Ch 11- Classifying Prokaryotes

Shapes & Arrangements

Archae Extremophiles-extreme conditions

Thermophiles-extreme heat

Halophiles-salty environmentsEx: great salt lake, dead sea

Methanogens-obligate anaerobes, make methane gasEx:hydrothermal vents

Loving Environments Psychrophiles- super cold

Ex: ice, freezer, refrigerators, cold water, cause food spoilage

Mesophiles-best at 20-40 C (human body 37C)

Ex: human pathogens

Thermophiles- hot

Ex: hot springs, don’t cause disease

Hyperthermophiles-Archae, extremely hot

Ex: hydrothermal vents, volcanic necks

Neutrophiles- pH 6.5-7.5, human body

Acidophiles- acidic habitats

Reproduction Binary Fission

1. Cell replicates DNA

2. Cell grows, DNA moves apart

3. Forms a cross wall

4. 2 new daughter cells

SporesReproductive cells that can make a clone of

original organism

BuddingOutgrowth of original cell receives genetic

material and enlarges

Endospore formation

1. Replicates DNA

2. Cytoplasm splits

3. Membrane grows to make spore coat

4. Endospore is released

Survey of Bacteria

Deeply BranchingSimilar to earliest bacteriaHot, acidic, anaerobic, lots of UV

Phototrophic- absorb light

Cyanobacteria- aka blue-green algae Transformed early atmosphere in oxygen

containing (Endosymbiotic Theory)

nitrogen fixation-nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3), because few organisms can use nitrogen

Green & Purple Phototrophic Bacteria- anoxygenic- do not make O2 during

photosynthesis Found in anaerobic muds

G & C Ratios (% of guanine/cytosine base pairs)Low Positive

1. Clostridia-rod shaped, obligate anaerobes

○ Endospores- survive harsh conditions○ Medicine & industry

C. tetani- tetanus C. botulinum-food poisoning,

botox C. perfringens- gangrene C. difficile-diarrhea Veillonella- tooth plaque

2. Mycoplasmas- lack cell wallsEx: pneumonia, UTI’s

  3. Gram positive bacilli & cocci

a. Bacillus-facultative anaerobes, endospores, flagella, found in soil  B. anthracis- anthrax, bioterrorism (reading pg 327)

B. cereus-contaminate rice b/c can’t cook out endospores 

b. Listeria- dairy products, reproduces even in fridge, can kill fetus (why pregnant women shouldn’t eat deli)   c. Lactobacillus-used to make yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, and sauerkraut, protect digestive tract  

d. Streptococcus & Enterococcus- strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, pneumonia, & others   e. Staphylococcus aureus- found naturally on skin, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, wound infections

MRSA-methicillin resistant

High Positive1. Corynebacterium-pleomorphic  C. diphtheria- diphtheria – upper respiratory disease, DPT vaccine 2. Mycobacterium-aerobic, slow growing

M. tuberculosis- tuberculosis M. leprae- leprosy 3. Actinomycetes-form filaments so resemble fungi 

a. Actinomyces- normally in oral cavity and throat, can spread to abdomen & cause disease 

b. Nocardia-degrades pollutants of landfills 

c. Streptomyces-recycle nutrients in soil, give “soil” smell-produce antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline

Reading pg 331

Gram-Negative1. Alphaproteobacteria-aerobes that grow at very low nutrient levels a. Nitrogen fixers- important in ag

Azospirillum-toots of tropical grasses-sugar caneRhizobium- leguminous plants

 b. Nitrobacter-convert ammonia into nitrate, more available to plants  

c. Purple nonsulfer bacteria- mud, harvest light but don’t make oxygen

 d. Rickettsia- have to live within other cells, typhus & Rocky Mtn spotted fever

e. Ehrlichia- tick borne, causes disease by living in WBC’s  f. Acetobacter & Gluconobacter- used to make vinegar  g. Caulobacter- found in nutrient poor water, superglue reading pg 335  h. Agrobacterium- infects plants (galls)

2. Beta proteobacteria-low levels of nutrients

a. Nitrosomonas-nitrifying soils 

b. Neisseria-gonorrhea, PID 

c. Bordetella-pertussis 

d. Burkholderia-moist surfaces/medical equipment 

e. Thiobacillus-recycle sulfur, used by miners to leach metals from ore 

f. Zooglea- sewage treatment plants, purification 

g. Sphaerotilus-sewage treatment plants, impede flow of water 

h. Spirillum-rat bite fever

3. Gammaproteobacteria-

a. Purple sulfur bacteria- found in sulfur rich zones b. Legionella- Legionnaires disease c. Coxiella- Q fever, passed in milk d. Methylococcus- anaerobic, use methane as energy e. Psudomonas-spoilage of refrigerated foods, UTI’s, swimmer’s ear 

f. Azomonas & Azotobacter- soil dwelling, nitrogen fixers

4. Deltaproteobacteriaa. Desulfovibrio-sulfur cycle, corrosion of iron pipes b. Bdellovibrio-attacks other bacteria c. Myxobacteria- soil with decaying plant material or animal dung 5. Epsilonproteobacteriaa. Campylobacter-blood poisoning  b. Heliobacter-ulcers

Others1. Chlamydia- STD, neonatal blindness 2. Spirochaetes

a. Treponema-syphilis 

b. Borrelia-Lyme disease 3. Bacteroides

a. Bacteroides-digestive tract, 30% of feces, can cause infection

 b. Cytophaga-degrade complex polysaccharides-

damage to wood, important in sewage breakdown