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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
Children are considered to be the greatest and special gifts given by God to parents. With
this, they are needed to be treasured, nurtured or raised in the best way they can be although
being such is a complex responsibility.
Parenting is the process of raising and educating a child from birth, or before, until
adulthood. Usually, parental figures provide for a child's physical needs, protect them from
harm, and impart in them skills and cultural values until they reach legal adulthood. Furthermore,
parenting styles and practices vary from one person to another. In addition, the techniques of
childrearing that a parent uses when raising a child ultimately have a great effect on the child and
how he or she develops (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parenting).
Adolescence can be a time of high risk for children, where newfound freedom can result
in decisions that drastically open up or close off life opportunities. Nowadays, adolescent
pregnancy rate in the country is increasing and thus adolescent mothers are also subsequently
increased. According to the Forum for Family Planning and Development Inc. (FFPDI), the
steady increase in the incidence of teen pregnancies in the country in the past few years has
reached an alarming stage. Dr. Ma. Corazon Zaida Noblejas-Gamilla who is the President of
Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society (POGS), believed that teen pregnancy is
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increasing and had reach its alarming stage because adolescents are in a particularly vulnerable
stage when they are more likely to experiment with sex as fueled by their inquisitiveness, by
their peers urging, or by the influence of what they see and hear in the media. Dr. Gamilla also
reported that of the estimated 1.7 to 2 million babies born every year, around 30 percent come
from young women (Buban, 2008).
In 2000 alone, young mothers gave birth to 818,000 babies which mean that almost one
of every 10 babies is born to teenage mothers. Moreover, Benjamin de Leon, FFPDI president
said that the latest data from the National Statistics Office showed that of 1.7 million babies born
in 2004, almost 8 percent were born to mothers aged 15-19. One out of ten young women aged
10-19 is already a mother and almost half of young women 20-24 years old will have began
bearing children. He added that almost 30 percent of Filipino women become mothers before
reaching their21st birthday (Ramos, 2008).
In this condition, adolescent mothers are face in a critical situation wherein they enter the
world of motherhood unexpectedly. They are now mothers who are the primary caregiver and
responsible for the development of their children. Many assumptions arise about the ability of
the adolescent mother in child rearing. Some said that there are differences in the quality of
parenting given by them as compared to adult mothers since adolescent mother (Borkowski &
Whitman 1980) are believed to be more passive in their face-to-face interactions, less-skilled and
less knowledgeable in parenting. Although others think those adolescent mothers and their
children have favorable outcomes and do very well in spite of numerous adversities
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adolescent parenting).
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Hence this study was conducted to determine the socio-demographic factors affecting the
parenting styles and practices of adolescent mothers. Moreover, the researcher intended to find
out the parenting styles and practices and the extent of application of adolescent mothers in terms
of behavioral development, emotional development, physical development and social
development.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theory emphasized in this study is the parent child interaction model. In the 1970s,
when Barnard began her studies of infants and their mothers, there was minimal appreciation of
the connections between earliest communication, touch, brain growth, and the ways humans
develop the social, emotional and behavioral capacities to self-regulate, connect with others, and
experience the world as a safe and predictable place. In 1971, through a contract with the US
Public Health Service, Division of Nursing, Barnard developed a system for assessing behaviors
of infants and parents during the routine interactions of feeding and teaching and identified
environmental factors that are critical to a child's later cognitive and language development.
In the study, mothers maintain their interaction to their children by means of their
parenting practices towards their children in the areas of behavioral development, emotional
development, physical development, and social development. Interaction is present among them
especially when mothers tend to care, teach, guide and discipline their children. Nevertheless,
childs response may vary depending on the parenting styles and practices applied by mothers.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of adolescent mother as the independent
variable and parenting styles and practices of adolescent mothers as the dependent variable. This
implies that the socio-demographic profile such as age, civil status, educational attainment,
religious affiliation, and living condition, place of residence, occupation and monthly family
income are related to the parenting style and practices of the adolescent mothers.
