Ch 3Analysis and Transmission of Signals

ENGR 4323/5323Digital and Analog Communication

Engineering and PhysicsUniversity of Central Oklahoma

Dr. Mohamed Bingabr

Chapter Outline

• Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral• Fourier Transform of Useful Functions• Properties of Fourier Transform• Signal Transmission Through LTIC Systems• Ideal and Practical Filters• Signal Distortion over a Communication Channel• Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density• Signal Power and Power Spectral Density

The Fourier Transform Spectrum

The Fourier transform integrals:

)()()(

)()(

X

tj

eXX

dtetxX

Fourier transform (FT) allows us to represent aperiodic (not periodic) signal in term of its frequency ω.

ω

|X(ω)|

x(t)

The Fourier Transform Spectrum

The Inverse Fourier transform:

deXtx tj)(21)(

)()()( XeXX

The Amplitude (Magnitude) Spectrum

The Phase Spectrum

The amplitude spectrum is an even function and the phase is an odd function.

Useful Functions

Unit Gate Function

2/|| 12/|| 5.02/|| 0

ttt

trect

Unit Triangle Function

2/|| /212/|| 0

tttt

/2-/2

/2-/2

1

1

t

t

Useful Functions

Interpolation Function

0for t 1)(sincfor t 0)(sinc

sin)(sinc

tkt

ttt

sinc(t)

t

Example

Find the FT, the magnitude, and the phase spectrum of x(t) = rect(t/).

Answer

)2/sinc()/()(2/

2/

dtetrectX tj

The spectrum of a pulse extend from 0 to . However, much of the spectrum is concentrated within the first lobe (=0 to 2/)

What is the bandwidth of the above pulse?

Examples

Find the FT of the unit impulse (t).Answer

1)()(

dtetX tj

Find the inverse FT of ().Answer

)(21impulsean isconstant a of spectrum theso

21)(

21)(

detx tj

Examples

Find the FT of the unit impulse train Answer

)(0

tT

n

n

n

n

tjnT

nT

X

eT

t

)(2)(

1)(

00

0

0

0

Properties of the Fourier Transform• Linearity:

• Let and

then

Xtx Yty

YXtytx

• Time Scaling:

• Let

then

Xtx

aX

aatx 1

Compression in the time domain results in expansion in the frequency domain

Internet channel A can transmit 100k pulse/sec and channel B can transmit 200k pulse/sec. Which channel does require higher bandwidth?

Properties of the Fourier Transform

• Time Reversal:

• Let

then ( ) ( )x t X

Xtx

• Left or Right Shift in Time:

• Let

then

Xtx

00

tjeXttx

Time shift effects the phase and not the magnitude.

Properties of the Fourier Transform• Multiplication by a Complex Exponential (Freq. Shift

Property):

• Let

then 00( ) ( )j tx t e X

Xtx

• Multiplication by a Sinusoid (Amplitude Modulation):

Let

then

Xtx

000 21cos XXttx

cos0t is the carrier, x(t) is the modulating signal (message),x(t) cos0t is the modulated signal.

Example: Amplitude Modulation

Example: Find the FT for the signal x(t)

ttrecttx 10cos)4/()( -2 2

A

Amplitude Modulation

ttmt cAM cos)()( Modulation

]2cos1)[(5.0 cos)( 2 ttmtt ccAM

Demodulation

Then lowpass filtering

Properties of the Fourier Transform

• Differentiation in the Time Domain:

Let

then ( ) ( ) ( )n

nn

d x t j Xdt

Xtx

• Differentiation in the Frequency Domain:

• Let

then ( ) ( ) ( )n

n nn

dt x t j Xd

Xtx

Example: Use the time-differentiation property to find the Fourier Transform of the triangle pulse x(t) = (t/)

Properties of the Fourier Transform• Integration in the Time Domain:

Let

Then1( ) ( ) (0) ( )

t

x d X Xj

Xtx

• Convolution and Multiplication in the Time Domain:

Let

Then ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )x t y t X Y

YtyXtx

)()(21)()( 2121

XXtxtx Frequency convolution

Example

Find the system response to the input x(t) = e-at u(t) if the system impulse response is h(t) = e-bt u(t).

Properties of the Fourier Transform• Parseval’s Theorem: since x(t) is non-periodic

and has FT X(), then it is an energy signals:

dXdttxE 22

21

Real signal has even spectrum X()= X(-),

0

21

dXE

ExampleFind the energy of signal x(t) = e-at u(t) Determine the frequency so that the energy contributed by the spectrum components of all frequencies below is 95% of the signal energy EX.

Answer: = 12.7a rad/sec 1𝑎2+𝑥2 dx= 1

𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑎

Properties of the Fourier Transform• Duality ( Similarity) :

• Let

then ( ) 2 ( )X t x

Xtx

Signal Transmission Through a Linear System

 

 

 

Distortionless Transmission (System)

 

 

 

   

   

Slope is constant for distortionless system  group delay

Example 3.16

A transmission medium is modeled by a simple RC low-pass filter shown below. If g(t) and y(t) are the input and the output, respectively to the circuit, determine the transfer function H(f), θh(f), and td(f). For distortionless transmission through this filter, what is the requirement on the bandwidth of g(t) if amplitude response variation within 2% and time delay variation within 5% are tolerable? What is the transmission delay? Find the output y(t).

