC (1:2:4) in foundation

Long wall 2 45.875' 2.5' 0.5' Cft 114.69 185.94 Short wall 4 14.25' 2.5' 0.5' Cft 71.25

03

Brick masonry

(1:6) Sub Structure

Long wall 1st Step 2 45.375' 1.5' 0.5' Cft 68.1

287.69 2nd Step 2 45.1875' 1.125' 0.5' Cft 50.84

3rd Step up to plinth 2 45' 0.75' 2.5' Cft 168.75

Short wall 1st Step 4 15.25' 1.5' 0.5' Cft 45.75 200.91



2nd Step 4 15.625' 1.125' 0.5' Cft 35.16

3rd Step Up

to Plinth Level

4 16' 0.75' 2.5' Cft 120

04 DPC Long wall 2 45' 0.75' Sft 67.5 115.5 Short wall 4 16' 0.75' Sft 48 Deduction D1 2 3.5' 0.75' Sft 5.25 8.25 D2 1 4' 0.75' Sft 3

05

Brick masonry in

Super Structure

Long wall 2 45' 0.75' 11' Cft 742.5

1316.81

Short wall 4 16' 0.75' 11' Cft 528 Parapet Long wall 2 45' 0.375' 1' Cft 33.75

Short wall 2 16.75' 0.375' 1' Cft 12.56

Deduction

208.92

D1 2 3.5' 0.75' 7' Cft 36.75 D2 4 4' 0.75' 7' Cft 84 W1 3 4' 075' 4' Cft 36 W2 2 6' 0.75' 4' Cft 36 Lintel over D1 2 4.5' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 3.38 D2 1 5' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 1.88 W1 3 5' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 5.66 W2 2 7' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 5.25

06 R.C.C Lintels

D1 2 4.5' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 3.38

16.14 D2 1 5' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 1.88 W1 3 5' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 5.63 W2 2 7' 0.75' 0.5' Cft 5.25

07 R.C.C Slab 1 45' 16' 0.5' Cft 360 360 08 Flooring Room 1 1 14' 16' Sft 224

672 Room 2 1 16' 16' Sft 256 Room 3 1 12' 16' Sft 192

09 Plastering (inside)

Room 1 2 14' 11' Sft 308 1980 2 16' 11' Sft 352



Room2 2 16' 11' Sft 352 2 16' 11' Sft 352 Room 3 2 12' 11' Sft 264 2 16' 11' Sft 352

10 Plastering Slab Sofit 1 43.5' 16' Sft 696 696

11 White Washing

Room 1 2 14' 11' Sft 308

1980

2 16' 11' Sft 352 Room 2 2 16' 11' Sft 352 2 16' 11' Sft 352 Room3 2 12' 11' Sft 264 2 16' 11' Sft 352

12 Pointing (outside)

Front & Back Walls 2 45' 11' Sft 990 1182.5

Side Wall 1 17.5' 11' Sft 192.5

Deduction of windows

W1 3 4' 4' Sft 48

173 W2 2 6' 4' Sft 48 D1 2 3.5' 7' Sft 49 D2 1 4' 7' Sft 28

Road Estimation: Mean Sectional Area Method:

d1S :1

B1

B2

Sd1 Sectional Area = Area of Rectangle + 2 (Area of Triangle) A1 = Bd1 + 2(Sd1

2/2 )



A2 = Bd2 + 2(Sd2

2/2 ) Mean of Area's = (A1 + A2)/2 Quantity Breadth = Bdm + Sdm

2/2 Quantity of Earth = Mean Area × Length of section

Station OR

Chainage Length Formation

Level Ground Level

Height OR

Depth

Central Area

Side Area

Mean Area Quantity

Cut Fill

Prisimodal Formula Method: Quantity of Earth = L/6 × (Α1 + A2 + &Am) Where, A1 = Bd1 + 2(Sd1