Figure 1.Research Paradigm.
Parenting Styles and
Practices of Adolescent
Mothers
Socio-demographic
Factors
y Agey Civil Statusy Educational Attainment Religious Affiliationy Living Conditiony Place of Residence Occupationy Monthly Family Incomey Source of Income
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Statement of the Problem
Generally, the study aimed to determine the socio-demographic factors affecting
parenting styles and practices of adolescent mothers in Brgy. 35 Bil-Loca Batac Ilocos Norte.
More specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine the sociodemographic profile of the adolescent mothers as to:a.Ageb.Civil Status
c.Educational Attainmentd.Religious Affiliation
e.Living Conditionf. Place of Residenceg.Occupation
h.Monthly Family Income
i. Source of Income2. Determine the parenting styles and practices of adolescent mothers in terms of:
a. behavioral developmentb. emotional developmentc. physical development
c.1. nutrition
c.2. rest and sleep
c.3. hygiene
d. social development
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3. Determine the extent of application of the adolescent mothers of these parentingpractices.
4. Determine if there is a significant relationship between the socio-demographicfactors and the parenting styles of the adolescent mothers.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
5. The main concern of the study is the adolescent mothers who are 12-20years of age and their parenting styles and practices towards their children aged 1-
3 years old. The respondents were from Bil-loca Batac Ilocos Norte with the
following specific objectives: 1. the parenting styles and practices of adolescent
mothers in terms of: a.behavioral development b. emotional development
c.physical development c.1. nutrition c. 2. rest and sleep c.3. hygiene d. social
development 2. What is the extent of application of the adolescent mothers of
these parenting practices. 3.Is there is a significant relationship between the
socio-demographic factors and the parenting styles of the adolescent mothers.
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Significance of the Study
Parenting styles and practices vary from one person to another, for this reason the main
concern of the study are the adolescent mothers and their parenting styles and practices on their
children who are 1-3 years old. Nowadays, incidence of pregnancy is increasing among
adolescents who subsequently become young mothers. Adolescent mothers are assumed to be
less knowledgeable about child development and they are thought to be less committed, less
satisfied and less skilled than older mothers (Borkowski and Whitman, 1998). The researcher,
belonging to the adolescent group and for being future mother or parent, is interested in studying
how adolescent mothers perform their role as the primary caregiver to their children.
Specifically, the result of the study will be of benefits to the following:
Adolescent Mothers. It will deepen their awareness and knowledge on more effective
parenting styles and practices which in turn give them the idea on how to cope up and improve
their parenting styles and practices. It will also give them further knowledge on the factors that
could affect their choice of parenting which will help them in raising their children properly.
Other Mothers. The result of the study will provide information on how adolescent
mothers raise their children. Through this study, they will come to know the different parenting
styles and practices of adolescent mothers which could also broaden their knowledge on more
effective parenting and eventually improve their judgment on childrearing.
Children. They will be greatly benefited for better parenting that yields for their better
personality development since this study will serve as a basis of reflection leading to better
judgment on what parenting styles and practices to apply to the child.
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Other Adolescents. This will help them understand and be aware on more effective ways
on how they will raise their children in the future. This will also enable them to realize on the
possible consequences of being an adolescent mother.
Nursing Educators. Findings of this study will be an essential source of knowledge for
nursing educators since it will broaden their view on different parenting styles and practices
particularly in this study on adolescent mothers as well as the factors affecting their parenting
styles and practices. Moreover, this could serve as a reference material for their lecture on the
concept of parenting.
Nursing Students. The result of the study can be used by nursing students for needed
information regarding parenting styles and practices of adolescent mothers. It will also be an
instrument for developing their right skills, knowledge and attitude in dealing with adolescent
mothers.
Researchers. The study can be utilized as a baseline reference for future researchers who
wish to conduct related studies that would contribute to the welfare of adolescent mothers.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms are hereby defined to have a common understanding of the words
and concept used in the study.
