Ch 13Ch 13

Manifest Destiny, Manifest Destiny, 1810–18531810–1853

Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853

Westward expansion has Westward expansion has political, economic, and social political, economic, and social effects on the development of effects on the development of the United States.the United States.

Mountain Men Open the WestMountain Men Open the West

Mountain men explore the West Mountain men explore the West while searching for furswhile searching for furs

They provide knowledge of West They provide knowledge of West that helps later pioneers move westthat helps later pioneers move west

Jedediah Smith finds South Pass Jedediah Smith finds South Pass that was later used by pioneers as that was later used by pioneers as wagon trail wagon trail

The Lure of the WestThe Lure of the West

Many use the West to make Many use the West to make money and take land from Native money and take land from Native AmericansAmericans

Land speculators buy huge areas Land speculators buy huge areas of land, hope value will increase of land, hope value will increase

If value goes up, speculators If value goes up, speculators divide land into smaller sectionsdivide land into smaller sections

The Lure of the WestThe Lure of the West

Make great profits selling sections Make great profits selling sections to thousands of settlersto thousands of settlers

Manufacturers and merchants Manufacturers and merchants soon follow the settlers westsoon follow the settlers west

They hope to earn money, They hope to earn money, making, and selling items farmers making, and selling items farmers needneed

Oregon CountryOregon Country

The Trail to Santa FeThe Trail to Santa Fe Mexico gains independence (1821) Mexico gains independence (1821)

and opens its borders to American and opens its borders to American traderstraders

William Becknell goes to Santa Fe, William Becknell goes to Santa Fe, New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trail  New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trail 

He makes profit trading, news He makes profit trading, news spreads, traders can get rich in spreads, traders can get rich in New MexicoNew Mexico

The Trail to Santa FeThe Trail to Santa Fe

Becknell makes another trip to Becknell makes another trip to Santa Fe, uses a shortcutSanta Fe, uses a shortcut

Soon hundreds of traders use Soon hundreds of traders use same route from Missouri to New same route from Missouri to New MexicoMexico

Oregon FeverOregon Fever

Hundreds of settlers begin Hundreds of settlers begin migrating west on the Oregon migrating west on the Oregon Trail  Trail  

First whites to cross to Oregon First whites to cross to Oregon are missionariesare missionaries

U.S. and Britain argue over U.S. and Britain argue over ownership of Oregonownership of Oregon

Oregon FeverOregon Fever

Missionaries report about Missionaries report about Oregon’s rich land, attract many Oregon’s rich land, attract many settlerssettlers

In 1843, nearly 1,000 people In 1843, nearly 1,000 people travel from Missouri to Oregontravel from Missouri to Oregon

The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail

Mormons—members of Church of Mormons—members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsJesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Many people do not like Mormons Many people do not like Mormons because:because: practice of polygamypractice of polygamy object to their holding of property object to their holding of property

in commonin common

The Mormon TrailThe Mormon Trail

Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Mormons decide to leave Smith, Mormons decide to leave U.S.U.S.

Next leader, Brigham Young, leads Next leader, Brigham Young, leads 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847) 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847)

Build settlement by the Great Salt Build settlement by the Great Salt LakeLake

Americans Support Manifest Americans Support Manifest Destiny Destiny

West occupied by Native Americans West occupied by Native Americans and Mexicansand Mexicans

Americans view West as unoccupied, Americans view West as unoccupied, many want to settle in regionmany want to settle in region

Manifest Destiny—U.S. expansion Manifest Destiny—U.S. expansion from Atlantic to the Pacific is sure to from Atlantic to the Pacific is sure to happenhappen

Americans Support Manifest Americans Support Manifest Destiny Destiny

Manifest destiny becomes U.S. Manifest destiny becomes U.S. policy under President James K. policy under President James K. PolkPolk

U.S. and Britain divide Oregon U.S. and Britain divide Oregon territory at 49th parallel (1846) territory at 49th parallel (1846)

Mexican – American WarMexican – American War

Troubles with MexicoTroubles with Mexico

U.S. Congress admits Texas as U.S. Congress admits Texas as slave state (1846) this angers slave state (1846) this angers MexicoMexico

Texas and Mexico do not agree on Texas and Mexico do not agree on official border, U.S. diplomacy failsofficial border, U.S. diplomacy fails

General Zachary Taylor stations General Zachary Taylor stations U.S. troops in disputed regionU.S. troops in disputed region

Troubles with MexicoTroubles with Mexico

Action viewed by Mexico as an act Action viewed by Mexico as an act of war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrolof war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrol

Congress declares war on Mexico, Congress declares war on Mexico, some Americans are against warsome Americans are against war

Southerners want to extend Southerners want to extend slavery into Texas, Northerners do slavery into Texas, Northerners do notnot

The Invasion of MexicoThe Invasion of Mexico

General Zachary Taylor leads General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops into Mexico from U.S. troops into Mexico from TexasTexas

Fights Santa Anna and Mexican Fights Santa Anna and Mexican troops at Buena Vista, the troops at Buena Vista, the Mexican troops retreatMexican troops retreat

The Invasion of MexicoThe Invasion of Mexico

General Winfield Scott and U.S. General Winfield Scott and U.S. troops land in Veracruz, Mexicotroops land in Veracruz, Mexico

They head inland to Mexico City, They head inland to Mexico City, fight Mexican troops, and capture fight Mexican troops, and capture Mexico City Mexico City

