CERN technology transfers to industry and society

CERN technology transfers to industry and society

CERN Technology Transfer

CERN technology transfers to industry and societyChief Editor: Beatrice BressanEditor: Marilena Streit-BianchiDesign and layout: Fabienne MarcastelPhotography: CERN Production: CERN TT GroupISBN 92-9083-240-1© Copyright 2005, CERN

2004

Contents

What is CERN? 3Detectors and Accelerators in brief 4Technology Transfer at CERN 6

Domains of transfer 8Communications and Information Technology 8Medicine 10Energy 13Environment 14Scientific and Technological Knowledge 15

Improving industrial processes 17Getter and Palladium Thin Film Coatings 17Hood Clamshell Tool 18Titanium Electro-Polishing 18ChemicalVia 19Probibus and WorldFIP 20

Examples of transfer 21Presentation of Companies and Applications 21

List of acronyms and SI units 81

2


In the quest to find out what matter is made of and

how its different components interact, high-energy

physics needs very sophisticated instruments using

technologies and requiring performance that often

exceed the available industrial know-how.

Technology has promoted and still promotes on all

levels the injection of science into daily life in many

different ways. Nobody would ever have thought that

a phenomenon based on the theory of quantum

mechanics–quantum entanglement–would find

practical applications in the fields of cryptography,

computing and teleportation, leading to the creation

of new companies to secure information sharing.

Moreover, technological developments most often

require the involvement and interaction of experts in

a large variety of domains such as information

technology, microelectronics, superconductivity,

vacuum, material sciences, and surface treatments,

thereby resulting in technological cross-fertilization.

Thanks to the technologies developed for the

purpose of its research activities, CERN, the

European Organization for Nuclear Research, has

produced improvements in many fields and, in doing

so, has made our daily environment more functional,

practical and comfortable.

This report is the first attempt to catalogue other

products emanating from Technology Transfer, rather

than procurements, with the aim of showing and

keeping track of the results of the pro-active

Technology Transfer policy endorsed by the

Organization. This pro-active Technology Transfer

policy will lead to many commercial products in the

near future.

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View of the LHC from the air andartist's impression of the finishedaccelerator inside the tunnel

What is CERN?

Today CERN is the world’s largest particle physics laboratory with2700 staff members, fellows and associates, and about 4500users from Member States and about 1700 from non MemberStates. In 2004, the Organization celebrated the 50thanniversary of its founding. By bringing together the creativity ofso many scientists from different nationalities, backgrounds andtechnical fields of research, CERN has been and continues to bea source of knowledge creation and knowledge transfer. Is there a return to industry from Big Science centres such asCERN? The answer is yes, as firstly assessed at CERN andthereafter by the European Space Agency(ESA) in France,Fermilab, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) in the US. It was found that, for each monetary unitinvested in purchasing technology goods, financial multipliers ofthe order of three are generated in the companies. The increasein turnover and cost saving is due to the availability of newproducts, improved marketing capability and quality of products,as well as improvement in production techniques andmanagement procedures. A study carried out recently by CERNand the Helsinki Institute of Physics has evaluated the benefits in

technological learning and innovation gained from the advancedtechnology for the next accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider(LHC). These range from technology acquisition to new productdevelopment and organizational changes. The increase ininternational exposure and the opening to new markets are alsosignificant. The LHC will be the most powerful instrument everbuilt to investigate the properties of elementary particles andwill lead to a ‘gold mine’ of CERN technologies. It represents ahigh-technology project of extreme complexity. Although the LHCis fully justified for particle physics research, it may alsocontribute to modifying our daily life through the resultingtechnological innovations.

4


Detectors andAccelerators in brief

Particle detectors are instruments used for studying particleinteractions with matter. For each interaction, called an event, thegoal is to count, track and characterize all the different particlesthat are produced and so fully reconstruct the process. Detectorsconsist of many different pieces of equipment, each one able torecognize and measure a special set of particle properties, suchas charge, mass and energy. Tracking chambers, for instance,make the path of the particle visible. However, more informationis needed and usually a tracking device is associated with acalorimeter. Calorimeters stop and fully absorb most of theparticles, providing a measurement of their energy. Muons andneutrinos are often the only particles capable of escaping froma calorimeter. Muons can hardly be stopped, but at least they canbe identified: special muon detectors are located outside thecalorimeter, and only muons can emerge and leave a track there.Neutrinos, by contrast, escape and do not even leave a track,going through all the detectors undetected. However, as they arethe only known particles that can escape, their presence can beinferred from an imbalance of the initial and final energies of theevent. Assembling all the pieces of information from each track,physicists can fully characterize each particle, and by arrangingall the tracks coming from a collision, they can reconstruct theevent with great precision.

To make the collisions in the first place requires other importanttools: the accelerators. Particle accelerators were invented in the1920s for physics research. An accelerator usually consists of avacuum chamber surrounded by a long sequence of vacuumpumps, radio-frequency (RF) cavities, magnets, high-voltageinstruments and electronic circuits. Each of these pieces has itsspecific function. The vacuum chamber is a metal pipe where airis permanently pumped out to make sure the residual pressureis as low as possible. Inside the pipe, particles are acceleratedby powerful electric fields. Powerful amplifiers provide intenseradio waves that are fed into resonating structures, the RFcavities. Each time the particles traverse an RF cavity, some ofthe energy of the radio wave is transferred to them and they areaccelerated. To make more effective use of a limited number ofRF cavities, accelerator designers can force the particle beam togo through them many times, by curving its trajectory into aclosed loop.

Curving the beam's path is usually achieved by the magnetic fieldof dipole magnets which are used to steer the particles round aring, so that they collect energy with each lap. This is becausethe magnetic force exerted on charged particles is alwaysperpendicular to their velocity – perfect for curving thetrajectory. The higher the energy of a particle, the stronger the

field that is needed to bend it. This means that, as the maximummagnetic field is limited (to some 2 tesla for conventionalmagnets, some 10 tesla for superconducting ones), the morepowerful a machine is, the larger it needs to be. In addition tobending the beam, it is also necessary to focus it. Just like abeam of light, a particle beam diverges if left on its own.Focusing the beam allows its width and height to be constrainedso that it stays inside the vacuum chamber. This is achieved byquadrupole magnets, which act on the beam of charged particlesin exactly the same way as a lens would act on a beam of light.

Beyond these basic ingredients, there are many more objectsneeded to make an accelerator, such as other magnets (toperform ‘fine tuning’ on the trajectory or of the focusing),injection / ejection elements (to put the beam into theaccelerator or to take it out), measurement devices (to give theoperators information on the behaviour of the beam), and safe-ty elements.

There are many types of particle accelerator, from CERN’senormous machines to an apparatus that is in most households,the cathode-ray tube used in TV sets. In addition there areaccelerators that are today affordable in cost, small in size androbust enough to be part of any hospital. Other types ofaccelerators are used for medical diagnosis and care, or tosterilize medical equipment and food. They even appear onproduction lines for rubber gloves.

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Category of accelerators Number in useHigh-energy accelerators (E>1 GeV) ~ 120

Radiotherapy accelerators >7500

Research accelerators incl. biomedical research 1000

Medical radioisotope production ~200

Accelerators for industrial processing and research >1500

Ion implanters, surface modification centres >7000

Synchrotron radiation sources ~50

TOTAL IN 2002 ~17370

This table shows how far accelerators had come by 2002

6


Technology Transfer at CERN

There are different ways of doing Technology

Transfer (TT) in order to fuel innovation in Member

States’ industry. One is through procurements and

this has been the conventional mode used by CERN

since its foundation. However, in order to promote a

more active TT, CERN introduced a proactive TT

policy in 2000 to identify, protect, promote, transfer

and disseminate its innovative technologies in the

European scientific and industrial environment. Once

the technology and intellectual property are properly

identified and adequately channelled, that is to say

protected by the most appropriate means if required,

they then enter a promotional step intended to

attract external interest, thereby preparing the

ground for the targeted dissemination and

implementation. The dissemination and exploitation

of CERN’s technologies are therefore at the heart of

the TT process.

In addition to the conventional licensing mode for

transferring the technology there is a policy of R&D

partnership. This is in order to promote CERN

technology more quickly and to further its

dissemination outside particle physics. This type of

transfer requires large investment for the

development of a specific product, so tangible

financial results are not certain.

The main steps in the TT processadopted by CERN are:

Technology assessment and evaluation

The assessment and analysis process is a concerted procedure,where the TT group acts on the advice of a number of people,including, as appropriate, the internal and external technicalexperts.

Intellectual property evaluation and protection

Intellectual property associated with CERN technologies needs tobe evaluated and protected using processes and mechanismssuch as Prior Art Search, Invention Disclosure Form and MarketSurvey. Intellectual property comprises industrial property, whichincludes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs,and copyright.

Technology promotion

Technology promotion may be carried out in a variety of ways,and requires the TT group to carry out a prior study of thepotential transferees of the technology. The promotionalactivities currently used by CERN include conferences, industrialworkshops, posters and brochures, and meetings betweeninventors and industry. Indirect ways to promote CERNtechnologies include promotion by external Technology TransferOfficers (organized events, communications to national industry,etc.), Member States technology promoters, and CERN calls fortender.

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Technology dissemination and implementation

The dissemination and implementation process reflects trulysuccessful TT. This activity requires a formal framework,however, such as an agreement that corresponds to the maturityof the technology concerned and the readiness of the acquirers.The stages of ‘proof of concept’, ‘prototyping’ and ‘technologyacquiring’ will be executed as necessary. In order to draft asuitable agreement, close collaboration is needed between theTT group, the technical experts, the external collaborators andthose involved in the contract circulation procedure. Theagreement tool may encompass pre-competitive collaborativeR&D, partnerships, licences and services, and external funding.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3 Industry Money

HEP MoneyR&Dfor

HEP Research

R&DApplied to

non-HEP SpecificDomains

ExploitationProducts

SME or SMIcreation

HEPApplications

PrototypeDemonstrator

Industry InterestTT & External Funding

Phases in the development of technologies and projects

Of 160 CERN technologies present in the CERN TT database(http://www.cern.ch/TechnologyTransfer) only those for whicheffective TT has resulted in industrial products will be illustratedin this publication. The products presented in the chapter“Examples of transfer” are those made available through eitherprocurement or industrial partnerships that are contributing tofields outside high-energy physics (HEP).


Domains of Transfer

The transfer of technology from the scientific to the

public domain is one of the great benefits of

fundamental scientific research. In physics research,

solving scientific problems often requires

considerable inventiveness. The innovation created

by scientists and engineers working at the frontiers

of particle physics can sometimes be used to carry

out many tasks and be applied in many fields, such

as communications and information technology,

medicine, energy, environment, and education.

Communications and InformationTechnology

Information technology, which plays an essential role inscientific research achievements, has seen rapid developmentdue to advances in electronics and network technologies.Through the implementation of the World Wide Web (WWW) andnow of the Grid, information technology has paved the way to thenext generation of computing. The WWW has become part ofeveryday modern communications with tens of thousands ofservers providing information to millions of users and could beconsidered one of the most striking examples of TT in the pastthree decades. It is a worldwide TT that has largely modified thefunctioning and behaviour both of modern society and ofindividuals.

The Internet, namely the technical infrastructure of the globalnetwork system, was born in 1969 with the first node at theUniversity of California, Los Angeles. However, it would not havebeen impossible to benefit from the advantages of the Internetwithout the research completed at CERN in the last decade of the20th century. The WWW invented at CERN in order to shareinformation between different computers was distributed to theInternet community and became a worldwide phenomenon.

As the Web was CERN’s response to a new wave of scientificcollaboration at the end of the 1980s, the Grid is the answer tothe need for data analysis to be performed by the world particlephysics community. With the LHC the CERN experiments will have

Kofi Annan and Tim Berners-Leeduring the conference: “The roleof science in the informationsociety”, Geneva, 2003

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9

Domains of transfer

to exploit petabytes of information and this has pushed them toapply the Grid concept of sharing distributed processing that wasproposed first in the US. Many developments have been pursuedboth for the analysis and storage of the LHC data and fordeveloping applications. One example is the EGEE (EnablingGrids for E-sciencE) project that builds on recent advances inGrid technology and aims at developing a service infrastructurefor Europe available 24 hours a day.

The Grid is a very powerful tool tying computing resourcesdistributed around the world into one computing service for allrequesting applications. Thanks to the Grid, a new way ofinteraction among scientists and different domains will be madepossible with faster dissemination of data, better quality control,and more efficient use of information sources. Thesecharacteristics will allow the rapid spread of the Grid in manydifferent domains of application, from bioinformatics, genomics,astrophysics, epidemiology, pharmacology, biomedical sciencesand environmental research.

An ongoing transfer is the Network Emulator technology used toevaluate the performance of applications running over the Grid.The Network Emulator is a configurable Network-in-a-box thatemulates end-to-end quality degradation likely to appear inwide-area networks with a wide range of applications includingInternet telephony, file transfer and web browsing. Networkemulation is a technique of reproducing the behaviour ofcomputer networks that enables experiments with realapplications in a controllable environment.

A rapid and natural consequence of the Grid has been the use ofdistributed information in a three-year project called MammoGrid,under the Fifth Framework Programme of the EuropeanCommunity, in order to develop a Europe-wide database ofmammograms. Led by CERN, MammoGrid involves the UK (theUniversities of Oxford, Cambridge, Bristol, plus the CompanyMirada Solutions of Oxford), and Italy (the Universities of Pisaand Sassari and the Hospitals in Udine and Torino). Today,32 Mbytes per mammogram image giving a total of 128 Mbytesper person per visit (equal to two views per each breast) wouldhave to be stored to keep information of a screened populationfor epidemiological as well as teaching purposes. Distributingthis information among doctors and hospitals will be possibleonly by using Grid technologies.

Scientific disciplines that will benefit from EGEE

Network in a box

CERN data collection systemRemote computer farms

Predictable QoS degradation

ParticlePhysics

IndustryBioinformatics

ChemistryEarth Observation

Astronomy

Biodiversity

Climate Modeling

NanotechnologyGeophysics

Network Emulator

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Medicine

Many concepts and developments from particle physics findapplications in health care. High-quality detector, accelerator,and beam technologies are essential for particle physicists toachieve their quest. These developments may be applied forbetter diagnostic tools and for providing tailored radiationtreatment of disease, in particular in the fields of hadrontherapy, isotopes, and medical imaging.

Hadron therapy

Hadrons, the subatomic particles that are influenced by thestrong nuclear force and made up of quarks, such as the neutronand proton, were immediately identified as more appropriateparticles for radiotherapy of deep-seated tumours due to thedose distribution in tissues. Pioneering studies were carried outat CERN in the late 1960s.

Nowadays many centres worldwide are using proton and mainlycarbon ion therapy, from Europe, Japan to Russia and the US. Sofar some 35 000 patients have been treated with protons andmany new centres are under construction. CERN physicist UgoAmaldi strongly promoted the developments of new proton-ionaccelerators; and in 1999 CERN, GSI (Gesellschaft fürSchwerionenforschung) in Germany, Med-Austron in Austria,

Oncology 2000 and TERA (TErapia con Radiazioni Adroniche) inItaly realized a study to design an ion synchrotron optimized formedical applications. This was PIMMS, the Protons Ions MedicalMachine Study. A treatment centre based on an improved versionof the PIMMS synchrotron, called CNAO (Centro Nazionale diAdroterapia Oncologica) is now being built in the north of Italy,by the CNAO Foundation, which is composed of five largehospitals and TERA. The INFN (Istituto Nazionale di FisicaNucleare) is co-responsible for the construction of theaccelerator. The treatment of deep-seated tumours requiresvariable proton energies up to 210 MeV. This is difficult toachieve with small cyclotrons. So, the LInac BOoster (LIBO)project developed a linear accelerator prototype that allows theenergy of small cyclotrons to be boosted.

CERN is part of ENLIGHT, the European Network for Research inLight Ion Therapy, whose aim is to co-ordinate the developmentof a variety of projects at the European level for light iontherapy. From the technologies developed, collaborations havebeen established where the core expertise in the physics andengineering underlying accelerators and detectors can be usedin designing new machines and equipment to benefit health. Measurements of the energy deposition by antiprotons weredone at the LEAR (Low Energy Antiproton Ring) machine at CERNin 1985 and today biological investigations for future medicalapplications are being carried out at CERN using the AntiprotonDecelerator (AD).

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Domains of transfer

Isotopes

Many important isotopes were discovered and characterized, andseparation techniques developed in the early years of nuclearphysics. Now these are used daily in treatment or diagnostics onseveral million patients each year. Today, most of the isotopesused are produced in nuclear reactors, but there are manystudies on the production of new types of isotopes usingparticle accelerators.

The transmutation of elements exposed to an enhanced neutronflux, such as demonstrated by the TARC (Transmutation byAdiabatic Resonance Crossing) experiment at CERN is a CERNpatented technology (Neutron-driven element transmuter) whichcan be used for the production of radioisotopes for medical andindustrial applications. Together with the technology mentionedabove, ISOLDE (Isotope Separation On-Line), the world leadingfacility in producing samples of proton-rich and neutron-rich rareradioactive isotopes of extreme purity, can contribute to satisfydemands for new types of isotopes.

The advantages will be lower production costs, better qualityproducts and facilities that can be built and operated moreeasily. This will satisfy the demands and requirements for newradioisotopes to label monoclonal antibodies, such as rhenium,lutetium, and holmium. Some isotopes may be more interestingfor Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and others for targetedalpha or monoclonal antibody therapy. These methods ofisotopes production are in the R&D phase.

Detection and imaging

Particle physicists regularly use collisions between electrons andtheir antipar ticles, positrons, to investigate matter andfundamental forces at high energies. This is what happens inmachines like the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider. At lowenergies, the electron–positron annihilations can be put todifferent uses, for example to reveal the functioning of the brainusing PET. Today PET is a common scanning technique in medicaldiagnostics. PET allows, for instance, detailed viewing of thefunctioning of distinct areas of the human brain at work while thepatient is conscious and alert. It is possible to study thechemical processes involved in the functioning of healthy ordiseased organs in a way previously impossible. Indeed, beforethe advent of the PET scanner, one could only infer what went oninside the organs from post-mortem examinations or animalstudies. Thanks to the improvements of many associatedtechnologies, PET represents a significant step forward in theway scientists and doctors visualize and monitor treatmenton-line (i.e. the spatial distribution of radiotherapy treatment);and, when associated with Computer Tomography (CT) scanners,it is an essential tool for functional diagnostics. The CT scan is atechnique now well established that produces 3D images usingan external X-ray source and detector. A first image from a PETcamera was made at CERN in 1977. Twenty years later, acombined PET / CT scanner has been advocated as the path totrue image fusion.

Functional and anatomical imagefrom a PET / CT scan

The TARC experimentinstallation at CERN

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Examples of ongoing CERN developments are the developmentsfor a brain PET scanner based on photodiodes, being carried outin collaboration with the Cantonal Hospital of Geneva; theCompton Prostate Probe from the CIMA (Compton Imaging forMedical Applications) collaboration; and a Positron EmissionMammography (PEM) prototype using crystals (ClearPEMTM)under development by the PEM Collaboration in the framework ofthe Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC) with the aim of improvingearly-stage breast cancer diagnostic. The purpose of the CCC isto develop new scintillating crystals, used as detectors, andassociated readout with fast electronics for high-energy physicsapplications and medical imaging.

Many detectors can be used in medical applications. Inparticular, the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) is a novel deviceintroduced in 1996 at CERN and licensed for the development ofdosimetry for radiotherapy. Besides medical imaging anddosimetry, GEM detectors are used for thermal neutron andgamma-ray detection in astrophysics.

The Medipix2 system is another example of a technology whosedevelopment was driven by the requirements of high-energyparticle physics finding its way out of the Laboratory and intomedical and industrial applications. Hybrid pixel detectors are atechnology developed to enable physicists to make sense of thecomplicated interactions as revealed in CERN detectors. TheMedipix2 Collaboration adopted the same technique to countand image X-rays whose energy falls within a given window. Thisnovel X-ray imaging technique eliminates the background noiseassociated with more traditional X-ray imaging approaches andprovides energy information that was previously lost. The systemhas already been transferred to a leading European company inthe field of X-ray materials analysis equipment and several teamsare looking into possible uses of the system in the medicalimaging field.

Another technology, called Monopix, is being developed and hasbeen patented by CERN. In this case the sensor material isdeposited directly on the readout chip providing a potentiallylower-cost approach to pixel readout.

