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CG IMLC0304 Mortar

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1 MORTAR EMPLOYMENT IN THE OFFENSE AND DEFENSE IULC
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1

MORTAR EMPLOYMENT

IN THE OFFENSE ANDDEFENSE

IULC

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Overview

Defensive Considerations

Priority of Targets

Priority of Fires

Ammunition

RSOP

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MORTAR UNIT

DEFENSIVE MISSIONS Used to button up armor with PROX

 Air defense vehicles (SEADS)

Enemy mortars

EN that is maneuvering

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Used against Dismounted

Break up formations

Canalize

Troop Concentrations

Enemy trying to reach FR. Obstacles

Cover dead spaceFPF

Deny Terrain

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Mortars can also

Break up the enemy’s formations. 

To suppress and neutralize supporting

weapons.

To destroy as much of the enemy force

as possible.

 Also Illuminate, Screen, Mark

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Priority of Fires

Order of requests

Can change as situation changes

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• Priority targets should lie in the sector of the company or platoon having priority of fires to prevent confusion.

• Priority targets are not always fired on using HE

ammunition.

• Final Protective Fires (FPF) are the highest type of priority

targets and take precedence over all other fire requests.

•PRIORITY OF TARGETS

IN THE DEFENSE 

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General Support (With

Priority of Fires)When two or more observers are call for

fire at the same time, the mortar platoon

has clear guidance as to whom theplatoon should support first.

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• 

•This delivery of fires on a specific target takes precedence

over all other fires for the mortar section or platoon.

• It lays its mortars on this target when not engaged in other

fire missions. If any observer calls for the priority target to be

fired, the mortar platoon does so immediately, even ifengaged in another fire mission.

•PRIORITY OF FIRES/TARGETS

•General Support (With Priority Targets)•IN THE OFFENSE 

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•MORTAR AMMUNITION 

• Fins- Stabilize the round during flight.

• Charge- Propellant for the round.

• Obsturating Ring- Swells to keep all

gasses from being expelled, causing the

round to rise. 

• Fuse- Used to detonate the round.

• Body- Contains the explosives of

•  the round.

• Primer- Ignites the charge when struck by the firing pin.

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DEFINITION

Recon is the examination of terrain to determineits suitability for use in accomplishing the mortar

 platoon’s mission. 

Continuous/aggressive recon is essential to timely andaccurate fire support

Ldrs continuously performs recon/plan for contingency

Given location or proposes it to higher

Process know as reconnaissance, selection, andoccupation of mortar positions (RSOP)

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15

METHODS OF

RECONNAISSANCE

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METHODS OF RECONNAISSANCE

3 Methods:

Map

Air

Ground Combo of all three is best if feasible

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METHODS OF

RECONNAISSANCE (cont)Map:

Any recon begins with a map recon

Potential new routes chosenFast and eliminates unsuitable routes

Helps identify ambush sites

Might be only recon available

2 major disadvantages

Terrain changed or does not exist

Surface conditions (soils)

Photos supplemented if possible

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METHODS OF

RECONNAISSANCE (cont)Air Reconnaissance:

If time and resources allow (cobras)

Beneficial in selecting routes and pos fast

Surface conditions distorted

Flight plan may compromise routesMay not be available to Ldrs

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METHODS OF

RECONNAISSANCE (cont)Ground Reconnaissance:

Best method because of physical

inspection

True condition of terrain fully examined

Disadvantage

Becomes slowest method/time restraints

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POSITION SELECTION

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)Based on:

Mission

accomplishment Tactical situation

Range

Target area coverage

Survivability

Overhead and mask

clearance

Surface conditions

Communications

Routes

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)Mission Accomplishment.

Pos must allow sect/plt to accomplish its primarymission

Most important factor 

Tactical Situation.

Must know tactical situation, friendly loc and threats

Provides effective fire support and mortar security

Range Criteria.

Maximize fires without reducing support

½ to 2/3 of range to front of forward elements

Far enough back to cover rifle plts defensive pos

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)Survivability.

Many threats to mortars (counter, air/ground)

Consider active and passive defensive measures:

Can’t be hit by direct or low-angle fire (defilade)

Can be entered w/out enemy obs

Offers good cover/concealment Avoids obvious ave of approach

Multiple entrance and exit routes

Takes advantage of existing terrain features/natural

obstacles

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)

Defilade

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)Overhead and Mask Clearance. 

