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Ch 27-3“Europeans Claim Muslim
Lands”
Ottoman Empire Loses Power Reforms Fail
After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline
Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology
Selim II attempts to modernize army and is overthrown
Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence
European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands
Europeans Grab Territory Geopolitics
Geopolitics – taking land for its strategic location or products
Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands
Russia and the Crimean War Crimean War – Russia attacks Ottomans in
1853 to gain warm-water port Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to
be weak; still lose land
The Decline of Ottoman Rule
The Ottoman Empire in 1914
The Great Game Great Game – war waged between Russia
and Britain over India Battles fought in Afghanistan until British
withdrawal in 1881
Egypt Initiates Reforms Military and Economic
Reforms Muhammad Ali
breaks away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt
Begins series of reforms in military and economy
Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops
Suez Canal Egypt builds Suez Canal – human-made
waterway Connects the Red Sea to Mediterranean
Modernization efforts create huge debt British oversee financial control of canal,
occupy Egypt in 1881
Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869
12,300 miles
7,200 miles
Persia
Russia and Britain battle for control of Persia
Why? Russia want access to the
Persian gulf Britain wants Persian oil
and control of Afghanistan Both want natural
resources- oil and tobacco
Persia Pressured to Change The Exploitation of Persia
Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean
Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan Persia concedes to Western businesses
Battle over Tobacco Persian ruler sells concession to Britain to
export tobacco Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and
divide Persia between them
Review Time
Question 11. Why did Britain take control of the Suez Canal? A. France traded control of the Suez
Canal for control of Nigeria. B. Muhammad Ali considered
maintaining its security a burden. C. Egypt could not pay its foreign debt. D. The British helped the Egyptians
defeat French invaders.
Question 22. By 1914, the Ottoman Empire had A. ceased to exist. B. achieved its greatest size. C. begun to experience a decline. D. declined to about a third of its
greatest size.
Question 33. In 1907, which of the following was divided into spheres of influence by Russia and Britain due to the presence of oil? A. India B. Egypt C. Persia D. Afghanistan
Question 44. What was the main reason for the Crimean War? A. Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain
access to the Mediterranean Sea. B. Russia wanted oil and other raw materials
found in Ottoman lands. C. Russia refused to pay an export tax levied by
the Ottoman Empire. D. Russia broke a treaty that limited the amount
of grain it could send through the Bosporus.
Question 55. The Great Game was an example of imperialism practices of the Europeans because A. It caused Germany and Portugal to convert
Non-Christians into Christians in Africa B. It led to the tobacco revolt C. It sparked conflict between England and
Russia over Afghanistan and India for resources
D. It led to the defeat of Ethiopia