Ch 12.4

Mutations

Mutation:-inheritable changes in genetic material

…changes that affect a single orfew nucleotides.

…occur at a single pointin DNA sequence.

Substitution: one base exchanged for another(ex: sickle cell anemia)

Insertion: extra base(s) are inserted

Deletion: DNA is deleted/left out

…all are frameshift mutations ; can alter the protein/cause abnormality…

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gene+mutation+substitution&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=UDzd-2ymnL183M&tbnid=VL8T4To4Qow-6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://rchemistry.wikispaces.com/Hannah+Grace-Kinley&ei=TT8qUbG_J4O7rQHN5YGwAQ&bvm=bv.42768644,d.aWM&psig=AFQjCNFkraEfSRZ18RWKJS9T9nuAZDPuaQ&ust=1361809585090023

Sickle Cell: a substitution mutation

ChromosomalMutations:

Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

Polyploidy-Organism has extra sets of chromosomes in gametes.

…normal gametes are (2N); Triploid (3N)orTetraploid (4N) can occur.

CH 13.1

Changing theLiving World

Domestication of plants/animals: all modern-day food products were once “wild”- humans have tamed & shaped nature to better suit human needs.

Selective Breeding: allowing only those organisms with desirable traits toproduce the next generation.

Inbreeding: continued breeding of individualswith similar traits.

Can also increaserisk of genetic defects.

Increasing variation through genetic engineering of mutations

This bacteria has beenmodified to turn CO2 into fuel.

This bacteria has been GM’ed to eat oil.