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Ch 17 – The West Transformed I can understand how the growth of big business affected the development of the West
Ch 17 – The West Transformed
I can understand how the growth of big business affected the development of the West
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bullet points p.601 read pgs. 574-581
Ch 17 Sec 1Mining and Railroads
•I can understand how mining and railroads drew people to the West
All the Gold in California
• Gold discovered in CA. 1849
• People came
Comstock Lode• 1859 – Gold found –
Nevada- Comstock property
• Gold was hard to get• Miners found silver• Easy to get
Virginia City• 20 year mine• $300 million in silver• 4.8 billion today
Black Hills mines
• Hard to get at gold
Alaska Gold Rush – 1890’s
Boom Town Life
• Tent cities• Bad facilities
Women’s work
• Women did well
• Opened-
Restaurants- Laundries- Bakeries
Who else made money?
•Large companies•Equipment suppliers
Immigrants• Over ½ foreign
1. Spanish2. Italian3. German4. Chinese
• Chinese discriminated against
Frontier Justice - Vigilantes
GIVE HIM A FAIR TRIAL THEN HANG HIM
Bridging the Mississippi• 1856 – First Mississippi railroad bridge• Rock Island Illinois
Incentives• RR’s got 10 square miles of free land
for every 1 mile of track laid• 1 sq mile = 640 acres
IMAGINEAn acre is approx. the size of a football
field• RR’s got 6,400 football fields either
side of their track per mile
Problems - Distance
Dangerous Work
COLD
Avalanche
Mountains
BIG Bridges
Tunnels
May 10, 1869
Transcontinental Railroad completed
Look at Map pg 580
•Where do major western towns develop?
Effects• Population increase• New States
- Nevada- Colorado- North and South Dakota- Montana- Wyoming- Washington- Idaho
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bullet points p.601 read pgs. 584-589
Ch 17 Sec 2Native Americans Struggle to
Survive• I can understand the
consequences of the conflict between the Native Americans and the settlers.
•People are moving west through Indian land
•Are there problems?•What is the solution?
Ft. Laramie Treaty1851
Ft. Laramie Treaty 1851
• Guaranteed tribal lands• Guaranteed safe passage
on Oregon Trail• Tribes paid $50,000 per
year for 10 years
Are There any Problems?
• Money or products are not paid
• People stop and build on Indian land
• Then, 1859 - GOLD!!!
• Who will the Government protect, the Indians or the settlers and miners?
• What will the Government do now?
• New treaties
• Cheyenne and Arapaho give up much of their land
• Some warriors object, attack settlers
• Nov. 29, 1864 – Peaceful group attacked by 700 cavalry
• 133 men, women, children dead
A Beginning
• Sand Creek Massacre starts an era of war
• One of the most feared soldiers were the, “Buffalo Soldiers”
• Who were the Buffalo soldiers?
Buffalo
• By 1870, herds start to shrink
• Buffalo important to Native Americans
Why do herds shrink?
Reservations
• Areas reserved for Native Americans
• Many problemsCorrupt Indian AgentsPoor landContinued invasion
1874 – GOLD!!
• Black Hills in Dakotas• Invasion of Sioux and
Cheyenne land• Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
lead fight to keep settlers out.
IN THIS CORNER
IN THE OTHER CORNER
DETAILS
• Custer sent to force Sitting Bull and Crazy horse onto reservation
• Custer learns they are in the Little Big Horn River area of Montana
• Custer attacks
DETAILS
• Custer is excited• Rides hard to area• Help only 30 miles away
(2,000 men)• Custer disregards threat and
attacks
•1,800 Native Americans versus 210 American Cavalry
JUNE 26, 1876
•2 YEARS LATER, TOO MANY SOLDIERS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICANS TO FIGHT
Other Tribes
• Nez Perce – Idaho, Oregon, Washington• Horse and cattle breeders
Nez Perce
• Chief Joseph objected to reservation
• Tried to flee• Captured and
returned 1877
The Ghost Dance
• Some N.A’s (Native Americans) dreamed of returning to old ways
• Late 1880’s Ghost Dance appeared• Dancers in trance – swaying
movement• Dreamed talking to ghosts
Ghost Dance
• Believed1. Ancestors would return2. Buffalo would return3. White men would leave
• Soldiers afraid of uprising
Ghost Dance• Dec. 1890 –
Tribal police go to stop dancing and arrest Sitting Bull
• Sitting Bull killed
Wounded Knee• Sioux flee• Caught at
Wounded Knee S.D.