Overhead Mortar into max elevation/look up along side to

estimate a round’s line of flight 

Mask Mortar elev down to min and visually inspect

clearance from end of mortar tube to front 

 Notify FDC if exists

Deep defilade is suggested even w/ restrictions

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)

Overhead and Mask Clearance

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)Surface Conditions.

Soil well drained and firm (plates)

Construct fire pads if neededFrozen ground –  chop slots into earth

Extra time allotted to emplace mortars

Freezing conditions –   ensure baseplate does not get frozen into

surface

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POSITION SELECTION

(cont)Communications and Routes.

Comm is key

Within units/internal mortar sqds to FDCRadio checks conducted at new pause

Wire reduces electric signature

Pos close to access routes, speed resupply &displacement

Don’t compromise concealment

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OCCUPATION

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OCCUPATION

Advance party starts occupation of new

firing position

Continuation of actions by advance party

until Plt arrives

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OCCUPATION (cont)

Advance party starts by:

Verifying pos location

Checks for mines, NBC, and enemy Establish local security and OP’s 

Marks mortar pos

Sets up M2A2 and determines Az/DOF

Direction stakes

Completes a rough lay of mortar pos (compass/M2A2)

Useful for night Ops

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NIGHT OCCUPATIONS

Must establish detailed SOP and training

Utilize wire comm important

Guides briefed/routes paced Plt elementsColor code Sqds for easy ID of gear (NADs/chem)

Maintain light discipline

Even w/chem lights Plt conducts sustainment ops as needed

Fire capped 1st, then priorities of work

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33

TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS

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TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS

Three types of occupations: Deliberate, hasty and emergency

Deliberate Occupation Procedures:

Has been planned  and adv party conducts preparations

Guide meets Plt at pickup point/entrance: Adv party lead Sqds to firing point

Issues initial Def and DOF to Sqd

Previously laid wire for comm. used w/FDC Plt Sgt implements security to available personnel

Occupation time increased

Guides know vehicles order of march for linkup

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TYPES OF OCCUPATION

(CONT)Hasty:

Planned but short on time; necessary b/c of rapidcombat ops or unforeseen circumstances

Plt requires more time to occupy hasty Limited prepared tasks available

Limited recon and pos selection results in:

Delay in vehicles moving into pos Laying by voice

Increased lay time (no guide prep)

Increased FDC preparation time

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TYPES OF OCCUPATION

(CONT) Emergency:

CFF received while making movement

First available spot is occupied without prep

Better known as a hip shoot

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DISPLACEMENT PLANS DURING

OFF/DEF AND RETROGRADE

OPERATIONS

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DISPLACEMENT PLANS DURING

DEF/OFF/RETROGRADE (cont)

Detailed displacement planning aids in providingimmediate responsive fires (SOP’s) 

Offensive Plan.

Must permit rapid displacement/immediate fire support Flexible to SOM changes

Sit, dist, supp requirements determine displacetechniques

Defensive Plan. Same requirements as offense

Ldr plans extensive use of alt/supp positions

Anticipate future ops for displacement into offense

Same factors affecting displacement in offense apply

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DISPLACEMENT PLANS DURING

DEF/OFF/RETROGRADE (cont)

Displacement Timing.

Bn Cmdr controls displacement of Plt in one of 2ways:

Displace on order.

Bn cmdr restricts or delegates authority to FSO

Mortar ldr must report when he covers less than 1/3 or morethan 2/3 of battle area

Mortar ldr stays abreast of unit mvmnt and situation Keeps cmdr informed on displacements (requests permission)

If comm is lost w/higher ldr uses best judgment to displace

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DISPLACEMENT

TECHNIQUES

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DISPLACEMENT

TECHNIQUES Dependent upon METT-T factors:

SOM of supported unit

Enemy activity

Trafficability of terrain

 Number of sect/mortars in Plt

Availability of supporting arty Time available

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DISPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES

(cont)DISPLACEMENT BY PLATOON.