𝑑𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑎𝑥 )= 𝑎

1+𝑎2𝑥2Answer: fo = 32.31 kHz

Ideal Versus Practical Filters

Ideal Versus Practical Filters

Digital Filter

Signal Distortion Over a Communication Channel

1. Linear Distortion

2. Channel Nonlinearities

3. Multipath Effects

4. Fading Channels- Channel fading vary with time. To overcome this distortion is to use automatic gain control (AGC)

Linear DistortionChannel causes magnitude distortion, phase distortion, or both.

Example: A channel is modeled by a low-pass filter with transfer function H(f) give by

𝐻 ( 𝑓 )={(1+𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑇 )𝑒− 𝑗2𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑❑

|𝑓 |<𝐵0|𝑓 |>𝐵

A pulse g(t) band-limited to B Hz is applied at the input of this filter. Find the output y(t).

Nonlinear Distortiony(t) = f(g(t))

f(g) can be expanded by Maclaurin series

If the bandwidth of g(t) is B Hz then the bandwidth of y(t) is kB Hz.

y (𝑡 )=𝑎0+𝑎1𝑔 (𝑡 )+𝑎2𝑔2 (𝑡 )+…+𝑎𝑘𝑔𝑘 (𝑡 )

Example: The input x(t) and the output y(t) of a certain nonlinear channel are related as

y(t) = x(t) + 0.000158 x2(t)Find the output signal y(t) and its spectrum Y(f) if the input signal is x(t) = 2000 sinc(2000t). Verify that the bandwidth of the output signal is twice that of the input signal. This is the result of signal squaring. Can the signal x(t) be recovered (without distortion) from the output y(t)?

Continue Example

Figure 3.36 Signal distortion caused by nonlinear operation: (a) desired (input) signal spectrum;(b) spectrum of the unwanted signal (distortion) in the received signal; (c) spectrum of the received signal;(d) spectrum of the received signal after low-pass filtering.

Distortion Caused by Multipath Effects

𝐻 ( 𝑓 )=𝑒− 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑+α 𝑒− 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓 (𝑡¿¿𝑑+∆ 𝑡 )¿

𝐻 ( 𝑓 )=𝑒− 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑(1+α𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓 ∆ 𝑡− 𝑗 α 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝑓 ∆ 𝑡)

𝐻 ( 𝑓 )=√1+α 2+2 α𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑓 ∆ 𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− 𝑗 (2𝜋 𝑓 𝑡𝑑+𝑡𝑎𝑛− 1 α 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 𝑓 ∆𝑡1+α 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓 ∆𝑡 )]

𝐻 ( 𝑓 )=𝑒− 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑(1+α𝑒− 𝑗 2𝜋 𝑓 ∆ 𝑡)

Common distortion in this type of channel is frequency selective fading

Energy and Energy Spectral Density

𝐸𝑔=− ∞

∞

𝑔 (𝑡 )𝑔∗ (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

𝐸𝑔=− ∞

∞

|𝐺( 𝑓 )|2𝑑𝑓

Energy in the time domain

Energy in the frequency domain

Ψ𝑔 ( 𝑓 )=|𝐺( 𝑓 )|2

Energy spectral density (ESD), , is the energy per unit bandwidth (in hertz) of the spectral components of g(t) centered at frequency f.

Ψ 𝑦 ( 𝑓 )=|𝐻 ( 𝑓 )|2Ψ 𝑥 ( 𝑓 )

The ESD of the system’s output in term of the input ESD is

𝐻 ( 𝑓 )Ψ 𝑥 ( 𝑓 )

Essential Bandwidth of a Signal

Estimate the essential bandwidth of a rectangular pulse g(t) = (t/T), where the essential bandwidth must contain at least 90% of the pulse energy.

𝐸𝑔=− ∞

∞

𝑔2 (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡= −𝑇 /2

𝑇 /2

𝑑𝑡=𝑇

𝐸𝐵=−𝐵

𝐵

𝑇 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐2 (𝜋 𝑓𝑇 ) 𝑑𝑓=0.9𝑇

B = 1/T Hz

Energy of Modulated Signals

The modulated signal appears more energetic than the signal g(t) but its energy is half of the energy of the signal g(t). Why?

𝜑 (𝑡 )=𝑔 (𝑡 )𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓 0 𝑡

Φ ( 𝑓 )=12 [𝐺 ( 𝑓 + 𝑓 0 )+𝐺( 𝑓 − 𝑓 0) ]

Ψ𝜑 ( 𝑓 )=14 |𝐺 ( 𝑓 + 𝑓 0 )+𝐺( 𝑓 − 𝑓 0)|2

Ψ𝜑 ( 𝑓 )= 14 Ψ𝑔 ( 𝑓 + 𝑓 0 )+

14 Ψ

𝑔( 𝑓 + 𝑓 0)

𝐸𝜑=12 𝐸𝑔

If f0 > 2B then

Time Autocorrelation Function and Energy Spectral Density

The autocorrelation of a signal g(t) and its ESD form a Fourier transform pair, that is

Ψ𝑔 ( 𝑓 )𝜓𝑔(𝜏 )

Example: Find the time autocorrelation function of the signal g(t) = e-atu(t), and from it determine the ESD of g(t).