• Giving up guns a shot heard
• Soldiers open fire killing 200
Navaho
Navaho home - temporary
Navaho home
Navaho
• Raised sheep, horses, cattle
• Raided white settlements• Finally defeated 1864• The Long Walk
Apache
• Arizona – New Mexico area
• Led by Geronimo
• 1876-1886
Reform
1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson records treaties broken by U.S. in her book
INDIAN TERRITORY
Dawes Act - 1887
• Buy em out!!• Each Native American got
160 acres of farm land• Set up schools
Failed Experiment
• Few Native Americans took to farming
WHY?• Many sold their land cheap
Consequences
• Indian agents took power• Replaced native leaders• Native Americans gave up
traditional ways• Remained poor and
dependant
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bullet points p. 601 read pgs. 590-594
Ch 17 Sec 3
•I can identify what factors led to boom or bust in the cattle industry
Development of Longhorns
How did longhorns develop?
• Cross between Spanish and British cattle
• Cattle roamed free• When RR developed, made
cattle ranching profitable
Long drives
•Sometimes as much as 1000 miles
•Different trails
Cattle Trails
The Long Ride
•Time – 2 to 3 months•Path – Followed established trails
•Trails led to Railroads and breeding centers
RISKS
• Lack of water• Lightning• Swift rivers• Grass fires• Swamp• Thieves
Spanish Roots - Vaqueros
Vaqueros• Spanish for cowboy• Ride• Rope• Brand• Chaps• Hat
Ethnicity
• Hispanic – 15%• African Americans -25%• White Civil War Veterans –
60%• Average age - Young
Cattle Shipping Towns
• Abilene• Dodge• Kansas City• Wichita• Denver• Cheyenne
Cattle Breeding Towns
Cowboy Myth
•Gunfights•Good guy - Bad guy•Buffalo Bill’s Wild west Show
Sitting Bull – Before He Died
•1885•50.00 per week
•4 months
Boom or Bust• Cattle drives lasted until 1880’s• Railroads to most locations
halted drives• Original price $5.00• Sold for $60.00• With new railroads, no longer
cost effective
Other Problems
• Free pastures fenced in• Sheep grazing• Drought 1886-87• Depression
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bullet points p.601 read pgs. 595-599
Ch 17 Sec 4Farming in the West
•I can understand how farmers on the Plains struggled to make a living
Homesteading
• Homestead Act of 18621. Free 160 acres2. Live there for 5 years3. It’s yours
Problems
• Little money to move• Too dry• Too little land to make profit• Land companies illegally
bought land
Railroads
• Gave away land• Recruited people to farm
WHY ?• More farms = More
shipping = More $$$
A Hard Life
•Scarce water•Hard to grow crops•Plains covered in sod
SOD
• Dirt with deep tangled roots• Baked hard• Cool in summer – Warm in winter• http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/f/sodh
ouse.html
Sod Busters
•Fertile soil but hard to plow
Hard to plow
• Iron and Wooden plows broke
• Solution ?
John Deere PlowThe Sod Buster - 1877
Seed Drill
McCormick Reaper
Water Windmills
Ogallala Aquifer
Ogallala Aquifer
• Ancient rock filled valleys• Streams allowed water in• Rock covered over by dirt• Depth of water 3’ to 1000’• Wells, 100’ – 400’
1/5 of wheat, corn, cotton, cattle
Barbed Wire - 1874
Farm Families
• Everyone worked
• Little school education
Exoduster
By early 1880’s, 70,000 blacks had settled in Kansas
Mexican Americans
• New white settlers arrived in SW• Found farmers and sheepherders• Many lived there before 1848• Spanish speaking residents
fought to keep land
Last Land Rush• Former Indian Territory now open• April 1889, 100,000 people lined up
at Oklahoma City, OK• On signal rushed onto land• Some had snuck out early and
grabbed land
SOONERS
CONSEQUENCE
•By 1890, NO more land for homesteading
FARM CRISIS
•Big farmers made money
•Little farmers did not•Surplus led to low prices
How did it happen?
• Farmers borrow money for land and machinery
• Low prices, can’t pay loansWHAT HAPPENS?
•Banks foreclose – take land and machines
The Grange
• Social and educational program for farmers
• Developed into economic protest
Farmers Alliance
• Organized group• Formed cooperatives
WHAT IS A COOPERATIVE?
• Farmers pool their money• Make large purchases of tools,
seed and supplies
Populist Party
• Unhappy farmers and unions• Joined together• Demanded reforms
1. Gov’t owned railroads2. Gov’t owned warehouses to control grain distribution3. Income tax replace property tax4. 8 hour workday
Populist Party
• Silver and gold for money
• More money = rising prices
• Rising prices, farmers can pay debts
Election 1896
POPULISTS
• William Jennings Bryan
REPUBLICANS
• William McKinley