Last but not least are the hybrid photodetectors (HPD), alsocalled hybrid photodiodes. These detectors, combining thesingle-photon sensitivity of photomultiplier tubes with the spatialand energy resolution of silicon sensors, represent a new typeof photodetector which surpasses traditional photomultiplier

performances. Thanks to this characteristic they are idealcandidates for diagnostic applications and studies of metabolicdisorder, such as in brain PET and digital mammography,requiring the detection of very low numbers of tracks combinedwith high spatial resolution. A demonstrator for PET devices isunder construction.

HPD developed for space applications

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Domains of transfer

Energy

Energy consumption in the industrialized world tends to increasetogether with economic development. Energy is another crucialdomain where high-energy physics technology can provide newsolutions. A first example is an innovation in the field of solarenergy.

Solar energy as such has appealing qualities: it isenvironmentally friendly; it is virtually infinite and free of charge.However, its low power density requires wide collecting areas toreach reasonable power ranges. Furthermore, the energy flowfrom the sun is quite irregular, since it depends on alternatingnight and day, season, weather conditions and latitude. In spiteof being naturally diluted (maximum power density on eartharound 900 W/m2), solar energy may be used to obtain hightemperatures for thermal, mechanical, or electric applications,either by light focusing and / or by reducing the thermal lossesresulting from gas conduction / convection, mechanical contact,and radiation emission. Light focusing allows very hightemperatures to be reached but, unfortunately, the diffused light(up to 50% in central Europe) cannot be focused and is lost.

Evacuated solar collectors, able to reach temperatures of theorder of 250°C without focusing, are commercially available inthe form of arrays of cylindrical elements. In comparison, flatevacuated solar collectors could offer many advantages, namelya reduced number of glass-to-metal seals, a larger absorbingarea, an easier installation and maintenance, lower radiationlosses. However, these collectors have not yet been builtcommercially because of many intrinsic difficulties of which themain one consists of providing a reliable vacuum seal for thefront glass window to the metallic envelope that contains theabsorber. Thanks to the mastering of ultra-high vacuumtechnology, a few prototypes of evacuated flat panel solarcollectors have been built and extensively tested at CERN. Anequilibrium temperature of 350°C is achieved for 900 Wm-2 ofincident solar power and a pressure lower than 10-4 Torr could bemaintained over 20 years of operation without external pumping.This type of solar collector, patented at CERN, is particularlysuited for small and medium-sized plants both for heating,possibly combined with seasonal heat storage, and for cooling /air conditioning. It may also be used for water desalination,agricultural applications (e.g. crop drying) and for theproduction of heat for industrial processes. Last but not least, it

may produce electricity with efficiencies similar to those ofphotovoltaic cells with the advantage of a higher combinedthermal and electric efficiency.

Another important solution in the energy field, proposed byNobel laureate Carlo Rubbia, is the Energy Amplifier. Thisconcept proposes to produce nuclear energy and / or toeliminate nuclear wastes in a subcritical nuclear assembly. Incontrast with conventional critical reactors, the nuclear fissionreaction chain in the Energy Amplifier is not self maintained.

The external neutron source is provided by a high-energyparticle beam directed into the target of the nuclear assembly tointeract with heavy nuclei inside so as to produce high-energyspallation neutrons. The neutrons thereby produced aremultiplied in steady sub-critical conditions by the breeding andfission process carried out inside the assembly. These fissionsprovide the energy generated in the Energy Amplifier andeliminate the actinides, which are the most offending long-livedradioactive wastes. If the initial fuel composition is convenientlyprepared, the breeding from fertile materials to fissile isotopesand its following fission reaches an equilibrium that, after aninitial phase, keeps stable the rate between the fissile and fertileconcentrations, resulting in stable long-term energy production.

The practical implementation of such a device requires somefurther technological development and a series of experimentsand prototypes with increasing power are proposed, expecting toreach a major milestone with an Energy Amplifier demonstratorof 50-80 MW by 2015-2020. The final application of EnergyAmplifiers, more energy production or more waste elimination,will strongly depend on energy demand, the political decision onthe role of nuclear energy and the corresponding nuclear fuelcycle of the country in which it is implemented.

The Energy Amplifier opens the possibility of burning almostany unwanted long-lived radioactive wastes, which are a seriousenvironmental problem, and transforming them into exploitableenergy without any CO2 emissions, thereby also avoiding the‘green house effect’.

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Environment

Since its birth, CERN has adopted a policy in order to respect andprotect the environment. In particular, the Laboratory iscommitted to carrying out an environmental monitoringprogramme, agreed with the Host States' authorities to informthe latter of the results and the environmental aspects of newprojects. CERN also integrates pollution prevention, riskmanagement, conservation of resources, and waste reductioninto existing and planned activities, including the construction ofaccelerator and experiments in order to minimize theirenvironmental impact.

In parallel with the construction of the CERN accelerators, a largenumber of materials have been tested as regards their resistanceto ionizing radiation. An important part of this work on radiationdamage studies was done in collaboration with industry andnumerous results have been published. These studies werecarried out in order to estimate precisely the lifetime ofcomponents of existing and new accelerators and to plan in atimely way the maintenance and improvement programmes. Thestudies also allow the specific selection of resistant materials forhigh-radiation areas. To carry out radiation damage testsrequires knowledge in the degradation mechanism of thematerials in high-energy radiation fields, the access to powerfulradiation sources for irradiation and for testing. CERN hasacquired extensive experience in this field and trained manystudents, engineers and physicists over four decades, which isbeneficial not only to CERN but also to industry for application inother fields such as nuclear power plants, industrial and medicalirradiation facilities, space programmes etc.

In the last few decades the use of plastic materials hasdeveloped enormously. At CERN the functioning of newexperiments and accelerators requires insulation cables andpipes, and a large amount of insulating material. In the past, theuse of most of these plastic materials brought about anincreased risk of serious fire accidents and increased materialsdamage. Indeed, during a fire, halogen plastic materials or thosecontaining some halogen combustibles produce irritating thick,acid, and often highly narcotic fumes.

Since the accelerator structures became more complex (longtunnels installed underground), CERN decided in the 1980s touse only materials without halogen and / or sulphur agents inorder to limit the damage to personnel and material in case ofexposure to corrosive and toxic fumes. CERN then encouragedindustry to produce halogen-free cables and contributed to suchdevelopment in collaboration with industry. The LEP acceleratorand its experiments were equipped with halogen- andsulphur-free cables. Private companies benefited from these.Since then, the cost has gone down and the CERN stores offeronly this type of cable. Most of the materials used in the LHC willalso be halogen-free. CERN has thus been a precursor and todayhalogen-free cables are widely used.

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Domains of transfer

Scientific and Technological Knowledge

CERN has been a centre of knowledge creation since itsinception. Statistical data show that each year the Laboratorywelcomes many students, researchers, and visiting scientists,that many publications are produced, and that some of thesevisitors then take their acquired experience and knowledge toindustry. In particular, publications, as shown in the figure to theright, are a measure of the contribution in a scientific field and atool for science policy decision.

Another form of CERN technology transfer to industry institutionsand society comes implicitly through the transfer of knowledge orknow-how of people. Some industrial firms have also asked CERNto host, at their own expense, engineers or applied physicists fortraining periods of several months to work on CERN projects inorder to benefit from more frequent and diversified exchanges.This is demonstrated to be a valuable mechanism fortechnological learning and innovation. All people working atCERN have access to the rich programme of seminars andtraining courses held at CERN, covering a wide range of state-of-the-art topics.

A new model that describes knowledge creation, acquisition andtransfer in the CERN context, has been recently proposed wherethe final realization of the scientific and technological processes,intertwined by the social process, are science and technology.

The model takes into account the two different levels involved increating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, namelyindividual and organizational learning. The best interactionbetween the individual and the organizational levels isrepresented by the balance between multicultural constraintsand freedom typical of an international research organizationsuch as CERN. Too much freedom involves a large financialimplication and too many constraints result in a lack of ideas andsubsequently reduce innovation. In the Laboratory, thetechnology transfer balance between constraints and freedomrepresents the interaction between pure scientific research anddaily technological application. In Big Science centres the twotypes of individual and organizational knowledge creation aremore closely correlated and interaction takes place as inconventional industrial environments.

Each year hundreds of young people join CERN as students,fellows, associates, or staff. Work experience at CERN bringsmore to both physicists and engineers in terms of thepossibility to develop and acquire knowledge related to their

Understandingwhy & how

Usewhy & howmotives

Scientificprocess

Technologicalprocess

Knowledge

Socialprocess

ProductsConcepts

Tacitknowledge

Explicitknowledge

Science Technology

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Articles in Journals Other Published Articles (Conferences etc.)

Number of publications producedat CERN

Knowledge creation model

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specific field of activity and also in terms of scientific andmulticultural stimulation. Currently there are programmes withthe Member States providing technological training for youngpeople at CERN, and in addition young professionals receiverecognition of their stay as a part of their education and trainingprogramme.

Technology training is an integral part of the experimentalresearch process to which young scientists in a collaborationcontribute to design, construct and set up experiments, therebybecoming acquainted with all the leading-edge technologies ofphysics instrumentation. Good examples of actions taken toincrease the exchange of knowledge are the CERN SummerSchool of Computing, the annual CERN Accelerator School andthe European School for Medical Physics. It is worth nothing thatthe Accelerator and Computing schools are attended also byengineers and applied physicists from industry.

Fellows, unpaid associates,apprentices and students at theend of each year from 1993 to2004

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Fellows 140 111 127 153 200 219 215 203 225 215 221 219

Unpaid associates

598 679 573 596 180 155 175 203 229 322 310 349

Apprentices 26 28 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 33 34 33

Students 142 160 170 182 202 204 215 221 208 158 138 148

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Improving industrial processes

Improving industrialprocesses

CERN’s accelerators have always pushed different

technologies at the leading edge of knowledge. The

stringent technical requirements of CERN’s

accelerator programmes, in particular for the LHC,

are sources of TT and new industrial processes.

Companies working on CERN contracts will often learn

new techniques that they can apply to improve their

technological performances.

Getter and Palladium Thin FilmCoatings

Getters are one of the available tools to create and maintainvacuum. Thanks to a property well known since the 19thcentury, when introduced in a vacuum system, the getters mayreact chemically with the molecules of the residual gas. In thisway these molecules become fixed to the surface of the getter,increasing the degree of vacuum. For the LHC, CERN hasdeveloped and patented an innovative and refined technology,that allows the entire internal surface of the accelerator vacuumchamber to be covered by getter thin film coatings, sotransforming it into a pump. These coatings, produced bysputtering, may recover their chemical reactivity by heating attemperatures as low as 180°C, so their activation may be carriedout passively during the standard bake-out procedure.

18


Non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings suffer from two maindrawbacks. The first one is a limited life: the high bindingenergy of most gases makes their adsorption thermallyirreversible, resulting in a progressive accumulation of gas anddeterioration of getter performance. The second drawback is thatthe activation requires heating: when exposed to ambient air,most metals form a surface oxide layer (passivation layer) whichprevents any further gas adsorption. For NEGs, the passivationlayer is removed by heating. These drawbacks are avoidable byusing materials with reversible pumping that do not form a thickpassivation layer on their surface. Noble metals with catalyticproper ties are promising candidates for new practicalapplications. Among them, palladium in particular has beenfound to provide the best vacuum properties, i.e. infinite life andpumping without heating after exposure to ambient air.

These new technologies have been covered by patents and arealready applied, among others, at ESRF (European SynchrotronRadiation Facility) and in the Soleil project (France), at Jeffersonand Brookhaven Laboratories (US), and Elettra-Sincrotrone(Italy).

These film getter coatings can be applied in different domains.To help diminish the greenhouse effect, they may be used toimprove the thermal insulation of electric household appliances(especially refrigerators and ovens), and of buildings,minimizing relative thermal losses. They can also be applied notonly to save energy but also to convert energy in highefficiency solar panels (see p. 13), allowing higher operatingtemperatures to be obtained, leading to higher thermal andthermodynamic efficiencies.

Hood Clamshell Tool

The Hood Clamshell Tool is another patented technologyassociated with vacuum, developed for inspection of the LHCmagnets. In particular it is a device based on the ‘hood’ methodto test the leak-tightness of vacuum systems. This methodconsists of using a leak detection device in which a metalliccasing encloses the vessel under test so that a high-accuracydynamic leak test may be carried out on a large portion of theexternal surface. The system is especially suitable for areas ofrestricted access and where pipes are extremely long. The devicecan be quickly installed and used by a single operator, incurs norisk of joint pinching, can be used on pipes of differentdiameters and over a wide range of pipe dimensions (from 30 to300 millimetres). This technology has been licensed.

Because of these numerous advantages this technology can beapplied in many different fields outside physics: in vacuumtightness for all installations and pipe work, in electronics and incryogenics laboratories. It can be also used in production plants,for the transport of hazardous and natural fluids, and in medical,food and agricultural applications.

Titanium Electro-Polishing

CERN has developed a novel technology to electro-polishtitanium and titanium alloys, which easily obtains a high degreeof surface smoothness. The technology was developed becauseof an internal demand at CERN related to vacuum technology andcryogenics, but the process has a number of commercialapplications as well. The polishing method is based on anelectrolytic process in which material is removed from the surfaceby a chemical reaction powered by a low voltage. The novelty wasin the chemical composition of the bath required by theelectrolytic process, together with the process itself. Both thechemical bath composition and method for use are patented.

The surface polish obtainable using this process is superior toconventional electro-polishing titanium baths. The major featuresof the invention are: 1) the process can be run with low powerconsumption thus alleviating heat related issues; 2) there ispractically no size limitation on the item to be polished; 3) themetal can be polished down to the nanometre level. The benefitsinclude the detection of flaws and machining errors

Hood clamshell tool in elastomer

19

Improving industrial processes

unobservable by other means, a micro smooth surface (provideseasy maintenance of hygienically clean surfaces due to reducedparticulate adhesion), a shiny appearance without the high costsor limitations of mechanical polishing, less abrasion and wear,and metallic purity and chemical passivity.

There are a number of different applications for this surfacetechnology, ranging from high-tech industrial products toattractive and shiny jewellery. These include medical implantsand tools, vacuum technology (tubes, surfacing), aerospace(turbine blades), the chemical industry, the automotive industry,cryogenic equipment, jewellery manufacture, and spectacleframes and watches. The need for polished titanium is expectedto increase steadily in the future and the decreasing price oftitanium as a raw material is opening up new markets, wideningthe field and types of application.

ChemicalVia

The ChemicalVia process is a new inexpensive method formaking microvia holes by chemical means on high-density and orhigh-resolution multilayer printed circuits of different types.Microvias are used to interconnect adjacent layers and consist ofa small-diameter hole with a thin metallic deposit covering theircylindrical walls to ensure local conductivity between the twolayers. A huge quantity of holes of any shape and typically below50 µm diameter are produced using this technique. Currently thetechnology has been licensed to build a demonstrator and hasbeen integrated in a Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) production line.

High-density circuits are widely used in miniaturized modernequipment from video cameras to mobile phones. In this globaland fast growing market the manufacture of these circuits hasbeen controlled by a few multinationals. The competitiveadvantage of ChemicalVia will provide smaller companies with theopportunity to enter this highly profitable market.


20

Profibus and WorldFIP

Communication networks, also known as fieldbuses, provide fordigital communication between industrial facilities. They are alsoused to control and monitor 'intelligent' devices. These networksare essential to the operation of accelerators or automatedmachines. Commands transmitted via communication networkscan be executed synchronously and data from the equipment canbe accurately dated, allowing the temporal sequences to bereconstructed. Fieldbuses are a continuously evolvingtechnology. The use of fieldbuses at CERN has been standardizedsince 1996. Profibus (Process fieldbus) and WorldFIP (WorldFieldbus Internet Protocol) are two of the chosen standards andwill play a vital role in the control systems of LHC acceleratorsand experiments. Standardized under the European Fieldbus,Profibus, with over three million nodes installed in over 300 000applications, is a technology with a proven track record.

One example of a concrete development in the Profibus domainis collaboration between the Profibus users organization andEuropean manufacturers of vacuum equipment, and vacuumexperts from CERN. This collaboration has been initiated todefine device profiles, specifying standardized communicationmechanisms and device functionality for vacuum equipmentmanufactured by industry. The adoption and development ofindustry standards in this way intensifies collaboration betweenCERN and industry while bringing many benefits to industry,fieldbus users at the Laboratory and elsewhere in Europe.

The first applications of WorldFIP appeared during the 1980s,and distinguished themselves from the rest by their'deterministic' approach. CERN is making extensive use of thisprotocol in the LHC. A 250-km WorldFIP network, comprisingmore than 15 000 nodes, to control facilities such as the quenchprotection systems for the superconducting magnets, cryogenicequipment, power converters, radio-frequency devices, etc. is tobe installed in the LHC. The great potential of the WorldFIPconcept has led to fruitful collaboration between CERN and theWorldFIP association. The requirements of researchorganizations like CERN have obliged the WorldFIP partners toenhance the performance levels of their networks still further inthe field of control systems.

Technicians and engineers need to drive the performance of theaccelerator control systems up to the desired level, often to thelimit of what is feasible, and this has always been and willcontinue to be a source of cross-pollination and technologytransfer.

Examples of transfer

21


Each presentation describes:

■ A specific transfer of CERN know-how and technology

■ The application of the same in an industrial context

■ Information on the company using the know-how and the technology.

The following examples are concrete cases of

Technology Transfer achieved either through the

dissemination and implementation policy established

by CERN since 2000, or through the conventional

procurement mechanism. High-technology suppliers

communicated the results obtained through the latter

mechanism, indicating product development benefits

resulting from relationships with CERN during the

period 1997-2001. In fact, CERN’s technological

requirements often exceed available state-of-the-art

technologies thereby generating fruitful interactions,

technological learning and innovation for industry.

In turn, this impacts positively on new market

products.

Some innovative technologies transferred proactively

from CERN to industry have been reported in the

above sections. In particular, the sections “Detection

and imaging” (Medipix2) and “Improving industrial

processes” (Getter and Palladium thin Film Coatings,

Hood Clamshell Tool and ChemicalVia), cover

technologies which have had a particularly strong

impact on the realization of new products as detailed

below in pages 52, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 and 74.

22


Halogen-Free Cables and Connectors

F O R C E R N E X P E R I M E N T S

Since LEP, underground areas andexperiments are equipped with halogen-

free cables to minimize the side effects incase of fire. These types of cable will also

be used in ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and otherexperiments.

Many of the 3M halogen-free cables wereoriginally developed for CERN applications.

3M is also supplying CMS with high-speedMini-Delta-Ribbon (MDR) cables assemblies

(LVDS). These cables are used for datatransfer between the FED (Front-end

Driver) and the FRL (Front-end ReadoutLink) over a 10 m distance. Within ATLAS

TRT, many MDR connectors are beingused. MDR products are small, robust and

provide excellent EMI protections due tocomplete metal shielding. MDR connectors

have the easy ribbon Input / Outputsystem.

The main ‘CERN specific’ 3M cableremains the famous blue and white

coloured twist and flat cable no. 2100. Itis available today as a standard item in the

CERN stores.

APPLICATIONS

In industry the Company finds applications in ticket systems,transportation (train, tram, and coaches), elevators; and originalequipment manufacturers in general use similar products tothose designed for CERN. These are mainly 3M halogen-freecables (flat, twist-and flat, round, twin-ax, shielded), for which3M is a leading company. All cables refer to the CERN fire safetystandard IS 23. Many European and overseas research instituteslike INFN, DESY, PSI, among others refer to this standard and usethe products after they are tested and approved by CERN.

THE COMPANY

3M, founded in 1902, produced the world's first waterproofsandpaper for automobile manufacturing. In 1925 the first ofmany Scotch® pressure-sensitive tapes was invented. Today 3Mis a diversified technology company with 64 subsidiaries aroundthe world serving customers and communities with innovativeproducts and services. 3M Schweiz AG, with headquarters inRüschlikon, was established in 1963 as an independentsubsidiary company. The Company provides solutions forelectronics, industrial, safety, security and protection, displayand graphics, office and health care markets and is the providerof more than 15,000 products. Sales and marketing strategieshave been adapted to wiss needs. 3M is committed to activelycontributing to sustainable development through environmentalprotection, social responsibility, and economic progress.

