Ch 1 - 55 Identifications

8/7/2019 Ch 1 - 55 Identifications

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AP Biology

Chapters 1 55

Identifications (do not do those in parentheses)

Ch. 2

Polar Covalent Bond

Chapter 3

Hydrogen Bond

Specific Heat

Chapter 4

Isomer

Polymer

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrate + types

Lipids + types

Proteins plus Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary strudtures

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

Pentose sugar

Chapter 6: The Cell and Organelles

In addition to the usual organelles and their functions:

Peroxisomes

Microtubules

Microfilaments

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Centrosome

Centriole

Cilia and 9+2 Arrangement of microtubules

Tight, Desmosome, and Gap Junctions

Central Vacuole in plants = Dump

Tonoplast

Plasmodesmata

Chapter 7

Aquaporins

Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Sodium-potassium pump

Cotransport

Exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Chapter 8

Catabolic

Anabolic

Exergonic

Endergonic

Enzyme, substrate, activation site

Competitive inhibitor

Non-competitive inhibitor

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Allosteric site on an enzyme

Feedback inhibition

Chapter 9

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Oxidation

Reduction

Mitochondria, matrix, Crista

Glycolysis: in cytoplasm, starts with glucose, produces pyruvic acid

Citric acid cycle,

NAD, NADH

FADH, FADH2

Electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation

Chapter 10

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Chlorophyll (based on the element Mg in a porphorin ring of hydrocarbons)

Palisade mesophyll

Thylakoid

stroma

light reactions and where

protein Z

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antenna complex

photons

absorption spectrum

Photosystem I and II

Cyclic vs. non-cyclic electron flow

NADPH, NADPH2

products of light reactions

calvin cycle and where

carbon fixation

ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

rubisco

glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (G3P)

photorespiration

C4

Bundle sheath cells

CAM

Chapter 11

Signal Transduction

Ligand

G-Protein-coupled receptors produces 1 response

Tyrosine-kinase-coupled receptorsproduces multiple responses to 1 signal or ligand

Protein kinase

Second messengers such as Ca++ and cyclic AMP

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Phosphorylation

Apoptosis

Chapter 12

Somatic cells vs. gametes

Sister chromatids

Centromere

Mitosis vs. cytokinesis

G1,S, G2, M phases

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Cell plate in plant cells

Regulation of cell cycle at checkpoints

Cyclin-dependent kinase

MPF

Chapter 13

Gene

Locus

Asexual reproduction vs. sexual

Karyotype

Homologous chromosome

Autosome

Sex chromosome

Daughter cell

Meiosis

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Prophase I as critical because Synapsis and Crossing over take place then

Chiasmata

Metaphase I as critical because homologous chromosomes may be arranged this way or that way

(Independent Assortment), resulting in the possibility of genetic variation

Anaphase II as critical because that is when Sister Chromatids separate

Chapter 14

Allele

Law of segregation

Mono vs. dihybrid cross

Testcross

Incomplete dominance as white flower + red flower makes pink

Multiple alleles as in human blood types

Pleiotropy as one gene with many effects, such as down syndrome

Epistasis as a gene is not expressed unless a different gene operates

Recessive inherited disordersCystic fibrosis

Tay-Sachs

Sickle-cell disease

Chapter 15

Sex-linked genes

X-inactivation

Barr body

Linked genes

Genetic recombination

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Crossing over

Linkage map

Map unit on a linkage map

Nondisjunction

Trisomic

Polyploidy: having more than 2 sets of chromosomes, as in 3n or 4n

Chromosome rearrangement resulting in such mutations as

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Down syndrome: 3 chromo 21

Klinefelter syndrome: XXY

Turner syndrome: XO

Chapter 16

Hershey and Chase

Watson and Crick

Wilkins and Franklin

Chargraff

Nirenberg

Double helix

Antiparallel

Replication of DNA

DNA polymerase

Leading vs. lagging strands

Okazaki fragments

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DNA ligase

Chromatin

Histones

Nucleosome

Chapter 17

Transcription makes mRNA

Translation uses the mRNA at the ribosome to make hook proteins via peptide bonds

Promoter

TATA

Introns

Exons

E, P and A sites on ribosomes

mG cap

Poly-A tail

Endonucleases

Wobble

Signal peptide is first 20 or so amino acids on a protgein, identifies area of ER where the protein goes