2/2 ) A2 = Bd2 + 2(Sd2

2/2 ) Am = Bdm + 2(Sdm

2/2 ) => dm = (d2 + d2)/2 Quantity of Earth = L/6 × ( Βd1 + Sd1

2 +Bd2 +Sd22 + Bdm + Sdm

2) Quantity of Earth = 3BL/6 × ( d1 + d2) + 2LS/6 × (d1

2 + d22 + d1 d2)

Quantity of Earth = L [ {B(d1 + d2)/2} + {S(d12+d2

2+d1d2)/2}]

Station OR

Chainage

Height OR

Depth

(d2 + d2)/2

Central Area {B(d2 + d2)/2}

"Y" d1

2 d22 d1

d2 (d1

2+d22+d1d2)/2

Slope Area "SX"

Total Area "SX+Y" Length Quantity

Cut Fill



Trapezoidal Formula For Series of Sections: Quantity = L [ {(A0 + An)/2} + A1 + A2 + A3 + ……. + An] When as volume, Volume = L/3 [{(A0 + An)/2} + 4(A1 + A3 + A5 + ……. + An-1) + 2(A2 + A4 + A6 + ……. + An-1)] Question No. 1: Reduced level of a ground along a centre line of proposed road from chainage 20m to30m are given below, formation level at 20m chainage is 107 and road is downward gradient of 1 in 150 up to chainage 24th and gradient 1 in 100downwards. Formation width of road is 10m and side slopes of bank is 2:1 (H:V)

Chainage Ground Level

Formation Level

Length

Height or

Depth

dm

Central Area B×dm

Side Area Sdm

2

Total Area Bdm× Sdm

2 Quantity

Cut Fill 20 105 107 0 2 21 105.6 106.8 30 1.2 1.6 16 5.12 21.12 633.6 22 105.44 106.6 60 1.16 1.18 11.8 2.785 14.59 437.7 23 105.90 106.4 90 0.5 0.83 8.3 1.38 9.68 290.4 24 105.42 106.2 120 0.78 0.64 6.4 0.81 7.21 216.3 25 104.30 105.9 150 1.6 1.19 11.9 2.832 14.732 441.96 26 105 105.6 180 0.6 1.1 11 2.42 13.42 402.6 27 104.10 105.3 210 1.2 0.9 9 1.62 10.62 318.6 28 104.62 105 240 0.38 0.79 7.9 1.248 9.15 274.5 29 104 104.7 270 0.7 0.54 5.4 0.583 5.983 179.49 30 103.3 104.4 300 1.1 0.9 9 1.62 10.62 318.6

Total fill = 3513.75 at rate of 300% cu.m Total Cost = 300% × 3513.75 = 10541.65 = Rs. 10542/- Question No. 2: Estimate quantity and cost of earthwork for portion of road from following data. Width= 8m Side Slope= 2:1 (banking) Side Slope=1.5:1 (cutting) Rate for banking = Rs. 40 per cubic meter Rate for cutting = Rs. 70 per cubic meter Formation level = Upward gradient = 1 in 200





Rate Analysis: It is a study of principal role played by various constituents/elements of construction like equipment, cost of labor, No. of equipments etc. Rate of an item = Cost of material(A) + Cost of labor (B) + Cost of scaffolding(C) + Cost of water charges(D) + Cost of Sundries*(E) *Sundries mean cost of all small items which can not be accounted separately. Factors Affecting Rate of An Item:

i) Locality & situation ii) Size & extent of work iii) Nature of project iv) Height/Level of work at which it is being executed v) Environmental & climatic conditions

S No. Item Standard Unit

Loose or Dry

Volume

Labor Effort Wages

01 Mortar C/S 100 cft 120 cft 30 hours 30/8 = 3.75

02 P.C.C 100 cft 154 cft Sub Structure

M* 2 hrs 0.25 L* 48 hrs 6

Super Structure

M* 8 hrs 1 L* 68 hrs 8.5

03 Brick work 100 cft 1350 Sub Structure

M* 16 hrs 2 L* 28 hrs 3.5

Super Structure

M* 20 hrs 2.5 L* 36 hrs 4.5

04 Earth work 100 sft 05 Plastering 100 sft 5.21* 18hrs 2.25 06 Pointing 100 sft 07 D.P.C 100 sft

*M is Mason *L is Labor *(10×10×0.5×1/12) = 4.17 ,we always take loose volume greater than the standard Volume, so we take 5.21 here.