Little immediate likelihood of enemy contact or whenarty can provide adequate supp

Plt displaces all at once

Limited fire supp/response (hip shoots)

Movements from AA to initial firing pos

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DISPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES

(cont)DISPLACEMENT BY SQD/SECT

Same as sect, but less mortars

Utilize successive or alternating bounds

(Traveling/bounding)

Displacement is rapid w/elements = Alternate

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TYPES OF BOUNDS

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MORTAR SECTION AND

PLATOON FIRING

FORMATIONS

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MORTAR SECTION AND PLATOON

FIRING FORMATIONS 

Always consider METT-T

Emphasis is on mission accomplishment

Considers appropriate dispersion

 Need for pos hardening and available

camouflage and concealment

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TERRAIN MORTAR

POSITIONINGUsed when dispersing

over a larger area

Maximizes use of natural

cover and concealment

W/out regard to set

distances between

mortars or effects on

parallel sheaf

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LAZY W FORMATION

Lays mortars on amodified line

Provides better flank

security with almost sametgt coverage as parallelformation

If all mortars fire same data

When terrain affords

little cover andconcealment

Adds depth to sheaf

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DIAMOND FORMATION

Allows a 4-mortar Plt to fire

in all directions with equal

ease

When 6400-mil coverage is

required

Creates a tight, defensible pos

against ground attack

Excellent in restricted terrain

Formation is more vulnerable toair attack

Useful in built-up areas (sheaf

 patterns)

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DIAMOND FORMATION

(cont)

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THREATS TO MORTAR

SURVIVABILITY

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THREATS TO MORTAR

SURVIVABILITY Ldr must consider a number of threats

Greatest dangers to mortars are:

enemy counterfire

ground attacks air attacks

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THREATS TO MORTAR

SURVIVABILITY (cont)

Mortars face intense counterfire threat:

Reduces fire support from friendly mortars Radar, sound ranging, and recon methods all

used against us

Can be located by radio direction-finding

Array of detection equip w/ huge amounts of

enemy arty

 presents major threat to survivability of US mortars

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THREATS TO MORTAR

SURVIVABILITYRadio direction finding locatestgts w/in 300m accuracy (2-6mins)

Adversaries have begun amassive expansion in arty andheavy mortar assets

Adversary doctrine calls for

massive indirect fire before anattack (prep)

Some rnds contain enhanced blast subprojectiles (Flechette rounds)

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THREATS TO MORTAR

SURVIVABILITY(cont)Ground attacks:

During offensive Ops Chance contact w/enemy bypassed forces (greatest

threat)

During defensive Ops Greatest threats are enemy recon and main forces.

Enemy recon teams may encounter mortars by chancecontact  can be given specific mission to locate mortar pos

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THREATS TO MORTAR

SURVIVABILITY(cont)

Air attack  

Difficult in concealing firing pos from aerial

observation

Ldr employs passive air defensive measures as

 per SOP’s 

Armed Helo’s pose a major threat 

 Due to standoff acquisition ability

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SURVIVABILITY

TECHNIQUES

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SURVIVABILITY

TECHNIQUES (cont)Mortars can occupy

 behind large hill massesand tall buildings

Can still fire out of

defilade to hit tgts(trajectory)

Deep defilade 

 partly reduces max range ofa mortar (mask/clearance)

 protects pos from fieldguns/howitzer fires (directfires)

not from enemy mortarfires

(Deep defilade coverage)

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SURVIVABILITY

TECHNIQUES (cont)Mortars should not be positioned close to glass

Short bldgs don’t provide much dead space butwill stop enemy frags

Dead space depends on Wpn, rnd, charge, rng combo,and elev difference between Wpn and tgt

Incoming rnds have to be almost a direct hit todamage mortar sqd

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MORTAR POSITIONS

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MORTAR POSITIONS 

All mortar Sqds dig in during defensive Ops and

cont to improve their pos

Takes more time and material to harden pos

A very slow and fatiguing process by hand

Engineers assistance is quicker w/ less fatigue

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MORTAR POSITIONS

DISMOUNTED MORTAR POSITIONS Only one type of dismounted dug-in mortar position (dog leg or L shape variations)

Standard dismounted dug-in mortar pos has 3 stages ofconstruction: STAGE I-Gun pit

STAGE II-Gun pit w/ personnel shelters

STAGE III-Gun pit w/ personnel shelters and ammo bunkers

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QUESTIONS?

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Summary

Characteristics for RSOP

Characteristics for selecting mortar position

Characteristics for occupation of mortar positionCharacteristics for mortar formations

Characteristics for displacement of mortars

Characteristics for mortar survivability techniquesCharacteristics of a dug in mortar position

Characteristics of FDC bunker

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MORTAR EMPLOYMENT IN THE

OFFENSE AND DEFENSE


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