Point mutations are changes in 1 DNA base

Base-pair substitution

Missense

Nonsense

I insertion

Deletion

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Mutagens

Chapter 18

Operon

Operator

Promoter

Repressible Operon like lac

Inducible Operon like trp

DNA methylation

DNA acetylation

Enhancer region

Activator

Transcription initiation complex

DNA Bending protein

Chapter 19

Virus is not alive

Capsis

Capsomere

Bacteriophage

T-even have tail, inject DNA

Host range

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

Prophage

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Retrovirus

Reverse transcriptase

Viroids

Prions

Chapter 20

Recombinant DNA

Restriction enzyme

Sticky ends

DNA ligase

Plasmid

cDNA library

gel electrophoresis

southern blotting

microarray

PCR

RFLP

Chapter 22

Lamarck

Evidence for Evolution

fossil record

Homologous structures

Embryonic homologies

Vestigial organs

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Molecular homologies: share DNA base sequences, share amino acid sequences in protein

Convergent evolution: different organisms in similar environments become more similar

Divergent evolution: similar organisms get separated to very different environments become

dissimilar

Chapter 23

Microevolution

Macroevolution

Hardy-Weinberg

5 Conditions to meet Hardy-Weinberg

Directional selection

Disruptive selection

Stabilizing selection

Heterozygote advantage

Animal (Includes Us) Systems Identifications

Things to know:

Phylum Porifera: Sponges that are colonies of cells with 2 layers. Radial Symmetry. Are not Metazoans

(true animals). All the animals below are Metazoans.

Phylum Cnidaria: also called Coelenterata: Jellyfish, Sea Anemone. 3 layers of cells, the middle layer is the

Mesoglia Reproduction is by budding and sexual, with both sex organs found on one individual.

Digestion takes place in the gastrovascular cavity, with digestive enzymes secreted by the Gastrodermis

Cells that line the cavity. These animals have nematocysts and a primitive nerve network. RadialSymmetry

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Planaria and the Flatworms. 3 layers of cells. Acoelomates. Bilateral Symmetry.

Eye Spots with nerves and nerve ganglia. Includes Tapeworm, fluke, hookworm. Respiration through

skin, open circ. System.

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Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms. Pseudocoelomates. Digestive system with mouth and anus. Mainly

decomposers, although some are parasites. Only 1 muscle layer makes their movement jerky.

Phylum Annelida: Earthworms: Segmented Worms. Closed Circ. System with 5 ring hearts. Open Resp.

system with air in through skin. Primitive central nervous system with a brain and ventral nerve cord.

Nephridia for excretion. Are hermaphroditic. 2 muscle layers make movement smooth. AreCoelomates. Are Protostomes (blastopore develops into mouth first, embryonic cleavage is Radial,

coelom develops from mesoderm). The Gizzard grinds ingested food.

Phylum Arthropoda: Exoskeleton and jointed legs. Body segmentation. Respiration is by Spiracles and

Trachea systems, blood is not involved in moving gases. Are also Protostomes. The Green Gland is

used for Excretion of Nitrogen Wastes. Has a nervous system.

Phylum Molluska: Clams, octopus, snails. Are Protostomes. Soft body parts with gills for oxygen. Mantle

Layer of cells can produce the shell. Have a Radula = a rasping tongue like organ. Have a muscular

foot for burrowing. The location of the foot determines the classification of mollusk (i.e. agastropod has the foot wrapped around the stomach, as in a snail).

Phylum Echinodermata: Starfish. Deuterostomes (anus develops first from blastopore, mouth later and at

the opposite end: Radial cleavage with coelom originating from the gut). Spinney exoskeleton,

complete digestive system. Have Bilateral symmetry as larva but Radial as adults. Use a Water

Vascular System for movement.