Skilled Labour(Labour which have some kind of technical knowledge)

Semi Skilled Labour Unskilled

Labour

Labour

i)Mason 1st classii)Carpainter 1st classiii)Steel fixer 1st class

Laboureri)Mason 2nd classii)Carpainter 2nd classiii)Steel fixer 2nd class

Some Important Terms Used In Rate Analysis:

i) Earth Work: Earth work is basically digging of earth in medium soil in buildings and bridges where depth of excavation is up to 5 feet and lead is not more than 100 feet.

ii) Lead: Lead is the horizontal distance through which excavated earth is carried for final dumping. If it is more than 100 ft contractor will be paid for this.

iii) Lift: Lift is the vertical distance through which excavated earth is carried for final dumping. If it is more than 5 feet contractor will be paid for this.

Purpose Of Rate Analysis: The main purpose of rate analysis is that it helps us in estimation of the project. Standard Procedure for Rate Analysis: Step I: Cost of material ------- (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B)

Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 1% - 2% of cost of (A + B) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 2% - 3% of cost (A + B + C) Step V: Contractor Profit 10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) ------------- (E) Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E



Rate Analysis for digging of 1000cft earth in medium soil in buildings and bridges where earth of excavation is up to 5ft and lead is not more than 100ft: Step I: Cost of material ------- nil (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) One laborer can excavate 75 to 100cft per day with 8 working hours, Let he can excavate 80 cft in one day, then, Output = 80/8 = 10 cft/hr To excavate 1000 cft he will take =1000 cft /10 cft/hr = 100 hrs Wages for 100 hrs = 100/8 = 12.5 Total wages = 12.5 х 200 = Rs.2500/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 2% of cost (A + B + C) = 2% (0 + 2500 + 0) = Rs. 50/- Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (0 + 2500 + 0 + 50) = Rs. 255/- Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 0 + 2500 + 0 + 50 + 255 = Rs. 2805/ 1000 cft Rate Analysis for 1:2 Cement sand mortar (C/S): Step I: Cost of material

Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =2 Total = 3 As for mortar,

100 cft wet volume = 120 cft dry volume Cement = 1/3 х 120 = 40 cft Sand = 2/3 х 120 = 80 cft

As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft

& 1 cft = 40/1.25 = 32 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement х no. of bags =250 х 32 = Rs. 8000/-

As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then,



Cost of sand = 80 х 6 = Rs. 480/- Total cost = 8000 + 480 = Rs. 8480/- ------- (A)

Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft mortar a laborer will work for 30 hours, Wages = 30/8 = 3.75 Total wages = 3.75 х 200 = Rs.750/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one

day) Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (8480 + 750 + 0) = Rs. 277/- Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (8480 + 750 + 0 + 277) = Rs. 951/- Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 8480 + 750 + 0 + 277 + 951 = Rs. 10458/ 100 cft Rate Analysis for 1:6 Cement sand mortar (C/S): Step I: Cost of material

Constituents: Cement = 1, Sand = 6 Total = 7 As for mortar,

100 cft wet volume = 120 cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 х 120 = 17.14 cft Sand = 6/7 х 120 = 102.86 cft


& 1 cft = 17.14/1.25 = 13.712 bags = 14 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement х no. of bags =250 х 14 = Rs. 3500/-

As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 102.86 х 6 = Rs. 617/-

Total cost = 3500 + 617 = Rs. 4117/- ------- (A)

Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft mortar a laborer will work for 30 hours, Wages = 30/8 = 3.75



Total wages = 3.75 х 200 = Rs.750/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (4117 + 750 + 0) = Rs. 146/- Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (4117 + 750 + 0 + 146) = Rs. 502/- Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 4117 + 750 + 0 + 146 + 502 = Rs. 5515/ 100 cft Rate Analysis for 1:2:4 P.C.C For Flooring: Here coarse aggregate is Brick ballast. Step I: Cost of material

Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =2, Aggregate = 4 Total = 7 As for P.C.C,

100 cft wet volume = 154 cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 х 154 = 22 cft Sand = 2/7 х 154 = 44 cft Aggregate = 4/7 х 154 = 88 cft


& 1 cft = 22/1.25 = 17.6 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement х no. of bags =250 х 17.6 = Rs. 4400/-

As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 44 х 6 = Rs. 264/- As, 1 cft aggregate costs = Rs. 4.5/- then, Cost of aggregate = 88 х 4.5 = Rs. 396/-

Total cost = 4400 + 264 + 396 = Rs. 5060/- ------- (A)

Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a laborer will work for 48 hours, Wages of laborer = 48/8 = 6



Total wages = 6 х 200 = Rs.1200/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day)

For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 2/8 = 0.25 Total wages = 0.25 х 400 = Rs.100/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one

day) Total Amount = 1200 +100 = 1300

Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (5060 + 1300 + 0) = Rs. 191/- Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191) = Rs. 655/- Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191 + 655 = Rs. 7206/ 100 cft Rate Analysis for 1:2:4 P.C.C For Flooring: Here coarse aggregate is Brick ballast. Step I: Cost of material





As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 44 х 6 = Rs. 264/- As, 1 cft aggregate costs = Rs. 4.5/- then, Cost of aggregate = 88 х 4.5 = Rs. 396/-

Total cost = 4400 + 264 + 396 = Rs. 5060/- ------- (A)



Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B)

For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a laborer will work for 48 hours, Wages of laborer = 48/8 = 6 Total wages = 6 х 200 = Rs.1200/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one

day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 2/8 = 0.25 Total wages = 0.25 х 400 = Rs.100/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one

day) Total Amount = 1200 +100 = Rs.1300/-

Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (5060 + 1300 + 0) = Rs. 191/- Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191) = Rs. 655/- Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191 + 655 = Rs. 7206/ 100 cft Rate Analysis for 1:2:4 P.C.C For Super Structure: Here coarse aggregate is Crush. Step I: Cost of material





As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 44 х 6 = Rs. 264/- As, 1 cft aggregate costs = Rs. 16/-



then, Cost of aggregate = 88 х 16 = Rs. 1408/-

Total cost = 4400 + 264 + 1408 = Rs. 6072/- ------- (A)

Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a laborer will work for 68 hours, Wages of laborer = 68/8 = 8.5 Total wages = 8.5 х 200 = Rs.1700/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one

day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 8/8 = 1 Total wages = 1 х 400 = Rs.400/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 1700 +400 = Rs. 2100/-

Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 25% of cost (A+B) = 25 % x (6072 + 2100) = Rs. 2043/- Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (6072 + 2100 + 2043) = Rs. 307/- Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (6072 + 2100 + 2043 + 307) = Rs. 1052/-

Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 6072 + 2100 + 2043 + 307 + 1052 = Rs. 11574/ 100 cft

Rate Analysis for 1:6 (C/S) Plastering(1/2" thick): Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =6 Total = 7 As for P.C.C, 5.21cft wet volume = 6cft dry volume

Cement = 1/7 х 6 = 0.86 cft Sand = 6/7 х 6 = 5.14 cft


& 1 cft = 0.86/1.25 = 0.7 bags



Cost of cement = Rate of cement х no. of bags =250 х 0.7 = Rs. 175/- As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 5.14 х 6 = Rs. 31/- Total cost = 175 + 31 = Rs. 206/--- (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B)

For 100 cft 1:6 (C/S) plaster a laborer will work for 18 hours, Wages of laborer = 18/8 = 2.25 Total wages = 2.25 х 200 = Rs.450/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one

day) For 100 cft 1:6 (C/S) plaster a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 8/8 = 1 Total wages = 1 х 400 = Rs.400/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 450 +400 = Rs. 850/-



Rate Analysis for 1:4 (C/S) Plastering on roof ceiling (1/2" thick): Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand = 4 Total = 5 As for P.C.C, 5.21cft wet volume = 6cft dry volume