CMS FRL (grey cables = 3M MDR)

CMS FRL crate SBB / CFFtrain ticketmachine with 3M halogen-free cables inside

CMS FRL (grey cables = 3M MDR)

CMS FRL crate SBB / CFFtrain ticketmachine with 3M halogen-free cables inside

3M Schweiz AGEggstrasse 93, Postfach8803 RÜSCHLIKONSwitzerlandTel.: +41(0)417249090Fax: +41(0)417249450http://www.3m.com/ch

23


F O R T H E L H C A N D A T L A S

The ATLAS detector includes twoindependent systems requiring cryogenic

technologies: the superconductive magnetand the liquid argon calorimeter.

The total cold mass of the magnetapproaches 600 tonnes. The argon

calorimeter contains three low-temperatureliquid argon vessels with a total volume of

85 m3. Liquid nitrogen is used to cooldown the calorimeter and is also used for

the permanent cooling of the filledcryostats. LHC cryogenics will need 40 000

leak-tight pipe junctions, 12 million litresof liquid nitrogen will be vaporized duringthe initial cool down of 31 000 tonnes ofmaterial and the total inventory of liquidhelium will be 700 000 litres. Superfluidhelium will be used allowing kilowatts ofrefrigeration to be transported over morethan a kilometre with a temperature drop

of less than 0.1 K. The cryogenic -installations are composed of differentpieces of equipment to feed two LHC

sectors with 4.5 K helium and superfluidhelium at 1.9 K.

APPLICATIONS

A. SILVA MATOS METALOMECÂNICA S.A. constructed and installedfor CERN 36 pressure vessels. These carbon steel vessels with acapacity of 250 m3 each and 20 bar working pressure weredestined for the storage of gaseous helium, 30 of them for thecryogenic system of the LHC and 6 for the ATLAS project. As aconsequence of this important supply to CERN, the Companygreatly improved its capacity for the manufacture of cryogenicvessels, which are now being used for the LNG project.

THE COMPANY

A. SILVA MATOS METALOMECÂNICA S.A. was founded in 1980 tosupply services for the food industry. Since then the Companyhas diversified to supply tanks for liquid combustibles, auto-gasstorage and invested in the tooling and machinery to producelarge dimension cryogenic-liquid tanks. Tubular heat exchangersas well as reactors, condensers and vaporizers are also amongstthe products offered. Recently, wind generator towers for aeolianenergy have been added to the available products. TheCompany has a reputation for high-quality products andhigh-quality control standards.

Pressure Vessels

A. SILVA MATOS METALOMECÂNICA, S.A.3740-340 Server Do VougaPortugal Tel.: +351 234590200Fax: +351 234590201E-Mail: [email protected]://www.asilvamatos.pt

24


Electronics

F O R T H E C O M P A S S E X P E R I M E N T

The TDC-F1 was developed on behalfof and in collaboration with the Facultyof Physics of the University of Freiburg,Germany, for the COMPASS experiment

at CERN. It is part of a general front-end readout driver and buffer module(CATCH) for the straw drift tubes. It is

now used also in the NA48 experimentat CERN.

APPLICATIONS

Fields of application:■ Laser scanners,■ Two-coordinate position sensing devices,■ ESR medical instrumentation,■ OTDRs for telecommunication,■ CD-production test equipment.

THE COMPANY

ACAM messelectronic GmbH provides integrated circuits andsystems for high-precision time interval measurement in thepicosecond range. The aim is to establish TDC technology and itsmanifold potential in industry, automotive, consumer, andscientific applications. ACAM offers standard products as well as custom-specificdevelopment accompanied by professional technical andcommercial support.

TDC-F1

Coincidence measuring board

TDC-F1

Coincidence measuring board

ACAM-messelectronic GmbHAm Hasenbiel 2776297 Stutensee-BlankenlochGermanyTel.: +49 (0)724474190Fax: +49 (0)7244741929E-Mail: [email protected]://www.acam.de

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Hydraulic Scissor Table

T O L I F T C O N C R E T E B L O C K S

Hydraulic scissor lift table designedspecially to lift a 10-tonne concrete block

used to shield radiations. The maindemand was the need to reach reliable

positioning by an indeterminate time ontothe upper position. For security reasons

the concrete block must be in the upperposition when no laboratory tests arebeing made. To fulfil this demand, an

electromechanical system was studied anddesigned that, in conjunction with thehydraulic system, can guarantee these

conditions.

APPLICATIONS

New products of ACL now use some of the technology developedfor this table lift. The part of technology used is the system tohold the table in the upper position, locked for long periods andwithout oil leakage. Fields of application:■ Theatre lift stages,■ Big lift platforms in industry,■ Overcoming architectural barriers in buildings: small lift tablesthat must use the same locking device.

THE COMPANY

ACL – Alfredo Cardoso & Cª Lda is Portugal’s major manufacturerof lift equipment. This leading position was gained as a result ofa concerted effort in research and constant development inhydraulic oil solutions. Fifty years of experience in light-dutymetal mechanics and hydraulics and constant investment inhuman resources coupled with state-of-the-art solutions inproduction and assembly development have enabled theCompany to supply innovative solutions tailored to customers’needs and requirements. The application of ACL equipment isdiverse, ranging from basic vertical lifting of loads to theatrestages and onto overcoming architectural barriers in buildings.

New product using technology developedon the CERN table lift

Table installed in CERN

Theatre stage and orchestra lift (Bragança - Portugal)

New product using technology developedon the CERN table lift

Table installed in CERN

Theatre stage and orchestra lift (Bragança - Portugal)

ACL – Alfredo Cardoso & Cª LdaRua António Bessa Leite, 993 - Apt. 7064150-997 PortoPortugalTel. +351 226153400 Fax +351 226101336 E-Mail: [email protected]://www.acl.pt

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ACL – Indústria de Componentes Mecânicos de Freixieiro, Lda Rua Abade Mondego, 289 – Lote 9* 4455-489 Perafita Portugal Tel. +351 229940190 Fax +351 229940210 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.acl.pt

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Tracking Software

F O R T H E C M S C A L O R I M E T E R

CRISTAL (Cooperative Repositories &Information System for Tracking AssemblyLifecycle) is a JAVA application written tomanage the gathering of production data

during the ongoing construction of theelectromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS

experiment. Component parts areregistered in the CRISTAL system, at which

point they are given a workflow. Theseworkflows order the characterization and

assembly of crystals, photo-electric diodes,electronics and support structures into theECAL supermodules which will be slotted

into place in CMS. This distributed data management system

has been developed by CERN, the LAPPLaboratory in Annecy, and the University of

West of England. The latest softwareversion development has been in

production since August 2003 in CMS-ECAL at CERN, and is also used for

“preshower” construction in CERN, Greece,Russia, and Taiwan.

APPLICATIONS

The KERNEL software system of CRISTAL is used to managespecific business processes in specific enterprise environments.The functional architecture is around a 4-module structure(modelling, integration, execution and administration) allowingthe complete management of process life-cycles. Applicationsare manifold from intelligent prototype construction planning, toairport maintenance scheduling, training course management, orpharmaceutical research and manufacture.

THE COMPANY

AGILIUM S.A. is a start-up founded by four engineers, experts insystem integration acquired in the best companies of this sectorsuch as IBM, Cap, Accenture, Atos, Focal, etc. AGILIUM has received many awards for the innovative technologyon which the applications are based and for its enterprise vision:■ National Laureate “ANVAR” - 2002,■ Laureate “Rhône Alpes Entreprendre” - 2002,■ Laureate “Annecy initiative” - 2003,■ Laureate “Fondation Total” - 2003,■ Labelled “Novacité” - 2003,■ “Prix de l'innovation Salon Progiciels” - 2003,■ Laureate “Start-up IMD” - 2003,■ Laureate “Master Entreprendre Sénat” - 2005.

Order treatment process

Agilium

Crystals

Module assembly

Order treatment process

Crystals

Module assembly

AGILIUM S.A.178 r.te de Cran Gevrier 74650 ChavanodFranceTel.: + 33 (0)450698805Fax: +33 (0)450520742E-Mail: [email protected]://www.agilium.fr

27


Dipole Magnet &Superconducting Cavities

F O R L E P A N D T H E L H C

The intensive collaboration betweenANSALDO and CERN involved a significant

transfer of technology from laboratory toindustry. Vacuum electric furnace forcomponents brazing, electron-beam

welding machine, electro-polishing andchemical polishing plants, ultra-pure water

plant, sputtering device, clean-rooms areonly some of the high-tech equipment and

plants necessary to ensure the excellentquality of ANSALDO production. In the mid

1950s, ANSALDO took part in theconstruction of the PS synchrotron, for

CERN. In the mid 1980s the MagnetDivision, independent in the design andproduction phases of conventional and

superconducting magnets and specialproducts, was created within the ANSALDOGroup. At the end of 1990, ANSALDO drew

up a supply contract for 72superconducting cavities, equipped with

cryogenic and RF components andassembled in 18 cryomodules for LEP.

APPLICATIONS

Besides other fields of applications, ANSALDO Superconduttoricurrently utilizes the vacuum pressure impregnation technique inthe manufacture of magnets for thermonuclear fusion. Thenon-planar superconducting coils of W7-X magnetic system (IPPin Germany) are the latest example. The ANSALDOSuperconduttori 70 kW-gun electron-beam welding equipment isone of the largest in Italy and is equipped with state-of-the-artprogramming and control systems. It can be used to weld steelup to a thickness of 130 mm in a single pass and to carry outhigh-quality surface treatments. Presently the plant is used forapplications in the aeronautics field (welding of mechanicalcomponents of helicopters motors) and in the frame of high-energy physics and thermonuclear fusion projects.

THE COMPANY

ASALDO Superconduttori S.p.A., now part of the Castel Group ofthe Malacalza family, is internationally recognized in the designand manufacture of conventional and superconducting magnetsfor research in high-energy physics and thermonuclear fusion.Recently the Company has delivered the Barrel Toroid coilwinding systems for the ATLAS detector (INFN / CERN), andtoday, for the LHC project, is fabricating 416 dipoles.

300 GeV dipole magnet The ANSALDO Superconduttori VPI plant with one W7-X coil

The ANSALDO SuperconduttoriEBW machine

300 GeV dipole magnet The ANSALDO Superconduttori VPI plant with one W7-X coil

The ANSALDO SuperconduttoriEBW machine

ANSALDO Superconduttori S.p.A.Malacalza GroupCorso F.M. Perrone 73r 16152 Genova ItalyTel.: +39 0106489111Fax: +39 0106489277E-Mail: [email protected]://www.as-g.it

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Corrector Magnets

F O R T H E L H C

The corrector magnets of the LHC, smallwith respect to the main magnets, are

wound with single strand cables and thecoils are fully impregnated with epoxy,

which reduces the cooling by helium. Inorder to achieve the field quality, small

sextupole (MCS), octupole (MCO) anddecapole (MCD) magnets (spool piececorrector magnets) are installed at the

ends of the main dipole magnets tocorrect multipole field errors. Every

aperture of each dipole magnet isequipped with a sextupole corrector coil,

whereas only every second dipole magnetwill be equipped with octupole and

decapole correctors. ANTEC has collaborated with CERN in the

fabrication and testing of differentprototypes of superconducting corrector

magnets for the LHC project such assextupoles, octupoles and decapoles.

Among the products added to the catalogue due to CERNacquires expertise and know-how on magnetic design, precisionmanufacture and encapsulating techniques are:■ Magnets for scientific labs, ■ Accelerators both superconducting and resistive,■ Cryostats.The Company has built high-technology products (steel coreswith high magnetic permeability, correcting magnets, focusingmagnets, special coils, etc.) for different customers andapplications in other European research laboratories such asCOSY in Julich, CEA in Saclay, ESRF in Grenoble and a prototypefor the future synchrotron of the Barcelona LSB.

THE COMPANY

ANTEC S.A. manufactures conventional products like industrialbrakes; industrial magnets and magnet separators. Adding totheir product line ANTEC also manufactures special products like:multi-pole magnets, accelerator magnets, high-precisionmagnetic cores, superconducting solenoids, superconductingcoils, lab cryostats, superconducting applications such as currentleads, current limiters, energy storage systems.

QL4 quadrupoles installed at ISOLDE (CERN)

Dipole magnet for COSY (Germany)

Magnetic tests of warm combined dipole synchrotron of Barcelona

QL4 quadrupoles installed at ISOLDE (CERN)

Dipole magnet for COSY (Germany)

Magnetic tests of warm combined dipole synchrotron of Barcelona

ANTEC S.A. Aplicación Nuevas TecnologíasRamón y Cajal, 74 48920 Portugalete (Bizkaia)SpainTel.: +34 (0)944965011Fax: +34 (0)944965337E-Mail: [email protected]://www.antecsa.com

APPLICATIONS


Informatics SupervisorySolutions

F O R L H C C O N T R O L S Y S T E M S A N DM O N I T O R I N G

At CERN, ARC Informatique's supervisorysolutions have been in use since 1996 on

various test benches. More recently theyhave been applied on applications for the

LHC in redundant, client / serverarchitectures, especially to monitor

conformity with the SIL3 (IEC 61508System Integrity Level 3) standard of stable

operation. Examples of monitoringprojects employing ARC Informatique's

solutions are: LHC cryogenics, the first-generation Unified

Industrial Control System project, theCERN Safety Alarm Management

project, and the Radiation MonitoringSystem for Environment and Safety

project.

APPLICATIONS

The technological requirements from CERN projects pushed ARCInformatique to incorporate new functionalities into standardproducts. The adopted solutions have been employed in projectssuch as:■ The technical centralized management for airports in Paris,■ The management of the assembly hall of the A380 Airbusindustry,■ The technical management of the Harilaos Trikoupis bridge inGreece.

THE COMPANY

ARC Informatique was one of the first European companies todevelop SCADA and HMI solutions, with the benefit of itsinternational presence. In the context of its quality approach,ARC Informatique obtained ISO 9001 (V2000) certification inJune 2003 through the Swiss organization SQS. As an activepartner of leading innovators among international companies inthe field of new C&IT (Communication and InformationTechnologies), ARC Informatique's products embrace the latesttechnologies such as Web Services, Microsoft Net, JAVA etc. With20 years' experience in the marketplace, ARC Informatique hasestablished a wide range of consulting, assistance, training andsupport services to complement its product-based solutions andmeet its customers' needs.

STAR project ARC map

STAR project ARC map

ARC Informatique2, avenue de la Cristallerie92310 SèvresFranceTel.: + 33 (0)141143600Fax: + 33 (0)146238602http://www.arcinfo.com

29

30


Printed Circuits

F O R C E R N A C C E L E R A T O R S

Printed circuit board layout studies may bemade for CERN by specialized companies.

AS&T Services uses the same CAD tools asthose used by CERN and has adapted its

working methods to meet precisely CERN'srequirements.

Several prototypes have been developedby AS&T Services. Examples are power

converters, control systems and magnetinstrumentation systems for various

accelerators.

Fields of application outside physics:■ Automotive, ■ Semiconductors, ■ Power generation, ■ Telecommunications and ■ Aerospace.

THE COMPANY

AS&T Service S.n.c. is a company operating in the areas ofCAE/CAD/PCB situated in Monza (Milan- Italy). Born in 1975 asAS&T S.r.l., the Company has developed capabilities to realizeprofessional masters for printed circuits requiring the high-testlevel of reliability and availability as built-in qualitycharacteristics. AS&T Service is currently working with the mostimportant companies in the telecomunication, automotive, powergeneration, aerospace and semiconductor areas. Certified UNIEN ISO 9001 – DEC. 2000 since 1998. To realize PCB andschematic capture, some of the most important CAD/CAE areused: Mentor Graphics, Cadence, PCAD and Intercept.

Mentor Graphics Cadence

PCAD2001-PCAD2002

Mentor Graphics Cadence

PCAD2001-PCAD2002

AS&T Service S.n.c. Via L. Manara, 31 20052 Monza (Milano)ItalyTel: +39 039321938Fax: +39 039321295 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.astservice.it

APPLICATIONS

31


F O R C E R N C A B I N E T S A N D E L E C T R O N I C R A C K S

ATOS has been collaborating with CERNfor more than 20 years and has developedfor CERN cabinets and PCB racks that are

widely used all over the sites. Therequirements both in terms of materials,solidity, and the need to be placed in a

hostile environment have broughtimprovements and modifications in what

are today products that fulfil internationalrequirements and standards.

APPLICATIONS

The OSL mechanical systems developed for CERN electronicshave been evolving in time and today are a standard item in theCERN stores and utilized widely by companies such as Alcatel,Sagem, Nortel, Thales, France Télécom, Alstom, Philips, SNCF,CEA, EADS, Airbus, Siemens, Cegetel and Lucent Technologies.

THE COMPANY

ATOS, a company dedicated to electronics and high-technology,whose competitiveness is based on the merging of ATG/Toolkitand OSL/Systems, is the provider of a considerable stock ofequipment and a wide range of standard and customized metalenclosures (cabinets, cases, and PCB sub racks) and thin-sheetmetal products. The industrial design offices, equipped with thebest 3D pro sheet metal software, are located at Glos in thedepartment of Calvados and at Carros in the Alpes Maritimes. TheATOS offer goes from prototype to mass production at its ISO9002 certified plant at Glos in France. 300 employees work ontwo industrial sites to satisfy customer requirements in precisionthin sheet metal: from the single part to complex pre-wiredassemblies; press and laser cutting; computerized flexibleproduction management.

Mechanical Systems

ATOS1ère Avenue 12ème rue BP 1606511 – Carros CedexFranceTel : +33 (0)492085800Fax : +33 (0)492085801E-Mail: [email protected]://www.atos-racks.com

32


BABCOCK NOELL NUCLEAR started tocollaborate with CERN for the design and

realization of the “Lobster”, the remotehandling system for precision positioning

(0.1 mm) of the 1640 LEP dipole magnetseach of them weighing 12 tonnes. It also

participated in the design, test andoptimization during the 10-year prototypephase of the construction of LHC dipoles.

During that phase the length of the dipoleswas enlarged from 10 m to 15 m; becauseof this modification the dipole magnets areno longer straight, and must be adapted to

the beam curvature. At present thecompany is successfully constructing

one-third of the 1232 dipoles cold massesand delivered the vehicles controlled by aremote handling system for the transport

of magnets in the tunnel.

Know-how gained during the collaboration with CERN servestoday for design, manufacturing and supply in various projects.For example:The know-how for dipole magnets is used for other acceleratorprojects in different research centres.The knowledge developed in the field of remote handling ishelpful today for precise transport and positioning of heavyloads in fields of nuclear technology.

THE COMPANY

BABCOCK NOELL NUCLEAR GmbH is the centre of competence fornuclear technology with worldwide responsibility inside theBabcock Borsig Group. More than 30 years of experience, as wellas cooperating closely with research establishments, makes theCompany a competent partner in nuclear service, nucleartechnology and magnet technology. With the project "Shut downof the nuclear ship Otto Hahn" at the end of the 1970s BABCOCKNOELL Nuclear established a promising position in dismantlingthermonuclear plants. In the early 1990s BABCOCK NOELLNUCLEAR started with the development of large superconductingmagnetic systems for high-energy physics and fusionexperiments. Currently, work is being performed on contracts forthe series magnets of the fusion experiment W 7-X (IPP) and forthe LHC (CERN). High investments in production andcoil- assembly facilities have been made for this purpose asmagnet technology is gaining in importance for BABCOCK NOELLNUCLEAR GmbH.

Manipulator carrier system

Dipole for the LHC Transport vehicles

Manipulator carrier system

Dipole for the LHC Transport vehicles

BABCOCK NOELL NUCLEAR GmbHAlfred-Nobel-Strasse 20 97080 WürzburgGermanyTel.: +49 (0)9319036031Fax: +49 (0)9319036011E-Mail: [email protected]://www.babcocknoellnuclear.de

Dipole Magnet and Remote Handling

F O R T H E L H C A N D L E P

APPLICATIONS

33


Thanks to the know-how acquired withinCERN on particle detector developments

by the future company’s founder, BIOSCANhas produced a digital imaging and control

systems for medical and industrialapplications. This new system uses a

large-area pixel matrix based on solid-stateamorphous silicon detectors and CMOS

technology.

