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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 1

Economic Relationships Total, Average and Marginal Relationships

Optimization Analysis

Differential Calculus

Optimization with Calculus New Management Tools for Optimization

Bab 2

Teknik Optimisasidan Peralatan Manajemen Baru

pp. 39-83

Chapter 2

Optimization Techniquesand New Management Tools

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q

Menyatakan Hubungan

Ekonomi

TR = 100Q - 10Q2

Tables:

Graphs:

Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 60 90 160 210 240 250 240

p. 39

Expressing Economic

Relationships

Persamaan:

Equations:

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 3

Total, Rata-rata, dan

Biaya Marginal

TC AC MC

0 20 - -40 40 20

2 0 80 20

80 0 20

4 240 0 0

480 240

AC = TC/

MC = (TC/(Q

p. 41

Total, Average, and

Marginal Cost

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 4

Total, Average, and

Marginal Cost

0

60

120

1 0

24 0

0 1 2 3 4Q

($ )

0

60

120

0 1 2 3 4 Q

, ($)

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 5

Pemaksimuman Laba

TR TC Profit

0 0 20 -200 40 - 0

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

4 240 240 02 0 4 0 -2 0

Profit Maximization

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 6

Profit Maximization

0

0

20

0

240

00

0 2 4

- 0

- 0

0

0

0

i

is maximumat Q = 3

MC = MR

Total lossis greatest

p.46

Max TR

MR = 0

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 7

Concept of the Derivative

The derivative of Y with respect to X is

equal to the limit of the ratio (Y/(X as(X approaches zero.

0limX

dY YdX X( p

(

!(

p. 49

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 8

Rules of Differentiation

Constant Function Rule: The derivative

of a constant, Y = f(X) = a, is zero for all

values ofa (the constant).

( )Y f a! !

0dY

dX!

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 9

Rules of Differentiation

Power Function Rule: The derivative of

a power function, where a and b are

constants, is defined as follows.

( ) bY f a! !

1bdYb a X

dX

!

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 10

Rules of Differentiation

Sum-and-Differences Rule: The derivative

of the sum or difference of two functions

U and V, is defined as follows.

( )U g X! ( )V h X!

dY dU dV

dX dX dX ! s

Y U V! s

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 11

Rules of Differentiation

Product Rule: The derivative of the

product of two functions U and V, is

defined as follows.

( )U g X! ( )V h X!

dY dV dUU V

dX dX dX!

Y U V!

p. 52

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 12

Rules of Differentiation

Quotient Rule: The derivative of the

ratio of two functions U and V, is

defined as follows.

( )U g X! ( )V h X!U

YV

!

2

dU dVV UdY dX dX

dX V

!p. 53

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 13

Rules of Differentiation

Chain Rule: The derivative of a function

that is a function of X is defined as follows.

( )U g X!( )Y f U!

dY dY d U

dX dU dX!

p. 53

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 14

Optimization With Calculus

Find X such that dY/dX = 0

Second derivative rules:

If d2Y/dX2 > 0, then X is a minimum.

If d2Y/dX2 < 0, then X is a maximum.

p.56

p. 55

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 15

New Management Tools Benchmarking finding out how other firms better p.

Total Quality Management How can we do thischeaper, faster & better? Max quality & Min costs

Reengineering radical design of all firms process to achievemajor gains in speed, quality, service and profitability p.

The Learning Organization

continuing learning bothindividual & collective: New mental model; Personal mastery; System

thinking; Shared vision; Team learning

p. 63-69

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 16

Other Management Tools Broadbanding eliminating multiple salary grades

Direct Business Model a firms consumers

Networking strategic alliances = virtual integration

Pricing Power price costs

Small-World Model like a small firm: indiv well connected

Virtual Integration suppliers & customer = a company

Virtual Management consumer behavior + computermodels

p. 71

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 17

PROBLEM

Dari Buku Terjemahan: no. , 2, dan

halaman

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 18

TR Function: TR = Q - Q2

p. 77

MR = (TR/(Q

MR = 0 = - 2Q Q = 4.5 TR is maximum = 20.25

Q 0 2 4

TR 0 4 20 20

AR 0 4

MR - 4 2 0 -2

(a) Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue

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Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 19

(b) The relationship among TR, AR and MR

0

0

20

0

240

00

0 2 4