Ch. 1: Properties of Matterin Concepts & Challenges: Matter
1-1: How do scientists study matter?
Objective: Students will be able to IDENTIFY and DESCRIBE the ways scientists study matter.
Studying Matter● EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE = energy OR matter
● In order to study matter, scientists must also know about energy
PHYSICAL SCIENCE: the study of matter, energy, and their interactions
PHYSICS: the study of the
interactions between matter and energy
CHEMISTRY: the study of the structure
and makeup of matter and the changes it undergoes
Check for Understanding:
What are two branches of
physical science?
Chemistry & Physics
Specialization
● People choose specific subjects to study● SPECIALIZATION: studying or working in
only one part of a subject○ Specialist : a person who studies or works in
one part of a subject
Specialized Fields in Physical Science
● Biochemistry:● Thermodynamics:● Optics:● Nuclear Physics:
study of the chemical substances occurring in living things
deals with heat and its conversion to other forms of energy
science of light and vision
study of the characteristics, behavior and structure of atomic nuclei
Check for Understanding:
What is a specialist?
A person who studies or works in one particular area of a subject
Importance of Physical Science
● Important part of everyday life!○ seatbelts ○ nuclear energy ○ other sources of energy (solar panels, wind farms, fuel cells)○ Discovery of new materials
■ Ceramic, glass, plastics○ Cable & satellites, computers, TV,○ Cars & airplanes
1-2: What are the properties of matter?
Objective: Students will be able to IDENTIFY two basic properties of matter
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space● EVERYTHING IS MADE UP OF MATTER
EXAMPLES
Water
● Water is matter. A glass filled with water is heavier (has more mass) than an empty one.
● If you keep adding water, it would eventually overflow because water takes up space (has volume), leaving no room in the glass.
Air
● Air is matter. A balloon filled with air is heavier than a balloon that is not filled up.
● When you blow up a balloon, the balloon gets larger because the air takes up space.
Check for Understanding:
What is matter?anything that has mass and takes up space
Properties: the characteristics used to describe an object
Properties of Matter
● Mass: the measure of the amount of matter in an object -- measured in kilograms (kg)
● Volume: the measure of how much space an object takes up -- measured in cubic meters (m3)
Other Properties of Matter
● Weight: the measure of the pull of gravity on a sample of that matter
● Density: tells you how much matter is in a unit of volume
Check for Understanding:
What is a property?
a characteristic used to describe an object
Check for Understanding:
What are the two basic
properties of matter?
MASS&
VOLUME
1-3: What are the states of matter?
Objective: Students will be able to IDENTIFY and DESCRIBE the four states of matter
States: different forms of the same substance
● Three most familiar states:○ Solid○ Liquid○ Gas
● Fourth state: plasma ○ Found in stars like the Sun
States of Matter: any one of the four physical states of matter
Solids
● State of most objects around us● Has definite shape and volume● Particles are more tightly
packed together, cannot change position easily○ Vibrate, move back and forth in
place
Liquids
● Has definite volume but no definite shape
● Able to change shape because particles can change position
● Always takes the shape of its container, but volume stays the same
Gases
● Has no definite shape or volume
● Takes the shape of its container● Particles are in constant motion
○ Much farther apart than the particles in a solid or liquid
○ Move freely to all parts of the container
Another State of Matter: Plasma
● Plasma is the 4th state of matter○ Made up of small, electrically-charged particles
● Rarely exists on earth, plentiful in other parts of the universe○ Stars - where pressure is very high○ Scientists have been able to create plasma in a lab - much
cooler than naturally occurring plasma○ Plasma technology has been applied to TVs, street lamps,
fluorescent tubes
1-4: How does matter change state?
Objective: Students will be able to IDENTIFY ways in which matter can change from one state to another
State Changes
● Change of State: a change in matter from one state to another
● Change of state = Change in heat energy○ substance gains or loses heat
as it changes from one state to another
Freezing & Melting
● Freezing: change from a liquid to a solid○ Occurs when the temperature of a liquid reaches
its freezing point○ Loses enough heat to change to a solid
● Melting: change from a solid to a liquid○ Occurs when a solid gains enough heat to change
into a liquid
Evaporation & Condensation
● Evaporation: a change from a liquid to a gas at the surface of the liquid○ Particles at the surface of the liquid gained enough energy to
change to a gas state● Condensation: change from a gas to a liquid
○ Particles gain enough energy to change into a vapor, then come in contact with a cool surface and “condense” to form droplets
Sublimation
● Change of a solid directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid state
● Example: ice cubes shrinking after being left in the freezer for a several days
● Other solids that sublime: moth balls, dry ice, iodine
1-5: What are physical and chemical changes?
Objective: Students will be able to distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter.
Physical Properties:
● Solid
● Liquid
● Gas
● Shape
● Size
● Color
● Texture
characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the makeup of a substance
● Mass
● Density
● Boiling Point
● Temperature
● Volume
● Smell
● Freezing Point
Physical Changes: All physical changes involve physical properties of a material.
EXAMPLES
● Cutting an apple in half -- changes size
● Freezing water into ice -- changes state
● Crumpling a sheet of paper -- changes size & shape
a change that does not produce a new substance
Chemical Changes:
EXAMPLES
● Burning a piece of paper ○ produces ashes, soot, heat, light, and gases
○ Paper no longer exists when you’re done
● Rusting iron
● Digestion of food
● Burning of gasoline in a car engine
a change that produces a new substance