The main characteristics of the three new digital imaging andcontrol systems are digital imaging in a dynamic mode (up tothirty images per second), with high contrast and resolution:■ X-VIEW has been developed for X-ray, real-time,non-destructive inspection in industrial applications:aeronautics, automotive, nuclear, electronics, space, oil and gas,including hostile environments, food, cultural and archaeologicalstudies.■ PIXRAY has been developed for medical diagnosis andinterventional radiology. It permits the acquisition of real-timeimages with significant dose reduction (up to 100 timescompared to film) and better contrast resolution in comparisonwith the standard techniques.■ IRIS has been developed for cancer therapy to monitor thepatient’s position during treatment with external gamma- andX-ray beams. IRIS improves the quality of the treatment andallows more accurate visualization for localization of thetreatment area during radiotherapy.

THE COMPANY

Since 1990 the activities of BIOSCAN have focused on biomedicalX-ray imaging and non-destructive testing (NDT). BIOSCANdesigns, manufactures and commercializes new products usingcutting-edge technology.

Example of food and electronic inspection with X-VIEW. Left: a nail in a can is visualized. Right: printed circuitry

Example of medical diagnosis with PIXRAY. Very high resolution hand image (30 microns)

Example of IRIS installation mounted in a standard linear accelerator

Example of food and electronic inspection with X-VIEW. Left: a nail in a can is visualized. Right: printed circuitry

Example of medical diagnosis with PIXRAY. Very high resolution hand image (30 microns)

Example of IRIS installation mounted in a standard linear accelerator

BIOSCANPré-Bouvier, 271217 GenevaSwitzerland Tel.: + 41 (0)227851700Fax: + 41 (0)227829418E-Mail : [email protected]://www.bioscan.ch

Digital Imaging& Control Systems

F R O M C E R N D E T E C T O R D E V E L O P M E N T S

APPLICATIONS

34


Non-Magnetic Stainless Steel

F O R T H E L H C B E A M S C R E E N

A new non-magnetic stainless steel(BÖHLER P506) with high mechanical

properties for extreme low temperatureapplications (4.2 K) was developed to be

used as beam screen to shield the LHCmagnet cold core from synchrotron

radiation. The austenitic microstructure isstable down to cryogenic temperatures, in

weld conditions too, with excellentmagnetic impact and corrosion properties

and no hot cracking during the processing.

APPLICATIONS

■ General cryogenic applications in sophisticated energyproduction and transportation systems (e.g. superconductors,pump parts).■ Applications with requirements for extra low magneticpermeability in cold deformed construction parts.■ Scientific instrument industry.■ Petrol industry.

THE COMPANY

BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbH, a 100% daughter of the BÖHLERUddeholm AG group is one of the world’s leading manufacturersof high-speed steels, tool steels and special materials. Itconcentrates its efforts on materials for highly demandingapplications.

Semi-finished products for pump production

Semi-finished products for pump production

BÖHLER Edelstahl GmbHMariazellerstraße 258605 KapfenbergAustriaTel.: +43 (0)3862206671E-Mail: [email protected]://www.bohlersteel.com

35


Diode Laser Welding

F O R L H C B E A M S C R E E N S

For the first time diode laser weldingtechnology was used for the manufacture

of magnet beam screens. BUTTING,applying its core competences in forming

and welding, has produced 50 000 metresof perforated and copper-lined oval pipes

made in the Böhler material grade P506(Beam Screens).These pipes of dimension

48.5 x 38.9 x 1/0.075 mm had to bemade in lengths from 5900 mm up to

15 555 mm. In order to achieve the very stringent

tolerances of 40 000 metres of half-shellsin stainless steel AISI 316LN –1.4429 tobe used in the superconducting magnets,

these shells of dimension 550 x 10 mmare manufactured in lengths of

15 450 mm. The company’smanufacturing capabilities and

dimensional control facilities have beenimproved and valuable experience

acquired. The technology knowledgegained can be applied to any other

customer.

APPLICATIONS

The diode laser welding process is now also being used for theproduction of small-bore pipes for special requirements.

THE COMPANY

BUTTING is a German manufacturer of longitudinally weldedstainless steel pipes for many different industries all over theworld. It was founded in Crossen (now in Poland) near the riverOder in 1777 and was re-established in Knesebeck / LowerSaxony in 1946. In 1990, a subsidiary was founded in Schwedt /Oder in the federal state of Brandenburg. BUTTING has severalsales departments in Knesebeck and Schwedt, a representativeoffice in China and partners all over the world, e.g. Canada,Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, South Africa, Korea andIndonesia.

Copper-lined oval pipes DSCN7525

Half-shell JB02-16B

Copper-lined oval pipes DSCN7525

Half-shell JB02-16B

BUTTINGGifhorner Straße 5929379 KnesebeckGermanyTel.: + 49 (0)583450-0Fax: + 49 (0)583450-320E-Mail: [email protected]://www.butting.de

36


Electronic Devices andLuminous Fibers

F R O M C E R N E X P E R I M E N T S

Thanks to experience acquired in designand manufacture for CERN applications,

CAEN and CAEN Aerospace are equippedwith state-of-the-art facilities for the

development of new tools, in particularlow / high voltage power supplies and

front-end and data acquisition digitalelectronics, for detectors, used worldwide

in high-energy and nuclear physics. Theproducts developed and put into the

market are the result of expertisecatalysed from various sectors and madepossible by the continuous interaction of

CAEN developers with physicists andengineers. The latest product CAEN V1729

gives the most accurate signal shape andtiming identifications even for

measurements in harsh environmentalconditions (high-dose, high magnetic fields

etc.). In addition to specific products putinto the market for the physics community

the interactions provided the companywith opportunities to apply know-how and

technologies in other domains (space,medical, textile etc.).

APPLICATIONS

The applications of most advanced digital electronictechnologies for detectors are numerous outside the high-energy physics, synchrotron radiation and nuclear physicdomains. The most important are:■ Space, where the high-reliability requirements and reducedcost as applied for LEP and LHC are important parameters whichhave been exported in the design and conception for suchapplications. CAEN Aerospace has successfully taken part inWizard, Alteino, AMS1 and INTEGRAL / JEM-X and is currentlyinvolved in CPPS, AMS2 and PAMELA. ■ Medicine. An example is the CaRDIS camera (CardiologicalReal-time low-Dose Imaging System). The detector used is anovel type of gamma camera based on the multi-wireproportional chamber, equipped with an advanced, high-ratedigital electronic read-out system. ■ Fabric for clothes based on optical sparkling fibres is the resultof a close collaboration between CAEN S.p.A. and the Swisscompany STABIO Textil SA. LUMINEX® is an international patentand trade-mark.

THE COMPANY

CAEN S.p.A. is one of the most important industrial spin-offs ofINFN. The Company was founded in Viareggio (Italy) in 1980 bya group of senior engineers from the INFN and today still designsand manufactures sophisticated electronic equipment for nuclearphysics research. CAEN is recognized worldwide as one of theleading companies in this field. The quality of its products ismonitored by the UNI EN ISO 9001-2000 standard.

CarDIS camera system CarDIS 19-inch rackfor the power supply

Clothes with LUMINEX®

CarDIS camera system CarDIS 19-inch rackfor the power supply

Clothes with LUMINEX®

CAEN S.p.A.Via Vetraia, 11- 55049 Viareggio (Lucca) ItalyTel.: +39 0584388398Fax: +39 0584388959E-Mail: [email protected]: [email protected]://www.caen.ithttp://www.luminex.ithttp://www.stabiotextil.com

37


Multiple Helium Transfer Lines

F O R A T L A S A N D C M S

Cryogenic fluids are used by the ATLASand CMS experiments. In order to provide

the required cooling capacity, CERN hasinstalled helium and nitrogen refrigerators

(liquefiers) in the auxiliary caverns andtransfer line distribution system near the

experiments.DeMaCo has a long collaboration with

CERN. For 15 years it has been active inCERN either on a direct basis or in

cooperation with Linde Kryotechnik / AirLiquide DTA.

The development of the DeMaCo multiplehelium transfer lines could be done thanks

to cooperation with all the partiesconcerned. While the CERN project staff

made the basic engineering of theprojects, DeMaCo was involved in thedetailed engineering, manufacturing,

project management and installation. Thishas resulted in advanced very cost-

effective designs with the required extremelow heat-in-leak ratios as required by

ATLAS and CMS.

APPLICATIONS

Besides transfer lines, DeMaCo has gained considerableknowledge in the field of valve boxes and phase-separatorswhich together with the transfer lines form the most economiclink between the liquefiers and the application. Needless to say,adjacent to the development for the helium transfer lines theproduct development for other liquid gasses transfer hasbenefited to the same extent. The most important is, however,that DeMaCo as an organization has developed to such a levelthat complex projects can be executed on a worldwide basis forany cryogenic application and is today the worldwide supplier oftransfer lines.

THE COMPANY

DeMaCo Holland bv is a par tner in cryogenics, vacuumtechnology and special machine building, areas of professionalexpertise for which the Company has outstanding expertise andis continually investing in technological innovations. DeMaCo'sscope ranges from small- to large-scale and from simple tohighly complex tasks. The Company is accredited ISO 9001 andSCC** (Bureau Veritas) and creates top-quality total solutions inpartnership. Whatever the nature of the assignment, 'Made byDeMaCo' stands for systems that excel in terms of quality,reliability, and durability.

DEMACO Holland bvOester 2,Postbus 41723 ZG Noord-ScharwoudeThe NetherlandsTel.: +31 (0)226332100Fax: +31 (0)226332111E-Mail: [email protected]://www.demaco.nl

38


Multi-Fibre System

F O R T H E C M S T R A C K E R

The CMS experiment relies heavily onoptical links to transfer data from the

detector to the ~65 m distant countingroom. Optical data transmission is

required in order to minimize detectorpower consumption, reduce the amount of

material within the detector's activevolume, and allow the transfer of data at

high rates while remaining immune toelectrical interference. In order to meet the

high cabling density required by allinnermost CMS detectors, optical fibre

ribbon is used. Compact ribbon-connectors such as those proposed by

DIAMOND allow one to build patch-panelsmeeting extremely tight space constraints.The DIAMOND Multiple Fibre System (MFS)combines DIAMOND`s advanced polishing

technology and the flexibility of the MTferrule resulting in a high density and

performance modular solution, which canbe utilized in both back plane and front

panel applications. Each single connectorsupports up to 12 fibres.

APPLICATIONS

The MFS is a standardized solution available on the market todayand is compliant with EN 186310 and TIA/ EIA 604-15 and canbe used in applications such as■ Patch cords and fan-out assemblies,■ Data and telecommunication networks.

THE COMPANY

DIAMOND S.A. was established in 1958 as a machinist of ultra-hard materials and a manufacturer of industrial jewels, recordplayer styluses, and other high-precision components. Theexperience gained in these endeavours formed the basis of thecompany's exper tise in precision machining and volumeproduction. The quest for diversification led DIAMOND into thefield of fibre optics, where the Company quickly established aninternationally recognized reputation as an innovator. DIAMONDis the world's leading manufacturer of high-precision fibre opticconnectors, and successfully serves the telecommunicationsindustries of numerous countries worldwide. DIAMOND isrenowned as a dynamic, innovative partner, able to developcustom-tailored solutions in response to customer demands.

Multiple fibre system

Multiple fibre system

DIAMOND S.A.Via dei Patrizi 56616 LosoneSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)917854545Fax: +41 (0)917854500E-Mail: [email protected]://www.diamond-fo.com

39


Cable for Monitoring

F O R T H E L H C M A C H I N E A N DE X P E R I M E N T S

The Induced Activity Monitor detector (aplastic ionization chamber) has to be

installed in high radiation areas for remotemeasurements of the LHC machine and

experiments during beam operation. As aconsequence of the high exposure, itselectronics must be detached from the

detector that imposes the use of a reliableand accurate cabling. An integrated cable

composed of two special coaxial cablesand two twisted pairs inside an overall

braided copper screen and the associatedconnectors have been developed.

The SPA6 cable has been validated for theapplication for lengths comprised between800 to 1000 metres with current as low as

-0.1 pA for the inner signal coaxial cableand –1 kV for the high-voltage polarization

of the ionization chamber. DRAKA, aleader in coaxial cable manufacturing, has

developed a new product according toCERN specifications.

APPLICATIONS

The new product made available by DRAKA is now a standarditem in the CERN stores and has found application or is beingapplied by other customers in:■ Ionization chambers developed for ILL in Grenoble, the world'sleading research centre for research using neutron beams,■ ESRF monitoring installation.

THE COMPANY

DRAKA Multimedia Cable GmbH is a company with more than 150years of experience in cable manufacturing, located in Cologne,Germany. The core competence is development, production andsales of innovative cables for video, data and voice signals inoffice, studio, home, central office switching, industrial and CATVapplications. A branch is specialized in radio-frequency (RF) andcustomer specific cables. For over 30 years DRAKA MultimediaCable has been designing RF pulse cables for kicker magnets incooperation with CERN. DRAKA is a worldwide provider anddeveloper of coaxial cables. The Company is especially aware ofquality and environment with their quality system in accordancewith DIN EN ISO 9001 and their environmental managementsystem in accordance with DIN EN ISO 14001.

The SPA6 cable

The SPA6 cable

DRAKA Multimedia Cable GmbHPiccoloministrasse 251063 CologneGermanyTel.:+ 49 (0)221677-0 Fax: + 49 (0)221677-2287E-Mail: [email protected]://www.drakacomteq.com

40


Network ManagementSystems

F O R C E R N ’ S I N S T A L L A T I O N S

Since the construction of LEP in the1980s, EFACEC has produced several

types of electronic equipment for CERN,including the electronic modules andchassis for the SPS RENOVATION and

MINIDISCAP programmes. More recentlybesides its standard solution for the power

network management systems, theCompany developed specific features for

CERN, namely the Gateway to ExternalSystems (GATE X) and Front-end interfaces

to existing RTUs and other devices.This experience was very important to

EFACEC, since it projected the company inthe SCADA / DMS area and new

functionalities were added to the coresolution.

APPLICATIONS

Today’s fast changing world is pushing power distributionutilities to new challenges, where improving the efficiency ofpower system operation is one of the key issues. SCATE Ximproves network operation, analysis and planning. The systemwas designed according to the state-of-the-art and relies on thelarge experience of EFACEC in this field. The result from thedevelopment carried out for CERN is an advanced system wheretraditional SCADA functions are complemented by a set ofdistribution-network-oriented functions (DMS), namely networkcolouring, topology processing, power applications such aspower flow, short circuit analysis, state estimation, as well asload forecasting, fault detection, etc. that have been integratedin the core products of the Company as shown below.

THE COMPANY

EFACEC Sistemas de Electrónica, S.A. is an EFACEC GroupCompany, devoted to Electronics and Information Technologies.Created in the 1940s the EFACEC Group is the biggestPortuguese industrial group in the domain of electricity andelectronics, developing its activity in the areas of energy,transport, telecommunications, industry and buildings, serviceand maintenance, logistics and environment.

SCATE X: editing the geographical map (detail)

Control centre based on the SCATE X (Metro Do Porto, Porto, Portugal)

Control centre based on the SCATE X(Bandeirante, São Paulo, Brazil)

SCATE X: editing the geographical map (detail)

Control centre based on the SCATE X (Metro Do Porto, Porto, Portugal)

Control centre based on the SCATE X(Bandeirante, São Paulo, Brazil)

EFACEC Sistemas de Electrónica, S.A.Rua Eng. Frederico Ulrich – Apartado 30784471-907 Moreira MaiaPortugalTel.: +351 229402000Fax: +351 229485428E-Mail: [email protected]://www.efacec.pt

In metropolitan and access networks scalability, cost efficiencyand easy installations are prime concerns. Micro cable systemsbased on air-blown installation techniques are therefore theperfect solution for that application. The design of the microcable used is crucial to meet the demands in terms of ductutilization, installation performance and transmissionperformance. A completely new micro cable concept has beenintroduced, which facilitates a significantly reduced cablediameter and better installation performance compared toexisting micro cable designs and yet delivers optical andenvironmental performance equivalent to traditional loose tubeduct cables.


Optical Fibres

T H E R I B B O N C O N C E P T F O R A T L A S A N D C M S

Optical links are required to exchange databetween the detector front ends and the

control rooms of ATLAS and CMS. Theribbon concept with single-mode ormultimode optical fibres has been

accepted for an installation in the harshenvironment. The ATLAS experiment willuse approximately 25 000 digital opticallinks based on 50 µm-fibre and 850 nm

VCSEL emitters while the CMS experimentwill operate about 150 000 optical links.A novel ribbon cable with eight 12-fibreribbons has been designed and tested.

The 12-fibre ribbon is of the encapsulatedtype with a thin outer layer, the ribbon

matrix. The pictures show two exampleswhere ERICSSON has benefited from the

knowledge acquired from CERN purchases.There are other examples as well. In work

with CERN during the last few years,ERICSSON has learnt about material prop-

erties in general and for harsh environ-ments in particular.

APPLICATIONS

THE COMPANY

ERICSSON has been active worldwide since 1876 and is todaypresent in more than 140 countries, with headquarters located inStockholm, Sweden. ERICSSON is the largest supplier of mobilesystems in the world and supports all major standards forwireless communication. The Company drives the telecomsindustry and is shaping the future. The world’s 10 largest mobileoperators are among its customers and some 40% of all mobilecalls are made through ERICSSON systems. ERICSSON providestotal solutions — from systems and applications to services andcore technology for mobile handsets.

A 12-fibre ribbon with tight dimensions

A 72-fibre Compact Fibre Units micro cable

The developed cablewith 8 ribbons(96 fibres) exposed to a specialbending test

An advanced test, where long lengths of the cable (about 25 km) is placedin a container for evaluation, before itis cut in shorter delivery lengths of typically 60 m

A 12-fibre ribbon with tight dimensions

A 72-fibre Compact Fibre Units micro cable

The developed cablewith 8 ribbons(96 fibres) exposed to a specialbending test

An advanced test, where long lengths of the cable (about 25 km) is placedin a container for evaluation, before itis cut in shorter delivery lengths of typically 60 m

ERICSSON Network Technologies ABKabelvägen 1824 82 HudiksvallSwedenTel.: +46 (0)65036258 Fax: +46 (0)65036064http://www.ericsson.com

41

42


Integrated DigitalConference

F O R C O N F E R E N C E S

A new Web application for organizingconferences has been developed within

the CERN Document Server (CDS).Following the tradition of CDS Agenda, the

tool allows scheduling of conferences,from single talks to complex meetings with

sessions and contributions. Moreover, italso includes an advanced user delegation

mechanism, allowing the reviewing ofpapers, archiving of conference

information and electronic proceedings.FONTISMEDIA, as a provider of Conference

Organization support, is using the systemto respond efficiently to customer needs.

APPLICATIONS

In 2004 the Company used a customized version of InDiCo toprovide necessary support to an international scientificconference on electrochemistry organized by the InternationalSociety of Electrochemistry.

THE COMPANY

FONTISMEDIA S.A., founded in 2000, provides a full range ofservices related to the communication of scientific and technicalinformation, with expertise in the areas of publishing, marketing,event organization (including scientific conferences), andlogistical support. The nature of scientific publishing is evolving rapidly, and incomefrom journals and conferences is under pressure. Newtechnologies are emerging almost on a monthly basis, with theInternet at the heart of these developments. FONTISMEDIA worksin close relation with the customers to find the solution that usesthese technologies to the best advantage, whether it be for aspecific project or as a long-term service provider.

FONTISMEDIA S.A.Avenue Vinet 191004 LausanneSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)216483971E-Mail: [email protected]://www.fontismedia.com

43


Measuring Rod

F O R A L I G N M E N T O F C E R N A C C E L E R A T O R S

Advanced geodetic techniques to fulfil theneeds for precision alignment of beam line

elements during assembly or positioninghave been developed at CERN for more

than 40 years. Among these techniques,the alignment of the elements based on

high-accuracy length and wire offset-measurements and carried out with special

instruments are very good examples. TheDISTINVAR allows distance measurementsusing invar wires up to 50 m long, with an

accuracy of 0.2 mm (RMS). The wireoffset measurements are carried out with

the ecartometer. The wire can be stretchedup to 100m or more, and the instrumentautomatically detects the position of the

wire with an accuracy of few hundredths ofa millimetre (RMS). Measurement

conditions have to be carefully controlledin order to avoid any systematic errors.

APPLICATIONS

The developed device is applied in particle accelerators, nuclearpower stations, radio-astronomy antennas, dams and rocketlaunching bases. Transfer of competences and know-how fromCERN has also resulted in others product, the latest being theMAGNOFF-SENSOR ©, which has been used for the metrologymeasurements and installed in the anchoring towers of theHarilaos Trikoupis bridge in Greece.