Chordates: Deuterostomes have notochord,

Chapter 24: THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

Essay: Microevolution vs. Macroevolution

Speciation

Preventing Speciation:

Reproductive Isolatin by Prezygotic barriers to reproduction

Reproductive Isolation by Postzygotic barriers

Encouraging Speciation:

Allopatric Speciation

Sympatric Speciation

Polyploidy

Autopolyploid

Allopolyploid

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Adaptive Radiation

Chapter 25:PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution

Clade

Monophyletic

Paraphyletic

Polyphyletic

Outgroup

Gene Duplication

Chapter 31: FUNGI

Exoenzymes

Mycorrhizae on Legumes

Mycelium

Hyphae

Septa

Plasmogamy

Karyogamy

Recognize the following as Fungi: Zygomycota,Rhizopus

tolonifer, Ascomycetes,

Lichens: algae with hyphae of fungi

Chapter 32: Animal Diversity

Zygote

Cleavage

Blastula

gastrulation

Gastrula

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Ea


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Blastocoel

Archenteron

Blastopore

Germ layers

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

endoderm

Hox genes: found only in animals

Redial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Coelom

Coelomate

Acoelomate

Pseudocoelomate

Protostome

Deuterostome

Determinate cell formation of protostome

Indeterminate cell formation of deuterostome

Protostome development(examples: molluscs, annelids,

arthropods)

Deuterostome development(examples: echinoderms,

chordates)

Eight-cellstage

Eight-cellstage

Spiral anddeterminate

Radial andindeterminate

(a) Cleavage. In general, protostomedevelopment begins with spiral,

determinate cleavage.Deuterostome development is

characterized by radial,indeterminate cleavage.

Figure 32.9c

Anus

Anus

Mouth

Mouth

Mouth developsfrom blastopore

Anus developsfrom blastopore

Digestive tube

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Cnidarians:

variations o The se


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Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa

Chapter 33: Invertebrates

Choanocytes

Spicules

Amoebocytes

Porocytes

Sessile

Cnidaria (Jellyfish and hydra group)

Medusa

Polyp

Gastrovascular cavity

Cnidocytes

Acoelomate

Planarian

Turbellarian

Pseudocoelomate

Nematode = roundworm =

decomposers; parasites

Molluska = clams, squid, octopus

Mantle layer of cells

Radula

Nephridia

Open circulation

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Mollusthat m

The best

Have


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Annelid worm

Metanephridia

5 ring-hearts

hermaphroditic

ventral nerve cord

chaetae

Breath through skin that MUST be moist

cerebral ganglia

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine

Arthropod

Crustacean

Arachnid

Insecta

Hemolymph

Open circulatory system

Tracheal tubes

Spiracles

Malpighian tubules

Closed respiratory system

Book lung of spiders

Green gland

Echinodermata

Madreporite

Ring canal

Tube feet

Water vascular system

Ampula

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Anatomkeep ski

Echino


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Chapter 34: Vertebrates

Dorsal nerve cord

Notochord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Tunicate

Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

2-Chambered heart

Lateral line

Swim bladder

Countercurrent circulation over gills

Amphibia

3-Chambered heart

External fertilization

Eggs laid in Water

Amniotes

Yoke Sac for blood production

Allantoids

Chorion

Amnion

Reptiles

Eggs laid on land

Most are Ectotherms

3-Chambered Hearts

Aves

4-Chambered Hearts

Feathers are modified scales

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Bony Fior fiv

Concep Amniote

membra


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Mammals

Placenta

Primates

Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nerve tissue

Kleenex tissue

Basal metabolic rate

Standard metabolic rate

Torpor

Estivation

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition

Insulin

Glucagon

Set point

Leptin

PYY

Ghrelin

Limiting factor

Vitamins

Coenzymes

Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

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Gluco

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Minerals

Ca

P

Na

S

K

Fe

I

Cofactors

Intracellular digestion

Extracellular digestion

Gastrointestinal cavity (tract)

Epiglottis

HCl

Pepsinogen

Pepsin

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Amylases (amylase, pancreatic amylase)

Pepsin, trypsin, peptidases

(carboxypeptidases, dipeptidases,

aminopeptidases)

Cholecystokinin

Secretin

Gastrin

Enterogastrone

Microvilli

Lacteal

Chylomicrons

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Small intestine as place where most of the digestion and absorption occur