𝜓𝑔 (𝜏 )=− ∞

∞

𝑔 (𝑡 )𝑔 (𝑡−𝜏 )𝑑𝑡

Signal Power and Power Spectral Density

Power Pg of the signal g(t)

𝑃𝑔= lim𝑇 →∞

1𝑇

−𝑇 /2

𝑇 /2

𝑔 (𝑡 )𝑔∗ (𝑡 )𝑑𝑡

𝑃𝑔= lim𝑇 →∞

𝐸𝑔𝑇

𝑇

Power spectral density Sg(f) of the signal g(t)

𝑆𝑔( 𝑓 )= lim𝑇→ ∞

|𝐺𝑇 ( 𝑓 )|2

𝑇 𝑃𝑔=− ∞

∞

𝑆𝑔 ( 𝑓 )𝑑𝑓 =20

∞

𝑆𝑔 ( 𝑓 )𝑑𝑓

𝑆 𝑦( 𝑓 )=|𝐻 ( 𝑓 )|2𝑆𝑥( 𝑓 )𝐻 ( 𝑓 )𝑆𝑥( 𝑓 )

Time Autocorrelation Function of Power Signals

Time autocorrelation of a power signal g(t)

ℛ𝑔(𝜏 )= lim𝑇 → ∞

1𝑇 −∞

∞

𝑔𝑇 (𝑡)𝑔𝑇 (𝑡+𝜏 )𝑑𝑡

ℛ𝑔(𝜏 )= lim𝑇 → ∞

𝜓𝑔𝑇(𝜏 )𝑇

ℛ𝑔(𝜏 )= lim𝑇 → ∞

1𝑇

−𝑇 /2

𝑇 /2

𝑔 (𝑡 )𝑔(𝑡−𝜏)𝑑𝑡

Autocorrelation a Powerful Tool

If the energy or power spectral density can be found by the Fourier transform of the signal g(t), then why do we need to find the time autocorrelation? Ans: In communication field and in general the signal g(t) is not deterministic and it is probabilistic function.

ExampleA random binary pulse train g(t). The pulse width is Tb/2, and one binary digit is transmitted every Tb seconds. A binary 1 is transmitted by positive pulse, and a binary 0 is transmitted by negative pulse. The two symbols are equally likely and occur randomly. Determine the PSD and the essential bandwidth of this signal.

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Challenge: g(t) is not deterministic and can not be expressed mathematically to find the Fourier transform and PSD. g(t) is random signal.

0

g(t)

𝜏 g(t-τ)

Tb

t

ℛ𝑔(𝜏 )= lim𝑇 → ∞

1𝑇

−𝑇 /2

𝑇 /2

𝑔 (𝑡 )𝑔(𝑡−𝜏)𝑑𝑡

For 0<𝜏<𝑇 𝑏/2

ℛ𝑔 (𝜏 )=lim𝑁 → ∞

1

𝑁 𝑇𝑏(𝑇𝑏

2−𝜏)𝑁=( 1

2− 𝜏𝑇 𝑏 )

For 𝜏>𝑇𝑏 /2

ℛ𝑔 (𝜏 )=0

𝑆𝑔 ( 𝑓 )=𝑇 𝑏

4sinc2( 𝜋 𝑓 𝑇 𝑏

2 )

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT, FFT)

𝐺 ( 𝑓 )=−∞

∞

𝑔 (𝑡)𝑒− 𝑗2 𝜋 𝑓𝑡𝑑𝑡

𝑓 𝑠=1𝑇 𝑠

≥ 2𝐵

𝐺 (𝑞 𝑓 0)=∑𝑘=0

𝑁0 − 1

𝑔(𝑘𝑇 𝑠)𝑒− 𝑗2 𝜋𝑞 𝑓 0𝑘𝑇𝑠 𝐺𝑞=∑

𝑘=0

𝑁0 − 1

𝑔𝑘𝑒− 𝑗𝑞Ω0𝑘

Ω 0=2𝜋𝑁 0

𝑁 0=𝑇 0

𝑇 𝑠

𝑇 𝑏/2<𝜏<𝑇 𝑏

ℛ𝑔 (𝜏 )=lim𝑁 → ∞

1

𝑁 𝑇𝑏(𝑘𝑇𝑏+𝜏+

𝑇 𝑏

2−(𝑘+1)𝑇 𝑏)𝑁4

𝑇 𝑏/2 𝑇 𝑏

1

ℛ𝑔 (𝜏 )

𝑘𝑇𝑏

𝜏

𝑘𝑇𝑏+𝜏𝑘𝑇𝑏+𝜏+𝑇𝑏 /2

(𝑘+1)𝑇𝑏

−𝑇 𝑏/2−𝑇 𝑏

ℛ𝑔 (𝜏 )=14 ( 𝜏𝑇𝑏

− 12 )

Homework Problem