Cement = 1/5 х 6 = 1.2 cft Sand = 4/5 х 6 = 4.8 cft

As,



1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft &

1 cft = 1.2/1.25 = 1 bag Cost of cement = Rate of cement х no. of bags =250 х 1 = Rs. 250/- As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 4.8 х 6 = Rs. 29/- Total cost = 250 + 29 = Rs. 279/--- (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B)

For 100 cft 1:4 (C/S) plaster a laborer will work for 18 hours, Wages of laborer = 18/8 = 2.25 Total wages = 2.25 х 200 = Rs.450/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one

day) For 100 cft 1:6 (C/S) plaster a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 8/8 = 1 Total wages = 1 х 400 = Rs.400/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 450 +400 = Rs. 850/-



Rate Analysis for brick work (9" thick with 1:3 C/S mortar) in Super Structure: Step I: Cost of material

Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =3 Total = 4 As for brick work,

25 cft wet volume = 30 cft dry volume Cement = 1/4 х 30 = 7.5 cft



Sand = 3/4 х 30 = 22.5 cft As,

1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft &

1 cft = 7.5/1.25 = 6 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement х no. of bags =250 х 6 = Rs. 1500/-

As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/- then, Cost of sand = 22.5 х 6 = Rs. 135/- As,

100 cft bricks = 1350 bricks in no. then,

Cost of bricks =1350 x 3 = Rs. 4050/- Total cost = 1500 + 135 + 4050 = Rs. 5685/- ------- (A)

Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft brick work a laborer will work for 36 hours, Wages of laborer = 36/8 = 4.5 Total wages = 4.5 х 200 = Rs.900/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one

day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 20/8 = 2.5 Total wages = 2.5 х 400 = Rs.1000/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one

day) Total Amount = 900 + 1000 = Rs. 1900/-





Cost Of Project:

i) Direct Cost ii) Indirect Cost i) Direct Cost: It includes,

a) Cost of Material b) Cost of Labor c) Cost of Equipment d) Cost of Construction of Site office

ii) Indirect Cost: It includes, a) Head office charges b) Site Supervision c) Essential Services

Duration: If we shorten the duration our direct cost will be increased and indirect cost will be reduced. Planning And Scheduling: An exceptional effort can yield 40% cost saving over reasonable planning and on the other hand an average project with poor planning can cost as much as 50% more than project’s actual cost over reasonable planning. Planning: Planning involves the process of selecting the one method and order of work to be used on a project among all the various methods and sequences available. Project planning serves as a foundation for several related functions these functions includes estimation, scheduling and project control. Human Resource Planning: Management of all the personals in construction team from lower level (Labor, masons etc) to higher staff (project manager, site engineer etc). Planning generally involves 80% memory of historic procedures (Past experience) and 20% creative thought. Fundamentals to planning process are the chain of operations involving:-

i) Information search and analysis ii) Development of alternatives iii) Analysis and evolution of alternatives iv) Selection of alternatives v) Execution and feedback

Scheduling: Scheduling is the determination of timing and sequences of operations in the project and their assembly to give the overall completion time. We can say that scheduling is the part of planning or it is the reflection of planning. Scheduling can be done using following method, 1. Critical Path Method: i) Activity On Arrow (AOA) ii) Activity On Node (AON)



Activity: “Any Process having definite start and finish” or “it is the work in process of project involving duration”. Every activity has four events, two starting events and two ending events. Critical Activity: Activity whose events are equal is called critical activity, i.e. same EST and EFT. Activity Duration: T = Q / R

Where, T = Time Q = Magnitude of work R = Production rate In other words “it is the ratio of magnitude of work to the production rate”. Dummy Activity: An activity having no duration but only connecting two events is called dummy activity. Float: “The total float of an activity is the difference between its earliest start time and latest start time or its earliest finish time and latest finish time”. Total float of an activity indicates the amount of time by which an activity may be delayed without effecting the project’s scheduled completion date.

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