THE COMPANY

Founded in 1928 the Company J Baechler & Fils has always beena leader in the field of measurement and is today amanufacturer of high-precision material for the acquisition andmeasurements in industrial geodesy and civil engineering. TheCompany is also a founder member of the Office of IndustrialPromotion. GEODESIE INDUSTRIELLE S.A. manufactures and sellsprecision instruments resulting from the research anddevelopment carried out in organizations and large physicslaboratories such as CERN, ESRF, ESA, Synchrotrons in China, theUS and Japan, and for industry and for Aerospatiale: Toulouse,Kourou.

EcartometerMAGNOFF-SENSOR©

installed on the Harilaos Trikoupisbridge towers

Harilaos Trikoupisbridge in Greece

EcartometerMAGNOFF-SENSOR©

installed on the Harilaos Trikoupisbridge towers

Harilaos Trikoupisbridge in Greece

GEODESIE INDUSTRIELLE S.A.Chemin des Coquelicots 15-171214 Vernier – GenevaSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)223411273 Fax: +41 (0)223412233E-Mail : [email protected]://www.geodesie.com

44


Control and MonitoringSystems

F O R A L I G N M E N T O F C E R N A C C E L E R A T O R S

As a provider of control and monitoringsystems for CERN projects, GTD has

acquired a vast experience in the design,development, installation and

commissioning of turn-key critical systems.An outstanding example is the control

system for LHC cryogenics.The object of this project is to provide the

Process Control Systems (PCS) for thecryogenic equipment of the LHC

accelerator as well as of ATLAS and CMSmagnets. The control software developed

for this project is provided separatelyfrom, but concurrently with, the equipment

deliveries, and is referred to as UNICOS(UNified Industrial Control System). The

development of the PCS is on the basis ofan Object Library. It was developed and

validated in collaboration with CERN.

APPLICATIONSThe broad experience gained by GTD in this project is being usedin a wide diversity of state-of-the-art control projects for thespace, avionics and manufacturing industries. The control ofground facilities at the European Spaceport in Guyana is largelyinspired by the LHC cryogenics design. Protocols based on thosedeveloped for LHC cryogenics have also been applied toMercedes and Volkswagen manufacturing plants and for aeolicpower plants supervision. The supervisory functions andresources developed have found applications in Spanish centraland regional governments.

THE COMPANY

GTD Ingeniería de Sistemas y de Software, founded in 1987, withheadquarters in Barcelona is one of the most importantEuropean companies for software and system engineering ineconomic sectors such as space, defense, aeronautics, industry,science and telecommunication. The activity of GTD centres onthe conception, design, development, installation andmaintenance of all types of control and information systems,always within the most demanding requirements of its clients.From the initial consultation and basic engineering, to thedelivery of turn-key systems, the services of GTD are supportedby an experience demonstrated in the development of globalsolutions. The flexibility to implement the most appropriatesolutions in order to satisfy its clients is a strong asset of thecompany. Presently the GDT organization includes a staff of over200 people.

Ariane 5 launching Jupiter 2 control room

GTD proposal for new CERN control centre

Ariane 5 launching port centre

Jupiter 2 control room

GTD proposal for new CERN control centre

GTD Ingeniería de Sistemas y de SoftwarePso. García Faria 1708005 BarcelonaSpainTel: +34 (0)934939300Fax: +34 (0)932255080E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.gtd.es

45


Power Supply Cables

F O R S I L I C O N D E T E C T O R S I N T H E C M S I N N E R C O R E

HABIA KABEL realized the power supplycables for the silicon detectors in the inner

core of CMS. Cables used inside thetracker volume are of the aluminium type(Ø 8.4 mm) and about 5 metre long. The

silver-plated aluminium multi-strandconductors are used because of their light

weight. The cable is composed of 28individual conductors and provides

multi-services such as low-voltages, high-voltages, sense wires, drain wires and

connections to environmental probes fortemperature and humidity. All selectedmaterials are resistant to high-radiation

levels.The cable development was done in close

collaboration with CERN/CMS to satisfytheir specific requirements.

APPLICATIONS

Owing to the better measurement performances achieved inradiation areas, this new development has resulted in a newmulti core product and finds application in nuclear productionand handling as well as waste processing treatment.

THE COMPANY

The Company established in 1941 is today part of the BeijerAlma group of companies and focuses on the production ofcomponents for customers in high-technology sectors.HABIA KABEL GmbH provides development, design andmanufacture of high-performance cables and cable systems fordemanding applications with a high level of services. The wiresand cables have to meet the requirements of internationalstandards and customer specifications. The special demands onthe cables are water resistance, fire protection, low / hightemperature, small dimensions, light weight, radiationresistance, halogen-free, oil / chemical resistance, vibration,mechanical strength. The application areas include control andinstrumentation, nuclear, industrial, transport, telecom anddefense sectors.

HABIA KABEL GmbHZeppelinstrasse 5/189231 Neu-UlmGermanyTel.: +49 (0)731704795-20Fax: +49 (0)731704795-99E-Mail: [email protected]://www.habia-kabel.de

46


DC Current Measuring System

F O R T H E L H C

Very stringent measurements of directcurrents in high-voltage transmissionsystems are made for the regulation,protection and costing of the energy

transmitted. The LHC superconductingaccelerator requires ultra-high-precision

current measurement systems operatingwith the zero-flux principle and high-accuracy resistive current measuring

systems. In 1972 HITEC adopted a CERNidea for very precise DC current

measurement, which was based on thezero-flux principle. The company was the

first to manufacture such products forscientific applications and has been doing

so very successfully ever since. Over theyears the company and CERN have stayed

in close contact. Many innovations camefrom these contacts. It finally resulted in a

brand-new, state-of-the-art, measuringsystem that is going to control the most

critical power supplies in the LHC project.

APPLICATIONS

The system is widely used in nuclear research projects, plasmaphysics experiment applied scientific research, industry,industrial calibration workshops, medical applications and high-voltage DC transmission systems. It is a standard for high-precision DC measurements. A zero-flux system is for use in high-voltage DC transmissionsystems. With these transmission systems energy is transportedover very long distances or via undersea cables. Insulationvoltages can sometimes be up to 500 kV.The Zero-fluxtm is available for current up to 30 000 A, withaccuracies not in the ‘percentage’ scale but in the incredible‘ppm’ range.

THE COMPANY

HITEC Power Protection bv has grown from a small Dutch compa-ny to a global enterprise that designs, manufactures, distributes,and services best-in-class Continuous Power Supply (CPS) andUninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems for customersaround the world. The Company installed UPS systems with atotal power close to 1 000 MVA. The Company was originatedfrom such well-known companies as HEEMAF, Hazemeyer andHolec. Its experience of electro-technical products goes backmore than a century.

Zero-flux™ measuring systems

Zero-flux™ measuring systems

HITEC Power Protection bvPO Box 65, 7600 AB AlmeloThe NetherlandsBedrijvenpark Twente 40Tel.: +31 (0)546589589Fax: +31 (0)546589489Help Desk: +31 546589567E-Mail: [email protected]://www.hitecups.com

47


Aluminium Tubes

F O R A L I C E A N D L H C bM A G N E T W I N D I N G S

In conjunction with CERN, OUTOKUMPUSuperconductors, Fermilab, Marti Supratecand others, has developed the ContinuousRotary Extrusion or CONFORMTM method of

cladding superconductors, both braidedand single strand, to produce aluminium

stabilized superconducting cables ofextremely high quality with little or no

degradation in lengths that have exceeded4 km. Recent collaboration with CERN

(LHCb, ALICE) has led to the developmentof long-length, large-cross-section, alumini-um tubes for magnet windings to be used

as part of the LHC project. Innovativemethods of extrusion and coil winding

were developed to allow these large-cross-section extrusions to be produced in truly

continuous lengths with uniformproperties.

APPLICATIONS

The company has supplied nearly 100 lines throughout theworld. This method, developed in conjunction with CERN,OUTOKUMPU Superconductors, Fermilab, Marti Supratec and oth-ers, has allowed OUTOKUMPU HOLTON CONFORMTM to acquirenew markets in applications such as:■ Utility power cables,■ Transport, ■ Telecommunications and data cables, ■ Hybrid cable products,■ Domestic applications,■ Aerospace,■ Medical,■ Metallurgical,■ Recycling.

THE COMPANY

HOLTON Machinery Ltd. was formed in the mid 1970s to exploita manufacturing licence from the UK Atomic Energy Authority forHOLTON CONFORMTM continuous rotary extrusion machines.Holton has been part of the OUTOKUMPU group since 1991.OUTOKUMPU HOLTON Ltd. is a manufacturer of CONFORMTM

continuous extrusion equipment. The development allowedOUTOKUMPU HOLTON to open new markets and serve newcustomers whilst also benefiting existing CONFORMTM users.

Specific sampleHOLTON CONFORMTM

2000 machine

Specific sampleHOLTON CONFORMTM

2000 machine

OUTOKUMPU HOLTON Ltd.Albany House, Elliott RoadBournemouth, DorsetBH11 8JHUnited KingdomTel.: +44 (0)1202581881Fax: +44 (0)1202581789E-Mail: [email protected]://www.holton-conform.com

48


Multi-Channel Chip

F O R T H E D E L P H I E X P E R I M E N T

An advanced silicon detector providingvery precise tracking, called the Vertex

Small Angle Tagger (VSAT) calorimeter wasdeveloped and built, near the collision

point of the DELPHI experiment, to detectvery short lived particles by extrapolating

the tracks back towards the interactionpoint. Microstrips and readout electronics

based on the 128-channel chip 'Viking'IDEAS, were used.

APPLICATIONS

The know-how acquired on amorphous silicon detectors andreadout electronics has allowed the company to developcomponents for applications such as:■ LumaGEM camera for scintimammography,■ Cardiology CdZnTe camera,■ Single-photon counting detector for medical use,■ Biomolex for molecular biology,■ SWIFT Gamma-Ray Burst Mission (NASA) equipped with anoptical and X-ray telescope and a CdZnTe / XA1.2 based codedaperture gamma camera.

THE COMPANY

IDEAS ASA, founded in 1992, employs today 27 people. IDEAS’unique expertise lies in the area of radiation detection andimaging technology, developing and supplying high-technologyproducts for use in nuclear medicine, security and safety,medical X-ray, biomedicine, industrial inspection and physics.IDEAS is a world-class centre for research and commercialdevelopment of solid-state camera heads and detection modulesto provide high-quality and high-resolution digital images. TheCompany also delivers standard products which utilizesemiconductor sensors combined with advanced readoutelectronics, as well as customized solutions. Within the area ofbiomedicine, IDEAS has together with the Norwegian RadiumHospital established Biomolex AS, a Norwegian company workingwith methods and systems for functional genomic andproteomics.

LumaGEM camera forscintimammography

Cardiology CdZnTe camera

Biomolex for molecular biology

LumaGEM camera forscintimammography

Cardiology CdZnTe camera

Biomolex for molecular biology

IDEAS ASAMail: PO Box 1, 1330 FornebuNorwayVisiting address: Martin Linges vei25, Snarøya Tel.: +47 67827171Fax: +47 67827172E-Mail: [email protected]://www.ideas.no

49


Rolled Rings

F O R L E P

Almost 20 years ago IMBACH, aforgemaster with wide experience, was

contacted by the CERN mechanicalworkshop to supply flanges in aluminium

and specifically in AlMg 4.5 Mn for the LEPproject. Technical information on forgingand ring rolling process for such materialdid not exist and even the supplier of thebasic material was surprised that it could

be forged or ring rolled at all. Technicalsolutions had to be found for forging and

ring rolling the material which couldinstead be easily machined. Amongst themany difficulties to be overcome during

the processing were the ring cracking andbursting associated with the high contentof Natrium. These developments allowed

the Company to start its aluminium rolledrings business.

APPLICATIONS

AluRingTec is a registered trademark in 13 countries and is nowsynonymous with high quality aluminium rings. Owing to thespecific structure and qualities, these are used in manyapplications. One example is the aluminium forged, CNC-rolledand finished machined aluminium coil former for a high-field NMRat Bruker Biospin in Switzerland.

THE COMPANY

IMBACH & CIE AG was founded in 1888 and today themanagement of the Company lies in the hands of the fourthgeneration of the IMBACH family. The Company views thecustomer as a ‘development and systems partner’. Central to theCompany competence and skills are the various forgingtechnologies which include open-die forging, drop forging andring rolling (RingTec) using a broad variety of materials likesteels, nickel alloys, copper alloys, alluminium or titanium andthe machining technologies which include rough machining,finish machining, tool making (CAD/CAM). The Companydevelops high-quality products and services, puts themcost-effectively into action and continuously optimizes them. Inorder to improve the overall performance of the large-scaledrop-forge hammer, a new rotary furnace was commissioned inJanuary 2002 with a bed diameter of 3.7 m and a new forgingmanipulator was installed in September 2004.

Rolled rings in Aluminium

One installation at CERN

700 MHz UltraShield Plus NMR magnet by Bruker Biospin Switzerland for state- of-the-art spectrometry

Rolled rings in Aluminium

One installation at CERN

700 MHz UltraShield Plus NMR magnet by Bruker Biospin Switzerland for state- of-the-art spectrometry

IMBACH & CIE AGSolutions in MetalStämpfelfeld 9 6244 Nebikon SchweizSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)627484444 Fax: +41 (0)627484440E-Mail: [email protected]://www.imbach.com

50


Micro Strip Gas Chamber

F O R D E T E C T O R S

IMT has been providing CERN and similarfacilities with large electrically conductive

sensor plates with patterns acting asanodes and cathodes called Micro Strip

Detector Plates.Through cooperation with CERN the

company has accrued the know-how inmanufacturing electrically conductivelayers. In close cooperation with the

designers and users, IMT supplies MicroStrip Sensor Plates with conductive

structures in chrome, gold and aluminium.Patterns as small as 8 µm and on a variety

of substrates as large as400 mm x 400 mm in thicknesses down

to 0.4 mm are available.

APPLICATIONS

IMT has been faced with a very wide range of technicalrequirements for the Micro Strip Detector Plates (electricallyconductive structures on thin glass used as sensor plates in thegas chamber detector). These developments have foundapplications in:■ Gas chamber detectors in particles accelerators,■ Gas chamber detectors in satellites.The know-how acquired in the field of electrically conductivelayers now, among others, benefits IMT customers in the fields ofcustom-made electro-optic modulators.

THE COMPANY

IMT Masken und Teilungen AG is a supplier of high-grade cus-tom-made microstructures on glass and other substrates. IMToperates a 1000 m2 clean room facility near Zürich and inOctober 2004 employs a staff of 59 experts in the field ofmicrolithography, optics and physics.

Picture of gas chamber detector plate used for the X-ray detector in the ESA satellite ‘Integral’

Micro strip gas chamber

Picture of gas chamber detector plate used at CERN

plates

Picture of gas chamber detector plate used for the X-ray detector in the ESA satellite ‘Integral’

Micro strip gas chamber

Picture of gas chamber detector plate used at CERN

plates

IMT Masken und Teilungen AGIm Langacher8606 GreifenseeSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)19431900Fax: +41 (0)19431901E-Mail: [email protected]://www.imtag.ch

51


Intelligent Assistant

F R O M C E R N A C A D E M I C L E C T U R E S

Archibald is a development inspired by thework and academic lectures at CERN from

1974 to 1976. It is an intelligent electronic assistant withvoice recognition that controls electronic

appliances directly through the 220 Velectrical network so there is no need for

communication cables (X-10 protocol).Archibald was awarded the European

Information Technology Prize 97 inBrussels (25th November 1997).

A new generation, Archibald 2, wasdeveloped in cooperation with the

Universities of Lausanne, Geneva and Lyonusing the EHS protocol (European HomeSystems). Archibald 2 can now performany digital or analog function within any

electric power consumer.

APPLICATIONS

This system helps the handicapped, convalescents and theelderly to achieve independence, security and comfort. Here aresome examples of what it is possible to ask Archibald to do: ■ call a friend or your nurse, ■ dial a telephone number, ■ call for help, ■ keep a watch on the neighbourhood,■ be your ‘body guard’,■ switch on / off or regulate electrical appliances. House or apartment owners can use Archibald: ■ to switch on-off or regulate all electrical appliances, ■ to open or close doors, windows, the garage or the gate, ■ to save energy and time, ■ for infrared or camera surveillance, ■ as a burglar alarm, ■ to start up the garden watering system, air-conditioning,heating, or fill the swimming pool, etc. All this can be done simply with vocal or macro commands, or bytelephoning instructions to the assistant.The general manager or the production manager can useArchibald for the following tasks: ■ control production processes, ■ surveillance of offices and workshops, ■ timing procedures, ■ checking, ■ control temperature, air-conditioning, shutters.

THE COMPANYINTELLART S.A. is offering two products based on more than 20years of R&D in artificial intelligence.

Archibald People who are disabled, elderly or convalescent

Home automation

Archibald People who are disabled, elderly or convalescent

Home automation

INTELLART SAPré-Bouvier 27 1217 MeyrinSwitzerlandTel: +41 (0)227820477 Fax: +41 (0)227829418 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.intellart.ch

52


Detector Electronics

F O R T H E A T L A S D E T E C T O R

The silicon tracker is a key element of theATLAS detector at the LHC. The system isdesigned to operate with a 40 MHz bunchcrossing frequency in a high particle fluxdensity and hard radiation environment.The inner tracker measures the paths of

electrically charged particles. Its innermostsensors are semiconductor devices

providing position accuracy of 0.01mm.

APPLICATIONS

An R&D development project started in 2002 for:■ Digital X-ray camera Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)market,■ Computer Tomography (CT).The novel ideas of INTERON allow low-cost, high-reliability,high-speed, true-colour / higher-quality imaging, and lesspatient radiation exposure.

THE COMPANY

INTERON AS is a Norwegian technology company working withnew technologies for X-ray imaging. It was incorporated in 2002and has currently eight employees and affiliates. Its base ofoperation is in Asker, in the outskirts of Oslo. Soon after theincorporation, a close cooperation with CERN was established.This collaboration has been formalized through a partnershipagreement and a commercial licence agreement. About half ofthe staff of INTERON works currently on the CERN site. INTERONhas two pending patents on ‘Color X-ray’ camera-on-a-chiptechnology. The long-term vision of INTERON is to prove theprinciples of these patent-applied ideas, and to offer productswhere the electronic component is intended to be sold as part ofa complete system to one or more of the global leading CTmanufacturers. While the R&D is ongoing INTERON is developingand supplying somewhat less ambitious electronics to a few keypartners and customers in the X-ray imaging market.

INTERON ASRingveien 141386 AskerNorwayTel: +47 66982843/+4799430024Fax: +47 66982844http://www.interon.no

53


High-Voltage Multi-Channel System

F O R A T L A S

In cooperation with the ATLAScollaboration the ISEG company developeda high-voltage multi-channel system for use

in the liquid argon calorimeter.The excellence of the system is:

Highest density per channel, in totalca 4000 ch, 2.5 kV;

Excellent electrical specification matchingall requirements of the detector;

System SW implemented into the slowcontrol of LHC experiments.

In addition to the ATLAS requirements,ISEG developed HV PS for ALICE, CMS,

LHCb and COMPASS.

APPLICATIONS

As a result of this co-operation, the Company continues toprovide HV needed not only for applications in particle physicsand many more fields in physics but also in applications forindustry, e.g. testing, analysing, X-ray, medical, optical etc.

THE COMPANY

The ISEG Spezialelektronik GmbH Company specializes in thedevelopment and production of high-voltage power supplies forindustry and research. This is based on 20 years of experiencein the development and use of technologies of modern high-voltage generation. Through the development of a newgeneration of high-voltage power supplies in modern, patentedresonance mode technique, it is possible to offer customers veryefficient HV units with small dimensions and excellent electricalparameters. This new generation besides using modern circuittechniques is also directed to modern component andmanufacturing technologies, in order to arrive at cost-effectiveproduction and high quality. All units are available as standardversion or optionally with digital interfaces allowing integrationinto computer-based systems.

