The last Great Nomadic

Challenges

Ch 14

I. Introduction

The Mongols caused numerous disruptions throughout Europe and Asia Conquered areas very

quickly Chinggis Khan- most

famous Mongol leader After death, sons divided

up his territory Were known as very

fierce/brutal warriors yet were tolerant and led to peaceful reign

Mongols

Were nomads whose life revolved around their horses Military based on cavalry with short bows, lances,

hatches and maces Got their milk, meat and clothing from their

herds Had tents made from hides which they would

move when they would settle. Divided up in clans/tribes

Would unite together from time to time when there was a strong leader

I. Introduction

II. Chinggis Khan

Born as Temujin Grew up in the period

after Kabul Khan’s death

Teenage years Father was poisoned Temujin was

imprisoned by rival clan

Escaped and joined up with another strong clan

Temujin developed a reputation by defeating his

rivals A Kuriltai (meeting of all Mongol chiefs) in made

Temujin the Khagan- changed his name to Chinggis Khan

Greatly improved military Divided military in Tumens (10,000 warriors)

Subdivided in various units of 10 Messengers and spies Death to deserters Procured new weapons: Flaming /Exploding arrows,

cannons and other gunpowder projectiles

II. Chinggis Khan

Conquest and the Mongol Empire

Ruled ½ million + Mongols Chinggis loved making war

Death to those who resisted and tributes from those who surrendered

Rewarded brave enemies Used siege weapons- catapults, rams, bamboo

rockets

II. Chinggis Khan

Chinggis first attacked North China Attacked the Khwarazm Empire ruled by

Muhammad Shah II Completely overwhelmed them after being

insulted Later established a capital in Karakorum Died in August 1227 while reinvading into

Northern China Death march back to Mongolia for burial

II. Chinggis Khan

Chinggis’s empire was divided among his 3

sons and his grandson Batu (dead son’s son) Ogedei became the grand kahn Territories were called khanates

II. Chinggis Khan

Mongols who invaded Europe were known as

the Golden Horde Russians called them Tartars

Russia was an easy target due to being divided up into small kingdoms Only time Russia was successfully invaded in

the winter By 1240, Russia fell under Mongol rule for 250

yrs

III. Mongolian Westward Expansion

Russian under Mongols

Caused some peasants to became serfs due to fear of Mongol raids

Some towns profited from increases in trade Moscow greatly benefited and gained power as a

tribute collection center Eventually gained enough power and following to

overthrow the mongols Battle of Kulikova 1380

III. Mongolian Westward Expansion

Mongol assault on Islam

Destroyed Baghdad in 1258 Overthrew caliphate and killed 800,000 Ended a dynasty that lasted for 500+ years

Overthrown by Mamluks

III. Mongolian Westward Expansion

Mongols invaded China after Ogedei became

the great kahn Campaigns in south China were led by Kubilai

Kahn(1235-1279) 1260 Kublilai Kahn became great kahn

1271 changed his empire in China to the Yuan (kahn) dynasty

IV. Mongols in China

General life under Kubilai Kahn

Mongols and ethnic Chinese were not allowed to marry But nomadic women were allowed

Mongols lived in tents even though Kubilai lived in a palace

Would not allow civil service exams Social Structure: Mongols, Nomadic/Muslim

allies, North Chinese and then the Ethnic/South Chinese

IV. Mongols in China

Women in China under Mongol rule

Mongol women did not practice foot binding Women could keep property Mongol women were not dainty

Hunted and Kubilai’s daughter wrestled potential suitors

Chabi Kubilai’s wife Balanced out Kubilai’s rule and acted as his

advisor

IV. Mongols in China

Chinese Culture under Mongols

Opened up China to outside influence Brought in Muslims and their advancements

Doctors and astronomers were very important Promoted the arts Helped boost trade and merchants

Built navy Welcomed travelers

Marco Polo (helped inspire Europeans to travel to Asia)

IV. Mongols in China

Mongol’s warrior image started to deteriorate

Lost to Japanese, Song Revolts & failures in Vietnam

Started to allow Chinese and Muslims to run bureaucracy

Couldn’t stop piracy Famines hit White Lotus Society

Secret society that used “magic” to resist Mongol rule

Mongols lost power and had to retreat from China

V. Fall of House of Yuan

Chaos followed the fall of the Mongols

Poor Peasant, Ju Yuanzhang took over Resulted in Ming Dynasty (14th Century) Lasted for 300 years

V. Fall of House of Yuan