Chapter 21 part 1 The Collapse and Recovery of Europe
WWI and the Depression
1914-1970s
•Militarism– Arms Race (modernized weapons)
•Economic• Industry and Colonial Competition
•Alliances– Complex
•Nationalism– Cultural superiority and independence
Long Term Causes of WWI
Imperial Rivalry
Tension was high
Unrest in the
Balkans
Serbia (Russia ally) wanted to unite all serbs
Heir to Austria-Hungary throne
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand(1863-1914)
June 28, 1914 Ferdinand is visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia
Assassinated by Serbian Nationalists who wanted Bosnia from A-H
Gavrilo Princip
(1894-1918)The
Black Hand
Outbreak of War!
• A-H = War on Serbia (Killed FF)• Russia Supported Serbs• Germans Supported A-H• Germany = War on Russia
and France• Germany Invaded France
through Belgium (Neutral)• British = War on Germany
Allied and Central
Battle FrontsEurope
Middle EastBalkans
South AfricaPacific Islands
The Seas
Colonial nations generally aided their colonizers
Western Front
Schlieffen Plan
Developed 1905Eliminate France
while Russia mobilized
1st Battle of the MarneSept 6-10, 1914
France stopped the Germany short of Paris
Trench Warfare
1916-1917 Little to no movement
Lice, Rats, Cold, Wet, Dysentery, Gangrene,
etc.
Trench Foot
Artillery bombardments followed by troop charges
Millions Killed
“Over The Top”
“No-Man’s-Land”
Battle of VerdunFeb-July 1916 300,000 killed
Battle of the Somme July-Nov. 1916 1,000,000+ Casualties
(60,000 British in 1 day)
Inventory of a British Private, Battle of the Somme 1916 by Thom Atkinson
Town of Passchendaele, Belgium before
and after the 1917 battle
War of Attrition
New Technology
Machine Gun
Radio
Poison Gas
Tanks
Flame Thrower
Zeppelins and Baloons
Airplanes
Artillery
Most people killed by artillery barrages
The War at SeaAllied Blockade
British HMS Dreadnaught
German U-Boats
German Unrestricted
Warfare
Sink any boats approaching
Europe
May 7, 1915 British Lusitania Sunk
Eastern Front
Ottomans Repelled British/French at Gallipoli, 1915
British encouraged Arab
revolts against Ottoman TurksT.E. Lawrence
(1888-1935)“Lawrence of
Arabia”
Turkish Armenian Genocide 1915-1923
1,500,000 Killed 2/3 of the Armenian population
The Home Front“Total War”
Government control of industry, prices, and wages
Rationing, censorship, and restricted freedoms
War of attrition needs industrial output
Women in non-combat
roles
Britain, Germany, Russia, and Austria gave women
the vote after the war
Women made progress
Growing TensionsStrain of total war
President Woodrow
Wilson kept US neutral
however…
Why the USA
Joined the War
$2,000,000,000+loaned to Allies
US ships sunk by German
Unrestricted Warfare
Zimmermann Note to Mexico
Wilson wants to be a part
of the Peace Talks
April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress for permission to go
to war
1917 Russian Revolution
Russian industry behind and suffering huge losses
1917 soldiers and women rioted demanding bread and peace
Tsar Nicholas abdicated
Provisional Governmentcontinued the war
Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924)
Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks
Anti-WWI
Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government
Land and factories seized by
peasants and workers
Bourgeoisie attacked
March 3, 1918Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany ended Russia’s involvement in WWI
Russian Civil War 1918-1921Red Army (Communists)
vs.White Army (Supported by Allies)
Bolshevik “Red Terror” eliminated opposition
1918 Royal family executed
The end of the war
June 1917 2,000,000+Americans arrived in France
Gen. Gouraud's orders to French and American soldiers, 16 July 1918
“The bombardment will be terrible. You will endure it without weakness. The attack in a cloud of dust and gas will be fierce, but your positions and your armament are formidable.
The strong and brave hearts of free men beat in your breasts. None will look behind, none will give way. Every man will have but one thought - "Kill them, kill them in abundance, until they have had enough."
1918 SurrendersSept. BulgariaOct. Ottoman EmpireNov. Austria-Hungary
and Germany
November 11, 1918
Armistice
Impact of the War
10,000,000 Soldiers Dead1-2 million from each Great Power 35-37% of Germans born between 1892-18952-3% of the population of Britain, France, and Germany15% of the Serbian population115,000 U.S. (only involved for a few months)
20,000,000 Wounded6,600,000 Civilians DeadCities Destroyed“Shell Shock”$332 billion in costs
Shell Shock
1919 Paris Peace Conference
Russia Russia andand Germany Germany
excluded from excluded from negotiationsnegotiations
The Big FourDavid Lloyd George G.B.
Economic interests
Vittorio OrlandoItaly - Territory
Weakest of the 4
Georges ClemenceauFrance - Revenge
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonUSA – 14 pointsUSA – 14 points
Many colonies push for independence but were ignored
Japan denied a race clause Took German colonies in China
June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles
Signed
Many nations
unhappy
“Guilt Clause”Blamed GermanyOwe $32,000,000,000Lost landBanned from L of NMilitary RestrictionsHumiliation
Austria (some blame)
HungaryCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaPolandRomaniaAlsace-Lorraine back to France
The Middle East
1916 Britain and France secretly plotted to divide up Ottoman lands
Balfour DeclarationBritish support of Zionism in Palestine
King Faisal I of Iraq
Angry Arabs declared
independence
Crushed by Britain and
France
Turks resist occupation from allies
Mustafa Mustafa Kemal Kemal AtatürkAtatürk(1881-1938)
1st President of Turkey
Modern, western, Modern, western, and secular republicand secular republic
Why is The Great War a turning point?
The Great Depression1929-1939 worldwide and long lasting
Imbalance between real investment and speculation
• USA stock market crash Oct. 1929• 1920s: “Roaring” 20s ran on borrowed money
–Overproduction–Speculation and a stock “bubble”
• Many stocks purchased on margin• Mass selloff = panic and bank closures• Production fell and nations enact
large protective tariffs (USA first)
Poor Economic Policies Added to Depression
Increased unemployment Protective
tariffs
1929Industry shrank
(esp. Germany)
People had less to spend
Wall Street
Crashed
Loans to Europe ended
Industrial profits
declined
Industrial trade
collapsed 70% worldwide
No strong International Leadership
Mass Unemployment
Poverty and social
problems increased