Adolescent Mother. It refers to the respondents of the study who are 12- 20 years of
age and who have children aged 1-3 years old.
Parenting practices. These are the set of practices that adolescent mothers apply in
their childs behavioral development, emotional development, physical development
and social development.
Behavioral Development. It refers to the progressive changes on the
child's distinct personality and behavior.
Emotional Development. It refers to the progressive changes on the
childs emotional aspect.
Physical Development. It refers to the progressive changes that happen
to the child physically as to nutrition, sleeping and hygiene.
Hygiene. It refers to the childs body cleanliness through
bathing, tooth brushing and how he performs toilet training.
Nutrition. It refers to the intake of food of the child for
nourishment.
Rest and Sleep. It refers to how the child takes a break from
his activities.
Social Development. It refers to the progressive changes on the childs
social life as to play and interaction with other people.
Parenting Style. It refers to how the adolescent mother raises their children.
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Authoritarian. It is the type of parenting of the adolescent mother
wherein she strictly sets limits to the child and rarely shows love to her
child.
Democratic. It is the type of parenting wherein the adolescent mother
both sets limits and shows love moderately.
Permissive. It is the type of parenting wherein the adolescent mother
shows much love and sets low limits.
Socio-demographic profile. It refers to the attributes of the adolescent mothers such
as age, civil status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, living condition,
place of residence, occupation, monthly family income and source of income.
Age. It refers to how old the respondents in years as to last birthday.
Civil Status. It refers to the respondents marital condition whether
single, married or widowed.
Educational Attainment. It refers to the highest level of education
obtained by an adolescent mother and are classified as:
College Graduate. One who finished a tertiary
educational program or baccalaureate degree.
College Level. One who entered college but did not
complete tertiary level requirements.
Elementary Graduate. One who finished
elementary education.
Elementary Level. One who entered elementary but
did not finish primary level requirements.
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High School Graduate. One who completed
secondary education requirements.
High School Level. One who entered high school but
did not finish secondary education program.
Vocational Graduate. One who finished a
vocational course.
Living Condition. It refers to whether the adolescent mother lives with
her parents or not.
Monthly Family Income. It refers to income of the family on a monthly
basis based on NEDA classification.
P999 and below
P 1,000 4,999
P 5,000 5, 999
P 6,000 9, 999
P 10, 000 14, 999
P 15, 000 and above
Occupation. This refers to the type of work the adolescent mother
presently engages in.
Place of residence. It refers to the location of the house of the respondents
either urban or rural.
Religious Affiliation. It refers to the adolescent mothers membership to a
particular church at present.
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Source of Income. It refers to the various means the adolescent mother
engages in to earn income or to the financial aid provided by other people.
Toddler. It refers to the child of the adolescent mother who is 1-3 years old.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Having a child is undeniably one of lifes most challenging and rewarding experiences.
And every mothers dream is to raise her children into well-adjusted individuals, to equip them
with the essential life skills and knowledge for the future and to see them lead successful adult
lives.
Parenting includes the broadest idea on training and educating the child during his early,
formative years. It is an act of providing a nurturing and controversial environment that promotes
growth and development in a child. In addition, Darling (1999) stated that parenting is a complex
activity that includes many specific behaviors that work individually and together to influence
child outcomes. These parenting practices affect hoe the child would grow and develop.
Polland (2000) claimed that there is no formal training required for parenthood, the only
absolute prerequisite is physical maturation, which does not ensure emotional or intellectual
readiness for parenthood. On the other hand, Pangilinan (2004) stressed in her article that it is the
prime responsibility of parents to nurture their families in the shelter of true community and to
shield their spouses and children from all attempts to corrupt their hearts and minds, to rob them
of their innocence, their physical and emotional safety and their right to decent society.