Small intestine needs to be larger in Herbivores

Colon absorption of Vitamin K and Water

Ruminants

Cellulose in intestinal protests = symbiotic with ruminants

Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Hemolymph

5 Ring hearts

differentiate the heart

structure and circulatory patterns to gills/lungs

and system in

Fish

Amphibians

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Stomach

Herbivor R

Vert


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Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Identify the chambers, blood flow patterns

during systole and diastole in the mammalian heart

SA vs. AV nodes

Parasympathetic slows heart

via acetylcholine, Sympathetic speeds heart via

Adrenalin Differentiate systolic from

diastolic blood pressure; Identify places where blood pressure is highest/lowest

The difference between blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) and osmotic pressure Drives

fluids out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end

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T h e

Is

The v


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Blood Cells

Red: carry oxygen via hemoglobin with 4 Fe atoms

Lymphocytes: produce antibodies

Neutrophils: phagocytosis

Macrophages: large phagocytes that can present Antigen (antigen-presenting cells =

APCs)

Platelets: blood clotting; release ADP to attract other platelets

Hemostasis Blood Clotting. Requires Calcium. Results in conversion of thromboplastin to

Thrombin, which converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin, which is the clotted fiber.

Blood Components

Plasma: 55%, mainly water and proteins made in the liver

Bubby Coat: platelets and white blood cells

Red blood cells: 45%

Serum: plasma without the clotting factors

Respiration

Countercurrent

exchange in fish

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Tracheal

The t


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Insects used Closed respiratory systems with air moving into spiracles in the exoskeleton and

into tracheal tubes

Internal Lungs in spiders, land snails, most terrestrial vertebrates

Human respiratory structures:

Pharynx

Larynx

(esophagus): tube:

mouth to stomach

epiglottis

trachea

bronchial tubes

alveoli (sacks that are 1-cell thick where air exchange occurs)

Medulla in brain controls breathing

Air Exchange: Gases move from

high to low partial pressure in both the lungs and in the

tissue

23

MammA system of


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Bohr Shift

Transport of

CO2

24

80% of

Carbon dioxi

bod tissues

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Chapter 43: Immune System

Innate vs

Acquired Immunity

General phagocytosis,

Lysosomes, etc.

25

Chapter

In

Phagoc

Phagoc


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Antige

The ver

Thymus Gland for maturation of T-Cells

Spleen for immune surveillance of blood and destruction of red blood cells

Interferons interfere

with viral replication in neighboring

cells

Diapedesis:

squeezing of white blood cells into an

area of infection

Heparine and

histamine: make blood vessels leaky to

fluids and diapedesis, resulting in

swelling (edema)

Antibody

Structure

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An a


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Antigen

Epitope

MHC Type 1

Cytotoxic T-Cells

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Clas


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MHC Class II

T-Helper Cells

Cytokines

Clonal Selection of B-Cells

Opsonization

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Class I

In a prim Bi

di

In the s


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Memory Cells

Humoral Immunity

Cell Mediated Immunity

IgM

IgG

IgA

IgE

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Conce

types

Acquir

Th


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Active

Acti

Blood

R

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Chapter 44: Osmoregulation, Fluid Balance

Osmoregulation

Osmoconformers

Osmoregulators

Freshwater vs Saltwater Fish in

terms of Osmoregulation

Marine birds have salt glands

in head that get rid of salt

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Marine

Freshw

Freshw


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Nitrogenous Wastes

Role of Liver

Role of Kidneys

Structures for removal of nitrogenous wastes:

Metanephridia of earthworms

Flame bulbs (cells) of planaria

Malpighian tubules of

terrestrial arthropods

Kidneys with nephrons in

vertebrates

32

Among

A

Verteb

n


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Glomerulus

Juxtamedullary nephron

Bowmans

capsule

Proximal

tubule

Collecting

duct

33

The

From Filtrate


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34

Reabs

Secre

As filtr


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35

Two sol

The os


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36

The reni

Isac


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Chapter 45: Endocrine System

Gland locations

pituitary gland

oxytocin

ADH

Growth hormone

Prolactin

FSH

TSH

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The m


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Pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

Pineal gland = sleep

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Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid gland

Calcitonin by thyroid gland

Set point

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Parat

Blood


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Pancreas

Insulin lowers blood sugar

Glucagon raises blood sugar

Glycogen is stored glucose (stored in muscle and liver)

Ecdysone: stimulates molts

Chapters 46 47

Asexual Reproduction:Hermaphroditic

Parthenogenesis

FissionBudding

Vegetative reproduction in plants (new plant from

cutting, runners)