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

War ends with the Treaty of War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico recognizes Texas as a Mexico recognizes Texas as a part of the U.S. and the Rio part of the U.S. and the Rio Grande as Mexican/U.S. borderGrande as Mexican/U.S. border

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Mexico gives up vast region Mexico gives up vast region known as the Mexican Cession:known as the Mexican Cession: amounts to almost one-half of amounts to almost one-half of

MexicoMexico U.S. pays Mexico $15 million for U.S. pays Mexico $15 million for

regionregion

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Mexicans in U.S. become a Mexicans in U.S. become a minority and contribute to minority and contribute to American cultureAmerican culture

““From Sea to Shining Sea”From Sea to Shining Sea”

Mexico sells land to U.S., the Mexico sells land to U.S., the Gadsden Purchase (1853):Gadsden Purchase (1853): costs U.S. $10 millioncosts U.S. $10 million includes southern New Mexico includes southern New Mexico

and Arizonaand Arizona

““From Sea to Shining Sea”From Sea to Shining Sea”

In 1848, the U.S. extends from In 1848, the U.S. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific the Atlantic to the Pacific

President Polk learns gold was President Polk learns gold was found in Californiafound in California

California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush

California Before the RushCalifornia Before the Rush

Before gold rush, California is Before gold rush, California is populated by Native Americans populated by Native Americans and Californiosand Californios

Californios—California settlers of Californios—California settlers of Spanish or Mexican descentSpanish or Mexican descent

Most live on huge cattle ranches Most live on huge cattle ranches

Rush for GoldRush for Gold

News of gold discovery spreads News of gold discovery spreads rapidly and starts California gold rapidly and starts California gold rushrush

Gold rush occurs when many Gold rush occurs when many people move to where gold has people move to where gold has been foundbeen found

Rush for GoldRush for Gold

Thousands of gold seekers set out Thousands of gold seekers set out to California using one of 3 routes:to California using one of 3 routes: sail around South America and up sail around South America and up

Pacific coastPacific coast sail to Isthmus of Panama, sail to Isthmus of Panama,

crossover, then sail to Californiacrossover, then sail to California travel overland across North travel overland across North

AmericaAmerica

Life in the Mining CampsLife in the Mining Camps

Forty-niners—people who go to Forty-niners—people who go to California to find gold, starting California to find gold, starting 18491849

Often live in camps with colorful Often live in camps with colorful names like Coyote Diggings, or names like Coyote Diggings, or HangtownHangtown

Life in the Mining CampsLife in the Mining Camps

Camp life is dangerous and the Camp life is dangerous and the mining is hard work, few find mining is hard work, few find much goldmuch gold

Miners pay high prices for Miners pay high prices for supplies and con artists swindle supplies and con artists swindle minersminers

Miners from Around the WorldMiners from Around the World

Two-thirds of miners are Americans, Two-thirds of miners are Americans, mostly white men mostly white men

Miners also include Native Americans, Miners also include Native Americans, free blacks, and enslaved African free blacks, and enslaved African AmericansAmericans

Many miners come from Mexico, Many miners come from Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, and Europe, South America, Australia, and China China

Miners from Around the WorldMiners from Around the World

Chinese miners are mostly peasant Chinese miners are mostly peasant farmers who flee region when farmers who flee region when crops failcrops fail

Chinese are patient miners and Chinese are patient miners and make “played-out” sites yield profitsmake “played-out” sites yield profits

American miners resent successful American miners resent successful Chinese minersChinese miners

Conflicts Among MinersConflicts Among Miners

Some American miners force Some American miners force Native American and foreign miners Native American and foreign miners to leaveto leave

California becomes U.S. state and California becomes U.S. state and passes Foreign Miners Tax (1850):passes Foreign Miners Tax (1850): imposes  $20 monthly tax on foreign imposes  $20 monthly tax on foreign

minersminers causes miners from other countries causes miners from other countries

to leave their minesto leave their mines

Conflicts Among MinersConflicts Among Miners

Chinese open shops, restaurants, Chinese open shops, restaurants, laundries, and settle in San laundries, and settle in San FranciscoFrancisco

The Impact of the Gold RushThe Impact of the Gold Rush

During gold rush 250,000 people During gold rush 250,000 people flood into California and it is over flood into California and it is over by 1852by 1852

San Francisco becomes center San Francisco becomes center for banking, shipping, and trade for banking, shipping, and trade

Gold rush ruins many Californios, Gold rush ruins many Californios, Americans seize their propertyAmericans seize their property

The Impact of the Gold RushThe Impact of the Gold Rush Thousands of Native Americans die Thousands of Native Americans die

from diseases brought by minersfrom diseases brought by miners Anglo-Americans kill thousands of Anglo-Americans kill thousands of

Native AmericansNative Americans Due to gold rush, California has Due to gold rush, California has

enough people to apply for statehoodenough people to apply for statehood California is admitted as free state in California is admitted as free state in

18501850

The Impact of the Gold RushThe Impact of the Gold Rush

Outlaws slavery but does not grant Outlaws slavery but does not grant African Americans right to vote African Americans right to vote

Southerners fear California will Southerners fear California will upset the balance between slave upset the balance between slave and free statesand free states

Conflict over issue threatens Conflict over issue threatens survival of the Unionsurvival of the Union