The role of the mother. Theres a saying of Felicia Hermans, There is in all this cold and
hollow would no found of deep, strong, deathless love that save within a mothers heart. To be
a mother (Quito, 2004) is to endeavor to constantly keep a welcoming home fueled by the
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warmth of love. To be such is a role full of sacrifices. It is setting aside personal concerns for the
benefits of ones children.
In Dr. Jose P. Rizals Message to the Women of Malolos, he stressed the vital role
mothers play; providing maternal affection, care and comfort, tenderness, guidance and direction
to their children and family. In short, a mother is like a steady rudder that stabilizes the familys
ship as it travels the uncharted sea of life.
The society views motherhood as something special. They believe that mothers should
provide security and stability for their children. A mother must sacrifice many of her own wants
and desires for the benefit of her child (March, 2000).
A childs first teacher is his or her mother and as experts have established, the learning
process begins right after from the womb. To carry out her role in early education, Legarda
(2008) stated in her article, that a mother must herself be prepared and ready with the appropriate
skills and knowledge of the first teacher and nurse.
Furthermore, the mother role is performed best when the mother integrates attitudes
learned from observation of and interaction with her own mother, the development of
motherliness (a feeling of emotional bond with the child), and the acquisition of child care skills
and some knowledge of child development.
According to Crickett (2003) mothers are blessed as they diligently teach and nurture
their children. They learn about the plan of salvation and their potential future as eternal mothers.
She added that the sacred work of mothers is crucial because of its powerful influence in
childrens lives. Iin addition, Brigham Young University scholars explain mothering this way:
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Motherhood is a . . . sacred dedication for carrying out the Lords plans, a
consecration of devotion to the uprearing and fostering, the nurturing in body,
mind, and sprit, of those who kept their first estate and who come to this earth for
the second estate "to see if they will do all things whatsoever the Lord their God
shall command them" (Abraham 3:25). To lead them to keep their second estate is
the work of motherhood, and they who keep their second estate shall have glory
added upon their heads forever and ever. (Hawkins et al., 2000, p. 70)
Indeed, the child awaits to be molded into a healthy, wise and good adults in the hands of
a mother.
PARENTING STYLE
A parenting style maybe defined as the approach in which parents express their beliefs
and practices of how to be good or bad parent. This beliefs influence how a parent interact with
their children. A parent style may differ depending on their culture, family history and societal
values that constitute a good or bad parenting.
Authoritarian. Authoritarian parents always try to be in control and exert their control
on the children. These parents set strict rules to try to keep order, and they usually do this
without much expression of warmth and affection. They attempt to set strict standards of conduct
and are usually very critical of children for not meeting those standards. They tell children what
to do, they try to make them obey and they usually do not provide children with choices or
options (Ianelli, 2004).
Authoritarian parents don't explain why they want their children to do things. If a child
questions a rule or command, the parent might answer, "Because I said so." Parents tend to focus
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on bad behavior, rather than positive behavior, and children are scolded or punished, often
harshly, for not following the rules (Ianelli, 2004).
He added that children with authoritarian parents usually do not learn to think for
themselves and understand why the parent is requiring certain behaviors.
Moreover, Martin (1999) affirmed that children and adolescents from authoritarian
families (high in demandingness, but low in responsiveness) tend to perform moderately well in
school and be uninvolved in problem behavior, but they have poorer social skills, lower self-
esteem, and higher levels of depression..
Permissive. Permissive parents give up most control to their children. Parents make few,
if any, rules, and the rules that they make are usually not consistently enforced. They don't want
to be tied down to routines. They want their children to feel free. They do not set clear
boundaries or expectations for their children's behavior and tend to accept in a warm and loving
way, however the child behaves (Ianneli, 2004).
More so, permissive parents give children as many choices as possible, even when the
child is not capable of making good choices. They tend to accept a child's behavior, good or bad,
and make no comment about whether it is beneficial or not. They may feel unable to change
misbehavior, or they choose not to get involved (Ianneli, 2004).
