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Ch 1: Science Inquiry & ProcessingVocab
1. Accuracy 2. Bias3. Conclusion4. Control Group5. Data6. Dependent Variable7. Direct Observation8. Experimental Group9. Hypothesis10. Independent Variable11. Indirect Observation
12. Inference13. Law (Scientific)14. Limitations15. Observation16. Procedure17. Science18. Scientific Method19. Technology20. Theory21. Validity22. variable
Science
• knowledge attained through study or practice
• “Scientia" = Latin for “knowledge”• Branches…– Chemistry – how matter changes– Biology – life – Physics – how matter & energy affect
each other
Theory vs. Law
Scientific Theory• Possible explanation
backed by a lot of evidence supported by many scientists– Ex. Theory of Evolution
Scientific Law• Repeated observation
over time– Ex. Law of Gravity
Scientific Method
1. Ask a Question.2. Research3. Hypothesize4. Experiment5. Record Data6. Analyze Data7. Draw Conclusions8. Report Results
Independent vs Dependent Variable
Independent Variable• Stands alone!• “Antecedent”
• Ex. Listening to classical music
• Other Exs.– Monetary gift– Distraction
Dependent Variable• “Depends” on other
factors; what you want to change
• “Consequence”
• Ex. Test scores
• Other Exs.– Work production– Driving ability
2. Research
…on internet, books, etc…
• become educated on the background to the question!
• Ex. “A study performed by Harvard shows that classical music will increase test scores because it helps the parts of the brain associated with focus.”
3. Hypothesize.
• EDUCATED theory
• Predict the answer to the question & why
• Ex. “We predict this study will show classical music will increase test scores because the rhythm of the music will enhance focus centers in the brain.”
4. Experiment
…to test the hypothesis.
• Design the experiment’s procedure.
• Variable – anything that can change in an experiment– Ex. listen to same song for same time,
age/gender of participants = same
Control vs. Experimental Group
Control Group• Will not get “X” or will get
placebo (“fake” or “pretend”)
• “Comparison Group”• May experience “placebo
effect”
• Ex. Not listen to classical music
• Other Exs.– Sugar pill
Experimental Group• Will get “X” (the actual
experiment)
• Ex. Listen to classical music
• Other Exs.– Actual medicine
5. Record Data.
• Write down the direct or indirect observations made during the experiment.
• Data must be…– accurate – valid– free of bias
Types of Data
Qualitative• Facts (Words)
– Ex. “Group 1 is listening to classical music while testing.”
– Other Exs.• “Subject A is eating a
sandwich.”
Quantitative• Figures (#s)
– Ex. “20%”
– Other Exs.• “9.54 mm”• “783 subjects”
• http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/qualitative-and-quantitative-observations--4
7. Draw Conclusions.
• What does the data mean?– Make sense out of the data.– In other words, make inferences.
• What were the experiment’s limitations (variables that negatively influence the experiment)?
• Ex. “The students listening to classical music increased their test scores by 42% because the classical music helped them focus.”