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Ch. 3Cell Organization
Cells and Tissues• Carry out all ___________________ needed
to sustain life• Cells are the _______________ of all living
things• ___________ are groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function
Anatomy of the Cell• _______ are not all the same• All cells share __________________• All cells have three main regions–___________–____________–_________________
Figure 3.1a
The Nucleus• Function: _____________________–Contains genetic material (DNA)
The Nucleus
Figure 3.1b
The Nucleus• Nuclear envelope (membrane) – Structure: Consists of a
_________________– Function: _____________________–Contains _______________ that allow for
exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Plasma Membrane• Structure: Double phospholipid layer–_______________ heads–_______________ tails
• Function: regulate what goes ______ and ____________ cell
Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
Cytoplasm• Definition: the material outside the ___________ and
inside the __________________• Contains three major elements– __________• Fluid that suspends other elements
– _____________• Metabolic machinery of the cell • “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
– ________________• Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell
products
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
Cytoplasmic Organelles• Mitochondria– Function: _______________, providing
_____ for cellular energy – “Powerhouses” of the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles• Ribosomes– Structure: Made of _______ and ______– Function: Sites of _______________– Found in two locations• Free in the ___________• As part of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasmic Organelles• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– Structure: Fluid-filled ____________ for
carrying substances– Two types of ER• _________ endoplasmic reticulum–Function: _____________________
• __________endoplasmic reticulum–Function: _______________and
__________________ of drugs and pesticides
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.5
Ribosome
Protein
Protein insidetransport vesicle
Transportvesicle buds off
mRNA
Rough ER
As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern.
In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted.
Cytoplasmic Organelles• Golgi apparatus– Function: __________ and __________
proteins–Produces different types of packages• ___________ vesicles• ________________ components• _____________
Figure 3.6Extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome
Proteins in cisterna
Lysosome fuses withingested substancesMembrane
Transportvesicle
Pathway 3
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles Pathway 1
Golgiapparatus
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle
Cisterna
Rough ER
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
Cytoplasmic Organelles• Lysosomes– Function: Contain ___________ that digest
worn-out or non-usable ____________ within the cell
Cytoplasmic Organelles• Cytoskeleton– Function: Provides the cell with an
________________________
Figure 3.7a
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8a
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8b
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8d
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8e
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8f
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8g