Children and adolescents from permissive homes (high in responsiveness, low in
demandingness) are more likely to be involved in problem behavior and perform less well in
school, but they have higher self-esteem, better social skills, and lower levels of depression
(Martin, 1999).
Democratic. According to Ianneli (2004), democratic parents help children learn to be
responsible for themselves and to think about the consequences of their behavior. Parents do this
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by providing clear, reasonable expectations for their children and explanations for why they
expect their children to behave in a particular manner. They monitor their children's behavior to
make sure that they follow through on rules and expectations. They do this in a warm and loving
manner. They often, "try to catch their children being good" and reinforcing the good behavior,
rather than focusing on the bad.
For example, a child who leaves her toys on a staircase may be told not to do this because,
"Someone could trip on them and get hurt and the toy might be damaged." As children mature,
parents involve children in making rules and doing chores: "Who will mop the kitchen floor, and
who will carry out the trash?"
Parents who have a democratic style give choices based on a child's ability. For a toddler,
the choice may be "red shirt or striped shirt?" For an older child, the choice might be "apple,
orange or banana?" Parents guide children's behavior by teaching, not punishing (Ianneli, 2004).
Martin (1999) stated that children and adolescents whose parents are democratic rate
themselves and are rated by objective measures as more socially and instrumentally competent
than those whose parents are non-authoritative
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research methodology that was used by the researcher in
determining the parenting styles and practices of adolescent mothers of Bil-loca Batac Ilocos
Norte.
It presents the research design, the data gathering instrument, the data gathering
procedure and the tools for data analysis.
Research Design
This research work made use of descriptive-correlational method. This method has no
control over the independent variable. That is, there is no experimental manipulation or random
assignment to groups. The aim of descriptive method is to describe the relationship among
variable rather than cause and effect relationship (Treecee & Treecee,1997).
This study attempted to determine the relationship between the sociodemographic factors
of the adolescent mothers and their parenting styles and practices in Bil-loca Batac Ilocos Norte.
Research Locale
The study was conducted in Bil-loca Batac Ilocos Norte Ilocos Norte.
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Instrumentation
The primary instrument that was used in gathering the data is the questionnaire. It was
used to determine the profile of the respondents and their parenting styles in terms of specific
parenting practices employed to the various developmental aspects. The questionnaire consisted
of2 major parts; the first part is on the personal profile of the respondents while the second part
is on the parenting styles and practices of the adolescent mothers as to behavioral development,
emotional development, physical development and social development as well as the extent of
implementation of these parenting styles in terms of extent of practice.
The questions and choices formulated were lifted from related literature of the study. The
accuracy of the questionnaire was checked by a statistician before it was administered.
Data Gathering Procedure
Before the questionnaire were administered, the researchers sought permission from the
school authorities and then to barangay officials. In the administration of the questionnaire, the
respondents were informed of the purpose of the study clearly. It was distributed and was
retrieved after 1-2 days. Anonymity and confidentiality were assured among the respondents.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The respondents socio-demographic profile was tabulated using frequency and
percentage.
a. Percentage
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Relative Frequency (%) =n
f100
Where:f= frequencyn = the total number of respondents
b. Weighted Mean
Weighted mean (WM) was used in determining the overall average of responses of the
respondents of the study.
n
f
WM
!
Where: fw = sum of the product of the frequency and the unitweight
n = total number of respondents
Ranking was utilized in determining the parenting styles of the adolescent mothers.
The weighted mean for each parenting style defines the extent of practice of the
adolescent mothers as to the implementation of the parenting style.
c. Pearsons r (Pearson product-moment-correlation coefficient)
This statistical tool was used to analyze the magnitude and direction of the relationship
between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and to their parenting styles and
practices.
Where n: is the number of respondents
X: is the independent variableY: is the dependent variable
r: is the coefficent of correlation
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Computer softwares like MS Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) were also utilized to facilitate computations.