High-voltage powersupply SHQ xxx up to 6 kV

MMC - Modular multichannel high-power HV system

High-voltage multichannel system for CERN ATLAS

High-voltage powersupply SHQ xxx up to 6 kV

MMC - Modular multichannel high-power HV system

High-voltage multichannel system for CERN ATLAS

ISEG Spezialelektronik GmbHBautzner Landstraße 2301454 Radeberg / RossendorfGermanyTel.: +49 (0)35126996-0 Fax: +49 (0)35126996-21E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.iseg-hv.com

54


Quality Inspection of Equipment and

Components

F O R T H E L H C

Since 2000 ISQ and CERN have developeda complete set of quality inspection

methodologies and quality assuranceprocesses to be applied in the equipmentconstruction of large scientific facilities at

CERN and manufacturing of LHCsuperconducting cables, magnets,

cryogenic components and cryostats.These methodologies have been used in a

multiplicity of services provided by morethan 20 ISQ engineers working for the

needs of the LHC in nine differentcountries and many others. These servicesare aiming to improve the quality and safe-

ty in the operation of this equipment andcomponents, leading to optimized

construction costs and accomplishmentwith technical specifications.

APPLICATIONS

The benchmarking and adaptation of quality and safetyinspections methodologies and procedures for the LHCequipment, resulted in the acquisition of a very special know-how and specific expertise in the areas of quality and safety ofcryogenics. This has allowed the application by ISQ of theknow-how acquired working with CERN in the ALMA project, beingdeveloped by ESO (European Southern Observatory) inGermany, and the GTM (Grande Telescope Milimetro) at theGuyana Space Centre of ESA.

THE COMPANY

ISQ is a non profit and independent organization founded in1965, providing services on construction, supervision andinspection, maintenance inspection, testing, non-destructivetesting, metrology, etc. With around 800 employees worldwide,ISQ operates in more than 20 countries.

Computer form of the inspection

Welding inspection of a cryo-magnetic

Internal video inspection of virtual pipes

Computer form of the inspection

Welding inspection of a cryo-magnetic

Internal video inspection of virtual pipes

ISQ – Instituto de Soldadura e QualidadeAv. Prof. Dr. Cavaco Silva, 332740-120 Porto SalvoPortugalTel: + 351 214228115Fax: + 351 214228125E-Mail: [email protected]://www.isq.pt

55


Dipole Magnet

A W E L D I N G P R E S S F O R T H E L H C

LINCOLN ELECTRIC started cooperationwith CERN, CTE and Servorobot in 1998

for a welding press system able to weld anopen and variable gap for the production

of dipole magnets for the LHC. Several challenging problems were faced

during the selection of the technologybecause of the need to weld continously

the 16 metres of the magnet, with therequired high-quality and mechanical

characteristics.STT technology was selected as the

welding power source, because of itscapability to cope with the stringent

requirements and was interfaced to anautomatic laser tracking system.

There are now three welding presses:Italy (Ansaldo Genova), France (Alstom

Belfort), and Germany (Noell Zeitz).

APPLICATIONS

Surface tension transfer technology in conjunction with a lasertracking system can be applied to other industries. Tests andevaluations are in an advanced stage in the food and automotiveindustry.

THE COMPANY

LINCOLN ELECTRIC’s commitment to provide the most innovative,cost-effective, quality welding and cutting solutions has guidedthe Company since its foundation in 1895.In the company's centennial year, a new, state-of-the-art motorfacility opened in celebration of the John C. Lincoln AppreciationDay, achieving for 1995 one billion dollar in sales.

Dipole magnet for the LHCwith a welding press

Surface tension transfer‚ behaviour

Dipole magnet for the LHCwith a welding press

Surface tension transfer‚ behaviour

LINCOLN ELECTRIC Italia S.r.L.Via F.lli Canepa, 8 16010 Serra Riccò (Genova) ItalyTel.: +39 010754111 Fax: +39 0107541150http://www.lincolnelectriceurope.com

56


Helium Refrigerator Plants

F O R T H E L H C

For more than 40 years LINDE as providedcryogenic equipment and services to

CERN. The maximum performance andcomplexity has been reached with the

design and construction of the largehelium refrigeration plants for the LHC

project. Parts of the system are cold boxeshousing a four-stage cold compression

system providing cooling at a temperatureof 1.8 kelvin. For the realization of this

project LINDE Kryotechnik and the partnercompany were honoured by CERN with the

Golden Hadron Award.

APPLICATIONS

The longstanding interactions between LINDE and CERN expertsresulted in fruitful two-way knowledge transfer which startedwith the first cryogenic projects at CERN back in the late 1960s.LINDE designs and builds cryogenic systems for a wide range ofapplications covering basic research and industry, coolingsuperconductors and cold neutron sources, fusion and fissionapplications, liquefaction of helium and hydrogen.

THE COMPANY

LINDE Kryotechnik AG is the world's leading manufacturer ofcryogenic equipment. Its core business consists in theplanning, design and construction of helium and hydrogenliquefiers as well as refrigerators. At LINDE engineering centre inPfungen, near Winterthur and Zurich, experienced and dedicatedengineers, technicians and specialists are engaged in makinghigh-tech equipment. LINDE Kryotechnik AG is a subsidiary ofLINDE AG, Wiesbaden, Germany.

Assembly of the 1.8 K helium cold compressor box at the LINDE workshop

Cryostat for horizontal bi-cavity test facility at Bessy (Germany)

The 18 kW cold boxes for the LHC project on their way to CERN

Assembly of the 1.8 K helium cold compressor box at the LINDE workshop

Cryostat for horizontal bi-cavity test facility at Bessy (Germany)

The 18 kW cold boxes for the LHC project on their way to CERN

LINDE Kryotechnik AGDättlikonerstrasse 58422 PfungenSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)523040555Fax: +41 (0)523040550E-mail: [email protected]://www.linde-kryotechnik.ch

57


Gas-Cooled Resistive Current Leads

F O R L H C M A G N E T S

The current gas-cooled resistive currentleads were designed and built according to

CERN specifications and following newdesign principles for cryogenics magnet

applications.The illustrated leads are for 600 A, the

insertion length is 1.4 m, design pressure20 bar and high voltage requirement 1 kV

in a helium environment.As shown in the figures, the current leadsand the warm terminals are seen ready to

accept the external connection. Thecooling gas outlet connection faces away.Cable connections seen at the top are for

instrumentation.

APPLICATIONS

In close collaboration with CERN, MARK & WEDELL has designed,engineered and built a new type of current lead design withspecial focus on solving operational drawbacks known fromconventional designs and optimization with respect to heat inleaks. The resulting concepts can and have beenadvantageously applied also to HTS current leads. Given theopportunity to build relatively large series of such current leads,the manufacturing process was also optimized ending with verycompetitive solutions from a technical as well as a financial pointof view. To date, current leads for 600 A and 15 kA have beenbuilt for CERN and are a new product for the market. Current leads for 60 kA are close to completion for otherinstitutes in high-energy physics.

THE COMPANY

The basic idea of MARK & WEDELL AS is to generate and realizenovel technical solutions. Its main fields cover special machineryfor industrial applications and measurement and samplingequipment for mainly coal-fired power plants.The Company offers services in design, prototyping, test,engineering, manufacturing and field test and can be the partnerin all phases of projects, being part of the realization phase.

MARK & WEDELL AS5 Oldenvej3490 KvistgaardDenmarkTel.: +45 49139822Fax: +45 49139162E-Mail: [email protected]://www.m-w.dk

58


PT2025 NMR Teslameter

Measurement of the magnetic field of a permanent magnet

Array of NMR probes for MRI measurements

Magnetic Field Teslameter

F O R S P S M A G N E T C A L I B R A T I O N

The calibration of SPS magnets required ahigh-precision teslameter. The instrumentdeveloped by METROLAB PT2025 was theresult of the interactions of the Company

with CERN. It utilizes the Nuclear MagneticResonance (NMR) of protons or deuteronsin a magnetic field and it achieves 5 ppm

absolute accuracy and 0.1 µT (1 mG)resolution for measurement or mapping of

uniform magnetic fields in the range0.043 T (430 G) to 13.7 T (137 kG). Optional probe multiplexers enable

readout of up to 64 probes. Theinstrument is reliable and easy to use. This

has established the PT2025 as theinstrument of choice for MRI and

spectrometer magnet mapping, precisionfield control, and magnetic sensor

calibration.

APPLICATIONS

The developed teslameter is widely used by:■ Laboratories,■ MRI manufacturers,■Electromagnet and permanent component and systemmanufacturers,■Environmental standards and safety laboratories anddepartments.

THE COMPANY

METROLAB Instruments S.A. was founded in 1985 tocommercialize NMR magnetic field measurement technologydeveloped at CERN. METROLAB has continued to add innovativeproducts and is now the world's leading manufacturer of veryhigh-precision instrumentation for magnetic field measurementand control.

PT2025 NMR Teslameter

Measurement of the magnetic field of a permanent magnet

Array of NMR probes for MRI measurements

METROLAB Instruments S.A.110, Chemin du Pont du Centenaire1228 Plan-les-Ouates, GenevaSwitzerlandTel.: +41 (0)228843311 Fax: +41 (0)228843310E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.metrolab.ch

59


Current Calibrator


The required precision for the LHC beampositioning and the solutions to this

problem need a high level of creativity inthe design of the calibration support

systems. METRON DESIGNS has suppliedproducts designed to a specification and

was able to design an improvedcommercial version resulting from close

cooperation and pioneering work withCERN. The most significant product was

the I-REF2 CERN, a current calibrationstandard. This provides a precision 10 mA

reference source which is used in threeconfigurations to maintain the magnet

current to an accuracy of around 1 part ina million and nothing like it was available

commercially.The CERN 22-bit Delta-Sigma analog to

digital converter is a key component forthe dynamic maintenance of magnetcurrents and was designed by CERN.

METRON DESIGNS was asked to help in itsevaluation (along with Signal ConversionsLtd.) and to help with the implementation

of some improvements.

APPLICATIONS

■ Working standard in the current calibrator used in each ringsegment.■ Transfer standard used to ‘carry’ the 10 mA precision betweenthe working standard, i.e. the magnets, and the StandardsLaboratory.■ Master reference current maintained in the StandardsLaboratory to internationally agreed values via METAS in Berne. The unit has potential for supporting other activities in precisioncalibration and has already been supplied to the NationalResearch Council of Canada. Also much of the design has beenutilized in a fully commercial product for the company FlukePrecision Measurement. We have also been is discussions aboutits use in maintaining magnet calibration in an MRI scanner. The CERN 22-bit Delta-Sigma analog to digital converter hasbeen part of a programme for the UK's National PhysicalLaboratory supported by the Department of Trade and Industry.There is significant potential for this in many precisionmeasurement areas.

THE COMPANY

METRON DESIGNS Ltd. is a small UK company providing contractdesign and consultancy in the field of precision electricalmetrology. It was set up by the founder of Datron InstrumentsLtd. (now part of Fluke) who is still involved in all of its techni-cal operations.

METRON DESIGNS Ltd.The Old Rectory, Alderford, NorwichNR9 5NFUnited KingdomTel.: +44 (0)1603261669 E-Mail: [email protected]

60


End covers for CERN particle accelerator

Swivels for the offshore oil industry

Advanced PowderMetallurgy End Covers


METSO Powdermet is supplying end-coversmanufactured from powder metallurgy for

the LHC dipole magnets. The strictrequirements such as the high toughness

and high tensile strength near absolutezero temperature (4 K), the fully dense,

porosity-free material preventing theleakage of liquid helium, and the

extremely tight dimensional tolerances ofthe components,

led to the use of hot isostatically pressedpowder (stainless steel AISI 316LN). The

realized fine, homogeneous microstructureensures ultimate mechanical properties

throughout the whole component. The useof 100% dense material without any welds

minimizes the need for non-destructivetesting and the near net shape

manufacturing minimizes the need formachining.

The Company also supplies machinery andsystems and provides after sales services.

APPLICATIONS

New swivels for the offshore oil industry. Thanks to the unique design and the CERN acquired know-how,it was possible to overcome the very complicated internalpassages needed to pump oil, gas and water in swivels.

THE COMPANY

METSO Corporation, founded in 1999, is a global supplier ofprocess industry machinery and systems, as well as know-howand after sales services. The Corporation's core businesses arefibre and paper technology, rock and minerals processing, andautomation and control technology. METSO's business areas areMETSO Paper, METSO Minerals, METSO Automation, and METSOVentures which is comprised of: ■ METSO Panelboard - production lines, equipment and servicesfor the panelboard industry,■ METSO Drives - mechanical power transmission systems for theprocess and energy industries, ■ Foundries,■ Valmet Automotive - contract manufacturing of specialty cars,■ METSO Powdermet - material technology expert services.

End covers for CERN particle accelerator

Swivels for the offshore oil industry

METSO Powdermet OyRieväkatu 2PO Box 110033541 TampereFinlandTel. +358 (0)20484120Fax +358 (0)20484121E-Mail: [email protected]://www.metsopowdermet.com

61


Instrumentation

F O R T H E S P S A N D L E P C O N T R O LB E A M P O S I T I O N

Over three hundred stepping motors andtwo hundred resolvers are used for beaminstrumentation purposes in the SPS andLEP rings and transfer channels. Most ofthese instruments are beam interceptingand therefore require very reliable drive

electronics. The coincidence of theupgrading of the SPS controls in 1993 and

of the energy upgrade of LEP (LEP 2project) was the ideal opportunity to

standardize the motor control systems forboth accelerators and to acquire an

industrial system which would fulfil therequirements for the two machines in themost economical way. The system had to

interface to two different environments, becompatible with the existing application

software, and deal with two different waysof operating the motors. It proved to be

extremely reliable.

APPLICATIONS

The control system consisting of step-to-step motors withstringent electro magnetic interference requirements for themotor controllers and the system interface for both applicationswith a reading system of synchro-resolver able to function at adistance up to 1000 m have been used whenever else such typesof performance were required. The know-how acquired is todayintegrated in components made available by the firm to othercustomers.

THE COMPANY

Founded in 1985, MIDI INGENIERIE is a company mainlycomposed of consulting engineers, which provides consultingservices and undertakes research and development studies inthe field of electronics. Today, MIDI INGENIERIE is an Europeanleader in stepper motor electronic drives and controls. TheCompany designs and markets a complete range of standardproducts: from low-cost to highly sophisticated drivers,controllers, motors and feedback encoders and supplies a widespectrum of applications: space industry, medical, nuclear andphysics experiments, silicon processing. It also proposes todevelop and supply a ‘turnkey’ system that integrates all thenecessary electronic cards, motors, information technology andassociated mechanical functions.

MIDI INGENIERIELabege - Innopole Route de Baziege -BP 13131 676 LABEGE CedexFranceTel.: +33 (0)561399618Fax: +33 (0)561391758http://www.midi-ingenierie.fr

62


Small electron accelerator for industry

Turbine Kaplan dismantled

Energy Autonomy

F R O M A C C E L E R A T O R S

Since 1984 several new technologies havebeen developed by the Company, thanks

to the experience that the founders’ teamhas gained at CERN and subsequent

contracts with CERN. The Company has recently become

specialized in projects with smallaccelerators for water purification, process

control, and artificial intelligenceapplications as well as nanotechnologies.

APPLICATIONS

Small communities like villages in Europe and Africa can beautonomous for energy, where cost and energy saving isimportant.

THE COMPANY

NEWTECH S.A. is a project-oriented company and is offeringproducts based on renewable and cost saving energy. Theproducts offered, in addition to equipment to clean water usinga small electron accelerator, are hydraulic turbines style Kaplan30 kW, water hills 30-50 kW and combined solar / hydraulicgreenhouses.

Small electron accelerator for industry

Turbine Kaplan dismantled

NEWTECH S.A.Pré-Bouvier 271217 MeyrinSwitzerlandTel: +41 (0)227820477Fax: +41 (0)227829418 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.newtech-switzerland.ch

63


Power Converters

F O R C E R N M A C H I N E S

Since the 1970s O.C.E.M. has beenproviding and developing with and for

CERN power converters to fulfil CERN-spe-cific needs for conventional and

superconducting magnets, high-voltagemodulators and state crowbars up to150 000 V – 30 000 A 1ppm and is

established in a technical partnershiprelation to satisfy CERN demands.

Most of the CERN machines including theAntiproton decelerator are using O.C.E.M.

power converters. Existing installationssuch as the PFW power converters of the

PS complex and LEP converters have beenre-adapted to fulfil LHC machine

requirements and O.C.E.M. is working inclose contact with CERN experts in these

operations.

APPLICATIONS

The know-how acquired and the need to satisfy CERN’ssophisticated high-precision requirements in the power suppliesfield, as defined for LEP, permitted the firm to expand their offerto the airport sector. Furthermore, both the LEP and LHC mainsupplies have resulted in new products being put on the marketworldwide such as dipole power supplies, capacitor chargingpower supplies and dipole and quadrupole diode stacks.

THE COMPANY

Since the birth of the Company in the mid 1940s, O.C.E.M. S.p.A.has focused on the research, development and production ofelectronics for industrial and laboratory research applications.O.C.E.M.'s headquarters and manufacturing facilities are locatedin S. Giorgio di Piano, a small town near Bologna, Italy.O.C.E.M.'s competence in research and development and in theproduction area is quite diversified and it covers the followingareas:■ Power supplies for universities and laboratories involved inplasma and particle physics, ■ AC constant current power supplies for airfield and streetseries lighting systems, ■ Automated aerodrome traffic control and monitoring systemsfor safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicular trafficon the ground, ■ Airfield lighting systems for night and low visibility guidance ofaircraft to, from and within airfields. O.C.E.M. is on the market today with a group of four CompaniesAugier (F), OCEM S.p.A. and Sadel s.r.l. (I) and MultiElectric(US).

Capacitor Bank Charger Constant Current Regulator for Airfield applications

O.C.E.M. S.p.A.Via 2 Agosto 1980, n°1140016 S. Giorgio di Piano (Bologna)ItalyTel.: +39 0516656611Fax: +39 0516650099E-Mail: [email protected]://www.ocem.it

Capacitor Bank Charger Constant Current Regulator for Airfield applications

64


Superconducting Strands

F O R T H E L H C

Superconducting cable consists ofmultifilamentary strands of niobium-

titanium alloy and copper. This cable,made to a highly demanding technical

specification, is a critical component of thedipole and quadrupole magnets that

generate the necessary magnetic fields forthe LHC.

With the experience gained byOUTOKUMPU in the development and

production of superconducting productsfor CERN, the company is well prepared to

take up the next big challenge ofmanufacturing conductors for ITER in

Japan.

APPLICATIONS

Superconductors produced by OUTOKUMPU are used in the HEParena for particle accelerator magnets and detectors.These products are widely employed in MRI for medicaldiagnostics, NMR for material analysis, magnet systems to growlarge silicon crystals for the computer chip industry,superconducting magnetic energy storage devices and manyspecialty magnet systems.

THE COMPANY

OUTOKUMPU Poricopper Oy is one of the leading metals andtechnology companies specializing in stainless steel and copper.With its extensive knowledge, innovations and experience inmetals processing, OUTOKUMPU supplies globally a broad rangeof high-value added products.

Superconductor billets being inspected at OUTOKUMPU Advanced Superconductor facility in Waterbury, Connecticut, US

Composite superconducting rods being drawn at OUTOKUMPU’s Fornaci di Barga facility

Continuous filaments ofNb-Ti exposed by etching away the copper from a final LHC type-2 cable

Cross-sections of superconducting strands produced by OUTOKUMPU for the LHC project. The strand contains 6400 filaments of Nb-Ti embedded in a high-purity copper matrix. Each filament measures 6 µm in diameter or one-tenth the size of a human hair

OUTOKUMPU Poricopper OyKuparitie, 28101 PoriFinlandOUTOKUMPU Copper Superconductors Via della Repubblica, 257 55052 Fornaci di BargaItalyOUTOKUMPU Advanced Superconductors, Inc.1875 Thomaston Avenue 06704 Waterbury, ConnecticutUnited Stateshttp://www.outokumpu.com

Superconductor billets being inspected at OUTOKUMPU Advanced Superconductor facility in Waterbury, Connecticut, US

Composite superconducting rods being drawn at OUTOKUMPU’s Fornaci di Barga facility

Continuous filaments ofNb-Ti exposed by etching away the copper from a final LHC type-2 cable

Cross-sections of superconducting strands produced by OUTOKUMPU for the LHC project. The strand contains 6400 filaments of Nb-Ti embedded in a high-purity copper matrix. Each filament measures 6 µm in diameter or one-tenth the size of a human hair

65


Hybrid Pixel Detector

F O R S P S E X P E R I M E N T S

Semiconductor pixel technology forvarious kinds of imaging applications isderived from developments for particle

physics experiments. In trackers made ofpixel detector layers, the position and time

of particles are recorded when they passthrough. This enables single events to be

selected and particle tracks to bereconstructed. Medipix2 is a

single-photon-counting pixel detectorreadout chip. This technology represents

the first of a new generation of energy-sensitive photon counting systems allowing

the counting of single photons. Theinformation, which is contained in the

energy of the incoming photons, is used toreject noise from detector leakage current

or background light and to count onlythose photons which deposit energy within

a given energy window. The resultingimages are practically noise free. In

addition, the fact that linear response isobtained up to a million photons per

second per pixel makes it possible to useit also in applications where a large

amount of photons is present.