Endometrium

Estrogen

Progesterone

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Acrosome

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Chapt

Th


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Ca++

Depolarization of membrane to block polyspermy

Cleavage

Blastula

Blastocoel

Homeotic genes

Hox genes

Animal hemisphere and pole

Vegetal hemisphere and pole

Gray crescent Blastocoel in

animal hemisphere due to large amount

of yoke in the vegetal

Meroblastic cleavage =

incomplete division of a yolk-rich egg

(birds, reptiles, many fish)

41

leava

Th

M r


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Holoblastic cleavage = complete division of eggs having little yolk (as in sea urchins)

Amnion

Allantosis

Yolk sac

Chorion

Fibronectin

Cadherins

Inductive signals

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Chapter 48: Nervous Systems

Nerve net

Radial nerve

Eyespot

Brain

Sensory neuron

Interneuron

Motor neuron

Schwann cells

Myelin

Nodes of Ranvier

Presynaptic terminal

Postsynaptic terminal

Neuroglial cells

Astrocytes

Microglials

Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells

Na+, K+, channels

43

Organ

The si

Restin

Inside Axon

Na+

Action


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Phase

1

Polarized

Depolarized

Repolarized

Hyperpolarized

Local current

Action potential

Threshold

Activation and inactivation gates

All or none response

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Wh

Salutatory nerve conduction

Schwann cells provide myelin making nerve impulse faster

Increase diameter of axon also increases impulse speed

Gray matter = unmyelinated

White matter = myelinated

Ca++

Synaptic vesicles

V and T-Snares

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine receptors

Acetylcholinesterase

Neuromuscular junction

Transverse tubules

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca++

Actin

Troponin

Tropomyosin

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Active site

Myosin

Myosin cross bridges

ADP and ATP

EPSP

IPSP

Temporal summation (time)

Spatial summation (place)

parasympathetic slows heart

sympathetic speeds heart, fight/flight,

interconnected

Acetylcholine

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Brain Structures

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Medulla oblongata

Reticular formation

Diencephalons

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Corpus callosum

Schizophrenia = too much dopamine from basal nuclei

Parkinsons Disease = too little dopamine

Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Lateral line in fish

Rhodopsin is the pigment in Rods; comes from Vitamin A

Rods

Cones

Glutamate is the neurotransmitter in rods and cones

Many skeletal muscles are antagonistic (biceps and triceps)

Twitch

Summation

Tetanus

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Latent period = time between nerve

impulse and actual muscle contraction

Ch 50 55

Innate behaviors (genetic): they do it with no thinking

Fixed action pattern

Kinesis

migration

learning

imprinting: age is critical

habituation: loss of behavior because it stops working

altruism

proximate cause of behavior: male attacks red stuff, gets to mate

ultimate cause of behavior: male that does the above is stronger and strengthens gene pool

Chapter 52

Ecology

Biotic vs. abiotic factors

Aquatic: fresh water

Marine: salt water

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A twit


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Photic zone

Benthic zone

Oligotrophic lake = healthy

Eutrophic lake = dying usually due to too many nutrients producing algal blooms. Algae die, rotting consumes

oxygen

Biomes: be able to relate the biome to its climate and rainfall

Desert

Savanna

Chaparral

Grassland

Tundra

Tropical forest

Coniferous forest

Forest Gump

Chapter 53

Population

Density of a population

Dispersion of a population

Exponential population growth

Carrying capacity

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Denisty-dependent factors of population growth: competition reduces birth rate; increases death rate

Density-independent factors : natural disasters

Chapter 54

Predation

Cryptic coloration

Aposematic or warning coloration

Batesian mimicry: harmless species evolved to mimic coloration of an untasty or harmful

dude

Mullerian mimicry: two bad-tasting dudes resemble each other

Symbiosis

Parasitism

Mutualism

Commensalism

Keystone species: control a community by their vital role

Dominant species: has the highest biomass (sum of the weight of all the members of a population)

Chapter 55

Ecosystem

Primary producers

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Primary consumers: eat the plants

Secondary consumers: eat the primary

Primary production

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Gross Primary Production GPP

Net primary production: Gross Primary Production Respiration

Carbon cycle

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen fixation: Converting N2 to a form useful to plants

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes

Ammonification

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites

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Ch 1 - 55 Identifications

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