Ch. 26 Imperialism, Alliances, and War

Josiah Strong, Anglo-Saxon Predominance, 1891

• What two ideas make Anglo-Saxons the great representatives of mankind?

• In paragraph 1, what support is there for the dominance of Anglo-Saxons?

• Why does Strong envision a “final competition of races”?

• How does Strong’s support for Anglo-Saxons would have supported the emergence of imperialism in the mid-1800s?

Social Darwinism

a concept that competition among all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies

New Imperialism

• Imperialism– Establishing authority over another nation by

exercising economic or political force or by territorial acquisition

• How does the belief in Social Darwinism lead to an increase in imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th century by European countries?

• Think about Josiah Strong’s view of the world.

Darwin and Social Darwinism• The Origins of Species (1859)“natural

selection”certain members of a species inherit traits that make them more successful in survival

• Social Darwinism“survival of the fittest” (Herbert Spencer)advanced humans evolve; simpler forms of life abandoned– Eugenicsselective breeding of humans

• Used to justify the idea that Europeans were superior to Africans and Asiansdominate them

Why Imperialism?

• Read your selected document.• Under the heading “Motives for New

Imperialism” write the purpose of imperialism based on your reading.

• Share your reason with your group.• Record your group’s findings

Motives for the New Imperialism• Economic: trade and invest; raw materials • Cultural: Social/Racial Darwinists believed Europeans

must “civilize” the beasts– Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”

• Religious: Spread of Christianity• Political: Defer attention from domestic policy;

rampant nationalism and competition with other nations

• Military: naval bases needed to protect overseas interests

The Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution

• How would the new technologies, transportation, and medicines allow for the increase in European imperialism?

Technological Supremacy• European supremacy items

– Breech-loading rifles and rapid-fire weapons– Steam-driven river boats– Telegraph– Discovery of quininetreatment for malaria

New Imperialism: Africa and Asia

Imperialism in Africa• Underline/highlight the following things:

– Why slavery ended– European trade with Africa– Time of imperialism and European countries involved– European supremacy– Time of De-colonization– Positive effects of imperialism– Problems of imperialism

• Use seven colors and shade the map (leave Independents blank)

Map 25–1 IMPERIAL EXPANSION IN AFRICA TO 1880 Until the 1880s, few European countries held colonies in Africa, mostly on its fringes.

The Scramble for Africa• Between the late 1870s and 1900 European powers

divided the entire continent among themselves, motivated by economic and political competition.

• Important African raw materials include ivory, rubber, minerals, diamonds, and gold.

• Berlin Conference of 1885– Mapped out which European nation had access to

certain parts of Africa.• European nations appointed administrators to

supervise their African possessions.

Elephant tusks in Central Africa. Ivory was a prized possession used for decorative purposes and jewelry.Caravan with Ivory, French Congo, (now the Republic of the Congo). Robert Visser (1882–1894). c. 1890–1900, postcard, collotype. Publisher unknown, ©1900. Postcard 1912. Image No. EEPA 1985-140792. Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives. National Museum of African Art/Smithsonian Institution

Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

Regions of Africa• Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco had fallen into

the hands of the French before WWI• Libya, once part of the Ottoman Empire, was

taken by the Italians• 1870s—Belgians, Germans, and French began

to lay claim to lands in southern Africa

Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

Belgian Congo• King Leopold financed African

explorations on behalf of Belgium• Berlin Conference outlined

European areas of interest• Leopold cultivated the image of a

humanitarian ruler while imposing brutal conditions on residents of the Congo.

• In thirty years as ruler, approximately one-half of the residents of the Congo were victims of murder, exploitation, starvation, and disease.

Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

Southern Africa• Important resources include fertile pastures and

farm land, deposits of coal, iron ore, gold, diamonds, and copper.

• Partially inhabited by the Afrikaners, or Boers, descendents of Dutch settlers

• After a series of bloody wars, the British arranged with the Boers for a white-only ruling class.

• Apartheid– “Separateness” – the policy that segregated non-whites

and granted virtually no civil rights in South Africa.

Map 25–2 PARTITION OF AFRICA, 1880–1914 Before 1880, the European presence in Africa was largely the remains of early exploration by old imperialists and did not penetrate the heart of the continent. By 1914, the occupying powers included most large European states; only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.

Egypt• Won independence from Ottomans in mid-1800s• Sold cotton as a cash crop on the international

market.• Financed the Suez Canal through foreign loans.• The bankrupt government was overthrown by the

army in 1881• Britain defeated the army and installed

administrators to ensure repayment of their loans for the Suez Canal and access to the path to India.

• Became a British protectorate in the 1880s

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was a major engineering achievement that linked Asia to Europe. It also became a major international waterway benefiting all maritime states reducing the distance from London to Bombay in half.Key Color/Index Stock Imagery, Inc.

Conflict over Africa• Almost every inch of Africa will be colonized• Exceptions: Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896

and Liberia b/c of link to U.S.• Rivalries from Europe continued into Africa• Britain and France over Sudan (1898)• Germany and France over Morocco (1905)• Britain against S. Africans in Boer War

Imperialism in Asia• India

– Indirect control– Sepoy Mutiny and Queen

Victoria– Modernizing India– Effects of nationalism

• China– Opium Wars– Treaty of Nanking– Spheres of influence– Open Door Policy– Boxer Rebellion

• Japan– American contact – Meiji Restoration– Japanese wars– Significance of strong

Japan

India• 1857—Sepoy Mutiny of native troops against

their Indian overlords and British East India Company– Crushed by Britain and led to greater involvement

• Britain did not interfere in social structure of their colonies and did implement educational reforms and technological advances

• Britain was the most enlightened colonial power

China• Carved into spheres of influence by Western powers after

Opium Wars• China fought several European powers over control

– Result: China gave treaty ports to European powers• Exclusive trading rights were given to Western nations• Open Door Policy (1899)

– Proposed by the US, opposed foreign annexations in China and equal opportunity to all nations to trade there.

• Boxer Rebellion by Chinese Nationalists crushed by Western powers

Japan

• Resisted Western imperialism• 1853 the U.S. opened relations with Japan

through Commodore Matthew Perry• Under the Meiji emperor, modernization

occurred with elements of Western industry, military, and education

• Japan pursued own imperialism by defeating China for control of Korean peninsula and defeating Russia for control of Manchuria

Other Areas of Conquest• Dutchexpanded their Dutch East India

Company in Indonesia• French seized Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia,

Laos• Germans occupied islands in the Pacific• Russia expanded their control into Persia

(Iran)• US seized the Philippines from Spain

Asia

• The emergence of Japan as a great power frightened the other powers interested in China.

• The United States exerted great influence in the Western Hemisphere by virtue of the Monroe Doctrine.

• After the Spanish American War, the United States had influence over Cuba, Puerto Rico, part of the Philippines, Samoa, and would soon control Hawaii.

• The Ottoman Empire remained vulnerable and had been in decline since the late seventeenth century.

An American cartoonist in 1888 depicted John Bull(England) as the octopus of imperialism, grabbing land on every continent.The Granger Collection

The French in Morocco Many imperialists—European, American, and Asian—claimed altruistic motives for their acquisition of colonies. The French, especially, have always taken pride in bringing “French civilization” to the lands France ruled. This cover of a magazine appeared in November 1911, the year when the French decision to extend and tighten their control of Morocco sparked a serious international crisis. It is a good example of how France justified its colonial empire as a “mission civilitrice,” a vocation to bring civilization to “backward” peoples.The Granger Collection