APPLICATIONS

X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy equipment usedin the materials industry.

THE COMPANY

PANALYTICAL is the world’s leading supplier of analyticalinstrumentation and software for X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), with more than half acentury of experience. The materials characterization equipmentis used for scientific research and development, for industrialprocess control applications, and for semiconductor metrology.PANALYTICAL, formerly Philips Analytical, employs around 750people worldwide. Its headquarters are in Almelo, theNetherlands.

Chipboard designed by NIKHEF (the Netherlands) for a total of 8 MEDIPIX2 chips conforming to industrial standardand reliably produced and tested

PANALYTICAL’s X'Pert X-ray diffraction equipment for advanced material study, prototype using the MEDIPIX2 technology

PANALYTICAL(formerly Philips Analytical)Lelyweg17602 EA AlmeloThe NetherlandsTel. +31 (0)546534236Fax +31 (0)546534593E-Mail: [email protected]://www.panalytical.com

Chipboard designed by NIKHEF (the Netherlands) for a total of 8 MEDIPIX2 chips conforming to industrial standardand reliably produced and tested

PANALYTICAL’s X'Pert X-ray diffraction equipment for advanced material study, prototype using the MEDIPIX2 technology

66


New Scintillator and EarthSilicate Materials

F O R C E R N D E T E C T O R S

A CERN / PPARC project offers theopportunity to develop a new generation of

optimized scintillators for large physicsexperiments, as well as for medical

imaging devices, an important spin-off ofhigh-energy physics developments. The

project consists of evaluating andcharacterizing samples of rare earth

silicate materials produced by the Scottishcompany PML to assess the possible

optimization of their performance andindustrial production of crystals for

different applications.The main purpose being to understandwhat defects or phenomena impair thelight output and energy resolution, anddetermine what should be modified in

order to improve energy resolution andlight output.

APPLICATIONS

The developments and improvement on rare earth silicatematerials are essential for medical imaging devices like PET.

THE COMPANY

PHOTONIC MATERIALS develops and manufactures single crystalcomponents for a range of applications in medical imaging andoptoelectronics. Founded in 1999, PHOTONIC MATERIALS isbased near Glasgow in Scotland. PHOTONIC MATERIALS’ missionis to develop crystal components for emerging high-volumetechnology applications and supply them reliably and cost-effectively to customers around the world. PHOTONIC MATERIALSis ISO: 9001-2000 and Investors in People certification.

Matrices of 64 LYSO and 64 LuYAP crystals each scintillating under UV light exposure

One PET detector-head made of 64 LYSO and 64 LuYAP pixels gluedon 64-channelphotomultiplier

LYSO boules – property of PML

PHOTONIC MATERIALS Ltd.6 Mallard WayStrathclyde Business Park, BellshillML4 3BF, ScotlandUnited KingdomTel.: +44 (0)1698573810Fax: +44 (0)1698573811E-Mail: [email protected]://www.photonicmaterials.com

Matrices of 64 LYSO and 64 LuYAP crystals each scintillating under UV light exposure

One PET detector-head made of 64 LYSO and 64 LuYAP pixels gluedon 64-channelphotomultiplier

LYSO boules – property of PML

67


Leak Welds Device

F O R T H E L H C M A C H I N E

The LHC has the particularity of having notone, but three vacuum systems: insulation

vacuum for the magnets, insulationvacuum for the helium distribution line

(QRL), and beam vacuum. Therequirements for the beam vacuum are

stringent so that an adequate beamlifetime can be ensured in a cryogenicsystem, where heat input to the 1.9 Khelium circuit must be minimized and

where significant quantities of gas can becondensed on the vacuum chamber.

A sensitive leak testing device of heliumheader welds has been developed basedon hood methods and the device and its

concept have been patented. PXLINDUSTRIES has contributed to making

such a device available in the market withsome practical adjustments.

APPLICATIONS

The device, a single-unit sealing system adaptable to differentdiameters, can be installed and used by a single operator. It canbe easily and quickly installed also in areas with restrictedaccess and has found applications outside high-energy physicsin the cryogenic industry.

THE COMPANY

PXL INDUSTRIES is a mechanics oriented Company manufacturingand distributing rubber seal gaskets, bellows for applications indifferent sectors such as the hydroelectric, off-shore, steel,automotive and paper industries.


PXL INDUSTRIES27, rue de l'Industrie01200 Bellegarde-sur-ValserineFranceTel.: +33 (0)450480209Fax : +33 (0)450485999E-Mail: [email protected]://www.pxl-sa.com


68


High-Performance PET Scanner

F R O M C E R N C O L L A B O R A T I O N

The ClearPETTM small-animal PET system isa project of the Crystal Clear

Collaboration, an interdisciplinary networkof 11 Institutes including CERN and 92

world experts in different aspects ofmaterial science, in which the German

company RAYTEST is the commercialpartner. The ClearPETTM applies thenon-invasive PET (Positron Emission

Tomography) technique to in-vivo imagingof small animals. Recently developedsmall-animal PET systems have a high

spatial resolution of about 2 mm. The ClearPETTM system is a 2nd

generation high performance PET scannerwhich for the first time combines high

resolution and high sensitivity by usingnew technologies in crystals and

electronics.

APPLICATIONS

Small-animal PET for rodents and small primates for in-vivo wholebody investigations under physiological conditions. Thisincludes:■ Functional and diagnostic studies,■ Study of new tracers,■ Study of new drugs for therapy application and in brain andcancer research for testing treatments and new drugs.

THE COMPANY

RAYTESTGmbH has 40 years of experience in design anddevelopment of new scientific instrumentation. ThereforeRAYTEST uses every opportunity to talk to researchers in scienceand industry. The life time of experience and ongoingimprovement of RAYTEST technology enables the Company tomake the finest instruments which produce the best results.Therefore RAYTEST can find the best solutions for scientificinstrumentation of radio-chromatography and bio-imaging. On16 June 1998, RAYTEST achieved the ISO 9001 certification. WithISO 9001 certification, RAYTEST has established a definitivequality process that ensures reliability and consistency from theinitial idea phase to the release of innovative new products,furthering the company's position within the internationalscientific community.

ClearPET system with small (140mm) and large (260mm) diameter

Detector cassette

RAYTEST GmbHBenzstraße 4D 75334 StraubenhardtGermanyTel.: +49 (0)708292550 Fax: +49 (0)7082-20813E-Mail: [email protected]://www.raytest.com

ClearPET system with small (140mm) and large (260mm) diameter

Detector cassette

69


Ultra-High Vacuum

F O R T H E L H C

CERN collaboration with SAES Gettersbegan in the late 1970s, at the time of thedesign of the vacuum system of LEP, whena Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) strip basedon the SAES Getters St101 getter alloy was

selected as the main pumping system ofthe storage ring. As a result, a total of

about 23 km of such a strip was suppliedby SAES Getters to CERN. Later, during the

1990s, merging together expertise andknowledge on NEG and sputtering, the

latter matured in the frame of thedevelopment and production of the

niobium coated RF cavities for LEP2, CERNdeveloped and patented the thin film NEG

coating which delivers both in situ gaspumping and reduced outgassing in a

vacuum chamber.This was a breakthrough in the pumping

technology for particle accelerators. During2000, SAES Getters signed a licence

agreement with CERN for the transfer ofthis technology, which is now marketed by

SAES Getters under the trade name of‘IntegraTorr’.

APPLICATIONSIntegraTorr represents a revolutionary way to integrate non-evaporable getter pumping into a particle accelerator vacuumchamber and finds applications in:■ Particles accelerators,■ Heavy ion rings, ■ Synchrotron radiation facilities,■ Insertion devices, ■ Beam lines.Several NEG coated chambers have so far been delivered bySAES Getters and installed in a variety of machines in Europe, theUS and Asia. This technology nicely complements the moretraditional SAES Getters NEG pumps product line, thus allowingSAES Getters to offer a complete portfolio of getter solutions forparticle accelerators and high-energy applications.

THE COMPANY

Pioneering the development of getter technology with theinvention of a technique for producing stable getter alloys in1950, the SAES Getters Group is today the world leader in avariety of scientific and industrial applications where stringentvacuum conditions or ultra high pure gases are required.Starting in 2004, by leveraging the core competencies in specialmetallurgy and material science, the SAES Getters Group isexpanding its business in the advanced material niche markets,with the introduction of the optical crystal product line, shapememory alloys, and the metalorganic material product line. Anoutstanding R&D structure, based at the Group’s headquarters inMilan, Italy, a total production capacity distributed at 8manufacturing plants spanning across 3 continents, a worldwide-based sales and service network, and nearly 1000 employeesallow the Group to combine multicultural skills and expertise toform a truly global enterprise.

IntegraTorr represents a revolutionary way to integrate non-evaporable getter pumping into a particle accelerator vacuum chamber

SAES Getters S.p.A.Viale Italia 7720020 Lainate (Milano)ItalyTel.: +39 02 93178 1 Fax: +39 02 93178 320http://www.saesgetters.com

IntegraTorr represents a revolutionary way to integrate non-evaporable getter pumping into a particle accelerator vacuum chamber

70


View of ALICEsuperconducting magnets

LHCb coils MCBX superconducting correctors

Superconducting Magnetsand Coils

F O R A L I C E A N D L H C b

The first example of the collaborationbetween SIGMAPHI and CERN is in the

domain of superconducting magnets. TheCompany manufactured 30 MCBX

superconducting correctors able toproduce a dipolar field of 3 T in two

directions. The second is the realization of30-tonne coils using 50 X 50 mm

conductors for ALICE and LHCb detectorswhich allowed the Company to improve

the manufacturing tools and procedures.

APPLICATIONSThanks to the knowledge acquired from CERN, the Company wasable to sets up an R&D programme with Saclay (France) tofurther develop specific aspects of superconductivity. Theacquired knowledge with conductors allowed the company torealize large-size coils for the TRIUMF laboratory (Canada).

THE COMPANY

SIGMAPHI has been specialized for more than 20 years in thedesign and manufacture of resistive and today superconductingmagnets for particle accelerators. The Company team of 50experts covers the range from the design outline performanceand assessment specifications to magnetic measurements. 80%of company sales are exported to Europe, North America andJapan.

w of ALICEsuperconducting magnets

LHCb coils MCBX superconducting correctors

SIGMAPHIZI du PratRue des Frères Montgolfier56000 VannesFranceTel.: +33 (0)297010880Fax: +33 (0)297010881E-Mail: [email protected]://www.sigmaphi.fr

71


Accelerator Components

F O R V A C U U M A N D C R Y O S T A T

Various components for the LHC machineand experiments, such as vacuum vessels,QRL piping, ATLAS and cup cryostat, CMS

test cryostat, QRL service and returnmodules, cold boxes, valve boxes, bottomtrays, have been provided by SIMIC whichacquired and broadened its competencies

as scientific plant manufacturer andproducer of gas liquefiers and cryostats,

among others, designed to test equipmentfor electrical energy transmission.

In July 2004 SIMIC received the goldenhadron award which is given by CERN to

companies, not only for their technical andfinancial achievements but also for theircompliance with contractual deadlines.

The award was for manufacturing the937 vacuum vessel cryostat componentsof the superconducting dipole magnets.

APPLICATIONS

In the field of structural non-destructive testing, SIMIC attained adeep knowledge in vacuum tests, helium leak tests, cryogenictests. The Company has manufactured, designed and manufac-tured, or is manufacturing equipment, vessels or plants listedbelow:■ Oil remover system installed in the RAS LAFFAN factory (Qatar)for the production of liquid helium,■ Valve boxes for the Soleil plant in Qatar, ■ Cold boxes for KHNP in Korea, ■ Cryostat for testing – in Liquid N2 and Liquid Ne – prototypesof fault current limiters for CESI in Italy,■ Cryostat & assemblies for radio frequency for VECC in Kolkata.

THE COMPANY

SIMIC S.p.A. is a recognized leader in the design, realization andinstallation of large industrial and naval plants. The Companymanufactures industrial equipment, turbines, heating facilities,cryogenic vessels, and pipes. The Company’s valuable assetsreside in the mechanical engineering expertise and capability ofthe factory as well as in the delivery of turn-key plants.

End cap cryostat in ATLAS experiment

Valve box oil remover system

SIMIC S.p.A.Via Vittorio Veneto12072 Camerana (Cuneo)ItalyTel.: +39 0174906611Fax: +39 0174906609E-Mail: [email protected]://www.simic.it

End cap cryostat in ATLAS experiment

Valve box oil remover system

72


CryomagnetInterconnection

F O R T H E L H C

The reliability of the LHC will depend notonly on the superconducting magnets but

also on the interconnections betweenmagnetic sections.

The expansion bellows, composed of verythin corrugated shells, have been pushedto operate beyond the elastic limit, whereplastic deformation occurs. Thus, for the

first time in the history of accelerators,interconnection bellows ‘plastify’. This

process is associated with the evolution ofplastic strain fields in the ‘concertina’ of

the bellows convolutions, which isaccompanied by micro-damage and, at low

temperatures, a strain-induced phasetransformation (from a face-centred-cubic

to a body-centred-cubic material structure).To minimize the intensity of this phase

transformation, the bellows convolutionsare made from a special flexible austeniticstainless steel. The SKODOCK bellows, onaccount of their characteristics, also fulfil

the required sealing functions.

APPLICATIONS

Flexible austenitic stainless steel bellows, expansion joints andhoses are in use in nearly all fields of modern industry, such asvacuum high-voltage switches, valves, bellow couplings, heavy-duty presses, calenders, refineries and gas pipelines in theArabian Desert, inside the Ariane missile, the Helios satellite orin a number of nuclear power stations, as well as LHC at CERN, inthe measurement device of space gravitation waves (the largestever built flexible metal hose in the world), in ocean tankers andoil drilling platforms, heavy duty diesel-engines, in industrialheating systems or at steel mills.

THE COMPANY

In 1929, an Engineer, Mr Hans SKODOCK from Hanover, patenteda technology to manufacture parallel-corrugated pipes. TodaySKODOCK GmbH with approximately 100 dedicated employeesbelongs to the Hansa-Flex-Group. SKODOCK is a worldwide-approved specialist for tailor-made solutions. SKODOCKspecialists develop, manufacture and sell metal hoses, bellowsand compensators (expansion joints) in sizes from 6 mmdiameter up to 2400 mm diameter. SKODOCK is certifiedaccording to DIN EN ISO 9001:2000, homologated and validatedby a large number of audit organizations and certificationbodies in all relevant industrial branches. SKODOCK designs andmanufactures according to the European Pressure VesselGuideline 97/23/EG and are authorized by the TÜV to carry outtests.

Flexible elementsduring assembling ofthe LHC cryomagnet interconnection

SKODOCK nested bellow with special shape ofconvolution, to ensure maximum movement at minimum size, developed for CERN

Thermal shield bellow unit with protection (LHC cryomagnet interconnection)

SKODOCK

SKODOCK GmbH30826 Garbsen / HanoverGermanyHeinrich-Nordhoff-Ring 2Tel: +49 (0)51314450Fax: +49 (0)5131445502E-Mail: [email protected]://www.skodock.de

Flexible elementsduring assembling ofthe LHC cryomagnet interconnection

SKODOCK nested bellow with special shape ofconvolution, to ensure maximum movement at minimum size, developed for CERN

Thermal shield bellow unit with protection (LHC cryomagnet interconnection)

73


A Circular Connector

F O R M A G N E T S A N D L H C C R A T E S

SOURIAU developed for CERN a circularconnector according to special CERN

specifications, resistant against radiationwith Ryton PPSR-4 and with special

silkscreen marking.It belongs to the family of the Trim Trioconnectors, but using size 16 contacts

(1.6 mm). The product ranges havedeveloped to various sub series and

different design-variations. In parallel withthe size 16 contacts, there has also been

an evolution on high density versionsusing size 20 contacts (1.0 mm) and on

mixed signal / power versions. All circularTrim Trio connectors are intermateable,

interchangeable and intermountable. TheTrim Trio interconnection system is a fully

integrated system, in which 4 contacttypes can be used in a variety of connector

styles and sizes from 4 pin up to 75 pinwith a current rating: max. 13 A / contact

for industrial applications.

APPLICATIONS

The physical characteristics and performances of the RytonPPSR-4 radiation-resistant connector are appreciated inapplications such as:■ Medical instrumentation at PSI in Switzerland,■ Nuclear Research Centres.It has become a worldwide known standard product from the TrimTrio family.

THE COMPANY

In 2003 SOURIAU S.A.S. was launched through a managementbuyout of FCI, so returning to the roots of the Companyestablished in 1917. The Company unites under the prestigiousname of SOURIAU the products and technologies of SOURIAU(Aerospace and industrial connectors), Jupiter (Marine andheavy industry connectors), and Burndy (Industrial Trim Triorange and proprietary aerospace connectors). SOURIAU isfocused on the supply of connection technologies for severeenvironments. The Company has a presence in the world's majoraerospace programmes and is strongly positioned in therailways (France and Switzerland), geophysical, robotics,industrial and instrumentation markets.

Trim trio cable connector

Trim trio jam nut receptical

Trim trio receptical square flange

SOURIAU S.A.S. 9, rue de la Porte du Buc 78000 VersaillesFranceSOURIAU Switzerland AGSihlbruggstrasse 1446340 BaarSwitzerland Tel.: +41 (0)417601434Fax: +41 (0)417610647E-Mail: [email protected]://www.souriau.com

Trim trio cable connector

Trim trio jam nut receptical

Trim trio receptical square flange

74


Chemical Microvia

F O R P R I N T E D C I R C U I T B O A R D S

The ChemicalVia process, patented byCERN, provides a new method of making

microvias in high-density multilayer printedcircuit boards of different types. The

process uses chemical etching instead oflaser, plasma or other etching techniquesand can be implemented on a production

line. This results in an overall reducedoperation and maintenance cost and amuch shorter hole production time as

compared with other microvia processes. The technology can be used to producemultilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs)

with microvias (metallized holesconnecting different layers).

TECHTRA, a Polish company based inWroclaw has implemented the technology

in an industrial environment with thefinancial help of the Lazy Eight

Foundation.

APPLICATIONSUsing the chemical via technology, printed circuit boards can beproduced with an on-line process. TECHTRA can offer theindustrial implementation of the technology in several forms:■ Building of the full Micro-Chemical-Via production line at theclient’s site,■ Transfer of the know-how with the necessary documentationfor the production process,■ Production of microvia printed circuit boards according to theclient’s specifications including GEM foils.

THE COMPANY

TECHTRA Ltd. was established as a consulting, managing andproduction group (company) working with high-technologyindustry and research centres in Poland. Its activities arefocused on: ■ Silver processing (high-temperature superconductorcomponents manufacturing ) department in Chrzanow,■ High-density PCB (microvia) production line, department inWroclaw,■ Finding the partners for the high-technology companies andR&D Centres in Poland, office in Wroclaw.

Microvia produced at TECHTRAMagnification 300x

50 mm holes of doublecone shape in 50 µm thick polyimide foil (GEM)

Microvia technology demonstratorconstructed by TECHTRA

TECHTRA Ltd.Wroclaw Technology ParkMuchoborska 1854-424 WroclawPolandTel. / Fax: +48 (0)717985885E-Mail: [email protected]://www.techtra.pl

Microvia produced at TECHTRAMagnification 300x

50 mm holes of doublecone shape in 50 µm thick polyimide foil (GEM)

Microvia technology demonstratorconstructed by TECHTRA

75


Magnets

F O R T H E L H C

Currently, TESLA is manufacturing over3000 superconducting magnets of

4 different types for the LHC.

