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Plasma-55%
Formed
elements-45%
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Circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Open circulatory system
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Open Circulatory System
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Human circulatory system
closed and complete doubled circulatory system
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Blood vessels
Artery
Vein
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Artery
vein
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ArteryVein
Valve
endothelium
Smooth muscles
Connectivetissue
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Artery/Vein differences
Arteries Veins
Direction
of flow
Carry oxygenate
blood Away from
Heart
Carry deoxygenated
blood to Heart
Pressure Higher Lower
Walls THICKER muscular
wall
THINNER musculat
wallLumen Smaller Larger
Valves No valves Valves (see next)
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Vertebrate Heart 4-Chambered heart
atria (atrium)
thin wall
collection chamber
receive blood
ventricles
thick wall pump
pump blood outright
atrium
leftatrium
right
ventricle
left
ventricle
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Electrical signals
allows atria to emptycompletely beforeventricles contract
stimulates ventriclesto contract from
bottom to top, drivingblood into arteries
heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses
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One-Way Valves in
Veins
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Sphygnomamometer
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Measuring Blood Pressure
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Capillaries
capillary vessel
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venule capillaries
arteriole
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AtriumVentricle
http://www.gsu.edu/~bioasx/fish.gifhttp://www.gsu.edu/~bioasx/fish.gifhttp://www.meer.org/fishbody-teeth-gills-2a.gif7/29/2019 Ch 42 Circulation
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Countercurrent exchangesystem
Fig. 42-21b
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g
Gills
(b) Crayfish
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A BLOOD CLOT
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THE HEMOSTASIS PROCESSES
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arteriole
venule
lymphaticcapillaries
bloodcapillaries
lymphatic
vessel
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Lymph
Water plus solutes from two sources
Plasma: ions, nutrients, gases, some proteins
Cells: hormones, enzymes, waste products
Returns to circulatory system via veins;
essential for fluid balance.
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Formation of Lymph
interstitial fluid
blood capillary
lymphatic capillary
tissue cell
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Components of the Lymphatic
SystemA. Lymphfluid collected in lymph vessels
Clear straw colored fluidsame basic
component as plasma
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Function
1. Collects fluid lost from the blood and returns
it to the circulatory system
More than three liters of fluid leave the capillarieseach day
This continually bathes the cells
There is twice as much lymph in the body as blood
Lymph is dumped back into the circulatory system
thru the superior vena cava
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Functions contd
2. Filters fluid to rid it of bacteria and other
pathogens
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More Functions
3. Collects fat from the small intestine and
delivers it to the circulatory system
4. Generates and stores WBCs called
lymphocytes that fight infection
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How is fluid moved?
Contraction of skeletal muscles againstlymphatic vessels
Smooth muscle contraction
Valves in lymphatic vessels
Breathing
Obstruction of system leads to edema
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Edema
Swelling of tissues due to excess fluid
accumulation
Caused by disease or injury
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Lymph Transport
lacks pump for circulation relies on activity of skeletal muscles and
pulsation of nearby arteries for movement of
fluid
3L of lymph enters blood stream every 24 hrs proteins easily enter lymphatic system
uptake of large particles such as cell debris,
pathogens, and cancer cells
lymph nodes where it is cleansed of debris
and examined by cells of the immune system
(WBC)
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The Body Has Three Lines of
Defense Physical and Chemical Barriers
Nonspecific Defenses
Specific Defense Mechanisms
Ph i l d Ch i l B i
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Physical and Chemical Barriers
Table 9.1
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Physical and chemical barriers
Skin: characteristics of barrier
Structure: dead layer, inhospitable to microorganisms
Constant replacement: many adhering microorganisms
removed
pH = 5-6: too acidic for many microorganisms
Other: tears, saliva, earwax, digestive acids, mucus,
vomiting, urination, defecation, resident bacteria
(normal flora)
First Line of Defense: Skin
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Nonspecific Defenses : 2nd Line
Neutrophils and
Macrophages engulf and
digest foreign cells.
Eosinophils bombard large
parasites with digestive
proteins and phagotyze
foreign proteins.
These are all white bloodcells.
Why are they nonspecific?
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Neutrophils
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Macrophage attacking e-coli.
http://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpghttp://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpghttp://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpghttp://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpg7/29/2019 Ch 42 Circulation
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Figure 8-12