APPLICATIONSThanks to the long standing relation with CERN, know-how onmagnetic design and precision measurements techniques aretoday allowing the Company to offer improved products withbetter characterization of magnetic performances. This isparticularly important for the construction of:■ Magnets and gradient coils for clinical applications andresearch in MRI,■ New accelerators.The Company is currently manufacturing 254 quadrupolemagnets for the British Diamond Light Source usingmeasurement techniques and equipment from CERN.

End profile arrangements of 3D diamond dipole yoke

Quadrupole measurement at Daresbury

TESLA Engineering Ltd.Water LaneStorrington West SussexRH20 3EA United KingdomTel.: +44 (0)1903743941 Fax.: +44 (0)1903745548E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.tesla.co.uk End profile arrangements of

3D diamond dipole yokeQuadrupole measurement at Daresbury

THE COMPANY

TESLA Engineering Ltd. has been designing and buildingaccelerator elements since 1973 and has suppliedelectromagnets for most of the major high-energy physicsinstitutes, including Argonne, CERN, DESY, ESRF, Fermilab, andthe Max Planck Institutes. TESLA has recently opened a newfactory in Lancing, West Sussex. The facility is entirely dedicatedto the production of magnets for the LHC and features cleanassembly facilities, and cryogenic test equipment. The Companymanufactures resistive and superconducting electromagnets forparticle accelerators of all types, and produces specializedgradient coils for MRI scanners. TESLA also supplieselectromagnets for emerging applications, such as fusionresearch and the semiconductor. The facilities include state-of-the-art 3D CAD/CAM packages and analysis software, anextensive machine shop, and a modern logistics function. TheTESLA group now comprises four companies; TESLA EngineeringLtd, Radway Engineering Ltd, Futura Composites and EversonTESLA Inc. These companies have synergies in magnets, high-vacuum, composites and cryomagnets.

76


Quality of VoIP communication as function of network parameters

End-to-end degradation in computer networks(indicated by ∆Q)

Computer Network

F O R T H E L H C G R I D

The CERN LHC experiments will have toexploit petabytes of information. The Grid

is a very powerful tool tying computingresources distributed around the world

into one computing service for allrequesting applications. An ongoing

transfer is the Network Emulatortechnology used to evaluate the

performance of applications running overGrid. The Network Emulator is a

configurable ‘network-in-a-box’ thatemulates the end-to-end quality

degradation likely to appear in wide-areanetworks.

A CERN / PPARC project offers theopportunity to carry out such industrial

development.

APPLICATIONS

The Network Emulator has a wide range of applications, such as:■ Safety critical systems: to determine conditions when suchsystems may fail,■ Large scale multi-protocol distributed networks: to emulatenetworks (Grid, ATLAS data collection system and remotecomputer farms) to evaluate the performance of applicationsrunning over such networks,■ Ad-hoc wireless emergency systems: to determine theirreliability and performance characteristics,■ Performance assessment of widely-spread networkapplications: e.g. Internet telephony (VoIP), file transfer andWeb browsing, etc.

Quality of VoIP communication as function of network parameters

End-to-end degradation in computer networks(indicated by ∆Q)

U4EA Technologies Ltd.City Point, Temple GateBS1 6PL BristolUnited KingdomTel.: +44 (0)1173736772Fax: +44 (0)1173736751E-Mail: [email protected]://www.u4eatech.com

THE COMPANY

U4EA Technologies Ltd., founded in 1999 to commercialize anew technology to deliver efficient, reliable and flexibleconverged packet networks, is privately held and funded by IIUNominees, ISIS Asset Management, Henderson Technology,Singer & Friedlander and its directors. U4EA has since developeda broad spectrum of interests in the networking industry.Tracking developments in the market, particularly the rapidexpansion of broadband access and the increasing interest inconverged network technologies such as VoIP, U4EA made astrategic decision in 2002 to focus on licensing its unique QoStechnology, called GoS, targeting manufacturers of LAN / WANedge devices. This led to a major success with Ericsson AB ofSweden, who licensed the technology for their multi-servicedevice. Initially based in Bristol, England, U4EA added salesoffices in the US and a test centre in France to take advantage ofthe depth of networking experience available in the SophiaAntipolis area. Recently, U4EA has opened a second develop-ment centre in Fremont, CA.

77


Ion Pumps

F O R C E R N A C C E L E R A T O R S

Cooperation between CERN and VARIANVacuum Technologies on joint

development on ion pumps dates back to1967, and the first ion pumps ever

manufactured in the VARIAN Turin plantwere the 300 ion pumps (400 l/s each) for

the ISR project. This was the start of thelong story of the ion pumps in Turin, which

has become the sole VARIAN centre fordevelopment, design, manufacturing andapplication support of ion pumps world-

wide.The StarCell® ion pump, specifically

designed to fulfil the vacuum requirementof the LEP project was developed in

Torino, and has been extensively tested byVARIAN and CERN engineers together on

the CERN premises (1983). As a result,more than 1,000 StarCell® ion pumps

have been built for the LEP project alone.

APPLICATIONS

The StarCell® ion pump has proved to be the most important ionpump development for 30 years and is now the worldwiderecognized standard for creating and maintaining ultra highvacuum in several applications, ranging from research toindustry, including particle accelerators, synchrotron lightsources, electron microscopes, surface analysis and focused ionbeams. Electron microscopes and focused ion beams are used toanalyse, qualify and repair several kinds of devices used in thesemiconductor industry, such as microprocessors used incomputers, flat panel display used in TV screens or memorydevices. These instruments are widely used for yieldenhancement in semiconductor fabrics as well as in processdevelopment.

VARIAN, Inc., Vacuum TechnologiesVia F.lli Varian, 5410040 Leini (Torino)ItalyTel.: 39 0119979111Fax: 39 0119979350E-Mail: [email protected]: 39 0119910848http://www.varianinc.com

THE COMPANY

Since the 1950s, VARIAN, Inc. has been an integral player in thevacuum technologies space, establishing the company as apioneer and worldwide supplier of total vacuum solutions thatare application-oriented and aimed at specific marketrequirements. In 1957 VARIAN Associates, Inc. invented theNobel VacIon pump, the first electronic device to operate withoutfluids or moving parts and resistant to power failures. In 1967the new headquarters of VARIAN S.p.A. opened in Turin, Italy.CERN selected VARIAN VacIon pumps for its operation. In 1983VARIAN Associates’ Vacuum Division developed the StarCell® ionpump and established Turin as the centre for ion pump researchand development. In 2002 VARIAN, Inc. expanded its vacuumcampus in Turin to add more space for research anddevelopment capabilities.

78


All-Metal Gate Valves

F O R T H E S P S

The Radio Frequency (RF) all-metal gatevalve uses an RF-bridge to close the gap in

the open position of the valve. Thisprovides a low RF resistance, as in

accelerators and storage rings. The RFaperture often has a customer-specific

geometry. The static seals and the seal ofan ‘all-metal valve’ are both made of

metal. They are hence used in extremeUHV applications.

In the early 1970s VAT started thedevelopment of all-metal gate valves for

UHV applications. CERN was the firstcustomer for this type of vacuum valve

and the collaboration with CERN was animportant contribution to this successful

development. These valves were first usedin the SPS machine at CERN and the

development is the result of a good andfruitful collaboration.

APPLICATIONSThe all-metal gate valves are applied in high-energy physics,accelerators, storage rings, synchrotrons, laser technology andsurface analysis. VAT has developed and permanently continuedto advance the technology of all-metal vacuum valves and hasbecome the worldwide leader over the years. The valves use theVATRING all-metal sealing configuration where the conicallyarranged seal ring allows for large sealing forces with relativelysmall closing or axial forces. The sealing parts are stainless steeland only elastically deformed. In the meantime, accelerators inall of the high-energy physics laboratories in the world havebeen equipped with these valves.

RF all-metal gate valve The RF all-metal gate valve on an accelerator cavity at CERN

VAT Vakuumventile AGSeelistrasse9469 HaagSwitzerlandTel. +41 (0)817716161Fax +41 (0)817714830E-Mail: [email protected]://www.vatvalve.com

RF all-metal gate valve The RF all-metal gate valve on an accelerator cavity at CERN

THE COMPANY

Since its foundation in 1964 in Switzerland by Mr. SiegfriedSchertler, VAT Vakuumventile AG has completely specialized invacuum valve technology. Maintaining this strong focus hasallowed VAT to develop and maintain a market leading position.VAT offers today more than 1000 standard valves and developsin collaboration with customers tailored vacuum valves. TheCompany is committed to remaining the world's number onechoice for vacuum valves and the leader in vacuum sealingtechnology well into the 21st century. The headquarters isnestled among the mountains of eastern Switzerland, VAT is trulyglobal — with subsidiaries in the United States, Japan, Germany,France and Great Britain and representatives in many othercountries. All manufacturing operations remain in the ISO 9001certified facility in Switzerland.

79


Cryogenic Valves

F O R L H C L I Q U I D H E L I U M S Y S T E M S

The Quench Protection System (QPS) is akey element to ensure the integrity of the

superconducting equipment of the LHCmachine. Quench relief valves have to

protect the installation against quenchesby opening in less than 80 milliseconds.

In case the second quench relief valvedoes not open, a set of warm safety relief

valves would discharge to atmosphereprotecting the low-pressure recovery of the

refrigerator. These valves play animportant role also during cooldown and

warm-up of the magnets.

APPLICATIONSVELAN supplied more than 2000 cryogenic valves to controlliquid helium in the superconductor magnets cooling systems.VELAN supplied nearly 500 safety relief cryogenic valves, calledquench valves, used to protect the whole installation.To meet the severe performance inherent to the LHCrequirements, VELAN initiated cooperation with the Laboratoryfor Low Temperatures (SBT) of CEA at Grenoble to finalize thevalves’ design. It resulted in the Safety Relief Valve (quenchvalve) that is unique in the world. This reference acts as theshowcase VELAN needed to open up and to compete on hightechnology projects presently in preparation in India, Korea,Japan and China.

VELAN S.A.S.90 rue Challemel Lacour69367 Lyon Cedex 7FranceTel.: +33 (0)478616700Fax: +33 (0)478721218E-Mail: [email protected]://www.velan.fr

THE COMPANY

Located in Lyon, France, in a modern 15 000 m2 plant, VELANS.A.S., the French subsidiary of VELAN Inc group, is organizedaround the departments: Cryogenic Valves & Marine, Valves forEnergy, ADAREG TM Control Valves, and Maintenance & Services.VELAN Inc. is one of the world's leading independentmanufacturers of steel gate, globe, check, butterfly and ballvalves. Founded in 1949 in Montreal, Canada by Czech-born Mr.A.K. VELAN, VELAN Inc. employs over 1500 people worldwidewith 13 specialized manufacturing plants in Canada, the USA,France, Portugal, Germany, the UK, South Korea, Taiwan.


Fundamental Research

Cryogenics

Material Sciences

Vacuum

Magnets

Electronics

Information

Technologies

Accelerators

Energy

Detectors

Mechanics

Non Evaporable

Getter

LIBOBoosterlinéaire

BrainPET

Hood Clamshell

Tool

Chemical ViasMCML

HadronTherapy

Crystal for PETdevice

GEM

Medipix

TitaniumElectro-

polishing

Inter-changeables

Heads andSupports

Smallanimal

PET

Energyamplifier

Opticalsensorfiber

Klystrons

Roxie

Supra-conducting

cables

3D magnetic

sensorcalibrator

Diaphragmsystem

CryogenicCoolingSystem

Thermallyinsulated

vessel

Monopix

High Performance

Time to Digital

Converter Chip

Field gradientlattice

detector

Detector for PET

and SPECT

Detectorfor beam

characteristic

EGEE

FlukaGeant 4

Mammogrid

GRID middelware

Antiprotons

Cristal

EvacuatedFlat SolarPannel

A. SILVA MATOS METALOMECÂNICA

Imbach

Mark & Wedell

O.C.E.M.

SKODOCK

Neutrontransmutter

CERN’s Technology Transferbears fruit

80

Cryogenics

Material Sciences

Vacuum

Magnets

Electronics

Information

Technologies

Accelerators

Energy

Detectors

Mechanics

Non Evaporable

Getter

LIBOBoosterlinéaire

BrainPET

Hood Clamshell

Tool

Chemical ViasMCML

HadronTherapy

Crystal for PETdevice

GEM

Medipix

TitaniumElectro-

polishing

Inter-changeables

Heads andSupports

Smallanimal

PET

Energyamplifier

Opticalsensorfiber

Klystrons

Roxie

Supra-conducting

cables

3D magnetic

sensorcalibrator

Diaphragmsystem

CryogenicCoolingSystem

Thermallyinsulated

vessel

Monopix

High Performance

Time to Digital

Converter Chip

Field gradientlattice

detector

Detector for PET

and SPECT

Detectorfor beam

characteristic

EGEE

FlukaGeant 4

Mammogrid

GRID middelware

Antiprotons

Cristal

EvacuatedFlat SolarPannel

A. SILVA MATOS METALOMECÂNICA

Imbach

Mark & Wedell

O.C.E.M.

Neutrontransmutter

81

List of acronyms and SI units

AC AD

AISIALICEALMAAMSATG

ATLASATLAS TRT

CADCAECAM

CaRDISCATCHCATV

CCCCD

CDSCEAC&ITCESICIMA

CMOSCMS

CNAOCNC

COMPASS

COSYCPS

CPPSCRISTAL

CTDC

Alternating CurrentAntiproton DeceleratorAmerican Iron and Steel InstituteA Large Ion Collider Experiment at CERNAtacama Large Millimeter Array Alpha Magnetic SpectometerArt Technology GroupA Toroidal LHC ApparatuSA Toroidal LHC ApparatuS Transition Radiation TrackerComputer Aided DesignComputer Aided EngineeringComputer Aided ManufacturingCardiological Real-time low-Dose Imaging SystemCOMPASS Accumulate Transfer and Control HardwareCommunity Antenna TV Crystal Clear CollaborationCompact DiscCERN Document ServerCommissariat à l’Energie AtomiqueCommunication and Information TechnologiesCentro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale ItalianoCompton Imaging for Medical ApplicationsComplementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCompact Muon SolenoidCentro Nazionale di Adroterapia OncologicaComputer Numerical ControlCOmmon Muon Proton Apparatus for Structure andSpectroscopyCOole SYnchrotronContinuous Power SupplyCentral Payload Power Supply Cooperative Repositories & Information System forTracking Assembly LifecycleComputer TomographyDirect Current


82


DELPHI

DESYDIN

DMSEBWECAL

EGEGEEEHSEMIEN

ENLIGHTESAESOESR

ESRFFEDFRLGEMGoSGSI

GTMHEPHMIHPDHTSHVIECILL

IMDInDiCo

INFNINTEGRAL / JEM-X

IPPIS

ISOISOLDE

ITERISR

KHNPLAN / WAN

LAPP

DEtector with Lepton, Photon and HadronIdentificationDeutsches Elektronen-SYnchrotronDeutsches Institut für NormungDocument Management SystemElectro-Beam WeldingElectromagnetic CALorimeterEuropäischen GemeinschaftenEnabling Grids for E-sciencEEuropean Home SystemElectro-Magnetic InterferenceEuropa NormEuropean Network for LIGht Hadron TherapyEuropean Space AgencyEuropean Southern ObservatoryElectron Spin ResonanceEuropean Synchrotron Radiation FacilityFront-end DriverFront-end Readout LinkGas Electron MultiplierGuarantee of ServiceGesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung Grande Telescope MilimetroHigh-Energy PhysicsHuman Machine InterfaceHybrid Photo-Detector or Hybrid Photo-DiodesHigh Temperature SuperconductorHigh VoltageInternational Electrotechnical CommissionInstitut Laue-LangevinInternational Institute for Management DevelopmentIntegrated Digital ConferenceIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareINTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory /Joint European Monitor X-RayInstitut fur PlasmaphysikInstruction de SécuritéInternational Organization for StandardizationIsotope Separation On-LineInternational Thermonuclear Experimental ReactorIntersecting Storage RingsKorean Hydro-Nuclear PowerLocal Area Network / Wide Area NetworkLaboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique desParticules

83


LEARLEPLHC

LHCbLIBOLNGLSB

LVDSMCBXMCDMCSMCOMDRMFS

MINIDISCAPMRI

MMCMT

NASANEG

NIKHEF

NMRNTDOEMOSL

OTDRPAMELA

PCBPCSPEMPETPFW

PIMMSPPARC

ProfibusPSPSIQL

QPSQoSQRLR&D

Low Energy Antiproton RingLarge Electron Positron colliderLarge Hadron ColliderLarge Hadron Collider beauty LInac BOosterLiquefied Natural GasLaboratori del Sincrotró de BarcelonaLow-Voltage Differential SignalMultipole Corrector in the Inner TripletMultipole Corrector DecapoleMultipole Corrector SextupoleMultipole Corrector OctupoleMini Delta RibbonMultiple Fibre SystemMINI DIScharge CAPacitorMagnetic Resonance ImagingModular Multi-ChannelMechanically TransferableNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNon-Evaporable GetterNationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge EnergieFysica Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceNon Destructive TestingOriginal Equipment ManufacturerOptically Stimulated LuminescenceOptical Time Domain Reflectometera Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration andLight-nuclei AstrophysicsPrinted Circuit BoardProcess Control SystemPositron Emission MammographyPositron Emission TomographyPower Fail WarningProton Ions Medical Machine StudiesParticle Physics and Astronomy Research CouncilProcess fieldbusProton SynchrotronPaul Scherrer InstituteQuadrupoleQuench Protection SystemQuality of ServiceCryogenic Ring LineResearch and Development

84


RFRMSRTUSBT

SCADASCC

SI SIL 3SMESMISPSSQS

STTSW

TARCTDC

TERATIA / EIA

TTTRIUMF

TÜVUHV

UNICOSUNIUPSUV

VCSELVECCVoIPVPI

VSATW7-X

WorldFIPWWWXRDXRF

Radio-FrequencyRoot Mean SquareRemote Telemetry UnitService des Basses TempératuresSupervisory Control and Data AcquisitionSafety Certificat ConstructorsSystème International d'unitésSystem Integrity Level 3Small Medium EnterpriseSmall Medium IndustrySuper Proton SynchrotronSwiss association for Quality and managementSystemsSurface Tension Transfer SoftwareTransmutation by Adiabatic Resonance CrossingTime to Digital ConverterTErapia con Radiazioni AdronicheTelecommunications Industry Association / ElectronicIndustries AllianceTechnology TransferTRI-University Meson FacilityTechnischer Überwachungs-VereinUltra High VacuumUNified Industrial Control Systemente italiano UNIficazione Uninterruptible Power SupplyUltra VioletVertical Cavity Surface Emitting LaserVariable Energy Cyclotron CenterVoice over Internet ProtocolVacuum Pressure ImpregnationVertex Small Angle TaggerWendelstein 7-XWorld Fieldbus Internet ProtocolWorld Wide WebX-ray DiffractionX-ray Fluorescence

85


pnµmkMGP

ppm1000 grams

1000 kilogramskg

m

s

A

Hz

J

K

V

W

Pico 10-12

Nano 10-9

Micro 10-6

Milli 10-3

Kilo 103

Mega 106

Giga 109

Peta 1015

part-per-million1 kilogram1 tonneThe kilogram is the basic unit of mass. It is the massof an international prototype in the form of aplatinum-iridium cylinder kept at Sevres in France.The metre is the basic unit of length. It is thedistance light travels, in a vacuum, in1/299792458th of a second. The second is the basic unit of time. It is the lengthof time taken for 9192631770 periods of vibrationof the caesium-133 atom to occur. The ampere is the basic unit of electric current. It isthat current which produces a specified forcebetween two parallel wires which are 1 metre apart ina vacuum.The hertz is the SI unit of the frequency of a periodicphenomenon. One hertz indicates that 1 cycle of thephenomenon occurs every second. For most workmuch higher frequencies are needed such as thekilohertz [kHz] and megahertz [MHz].The joule is the SI unit of work or energy. One jouleis the amount of work done when an applied force of1 newton moves through a distance of 1 metre in thedirection of the force.The kelvin is the basic unit of temperature. It is1/273.16th of the thermodynamic temperature of thetriple point of water. The volt is the SI unit of electric potential. One volt isthe difference of potential between two points of anelectrical conductor when a current of 1 ampereflowing between those points dissipates a powerof 1 watt.The watt is used to measure power or the rate ofdoing work. One watt is a power of 1 joule persecond.

European Organization for Nuclear Research1211 Genève 23Switzerlandwww.cern.ch/TechnologyTransfer

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