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Ch 43- Immune system
Immune system• Defends body against disease
– Pathogens – agents of disease (bacteria, viruses, protists)
• Non specific immunity (innate immunity)– All animals & plants have defenses effective
immediately upon infection• Specific immunity• (adaptive or acquired immunity)
– All vertebrates have immunity after exposure to pathogens (slower response).
1. Non-specific Immunity
– 1st line of defense: barrier– Skin, mucous membrane, secretions
– 2nd line of defense: internal defenses– Phagocytosis, natural killer cells,
antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response
Invertebrate defenses
• 1st barrier – exoskeleton made of chitin• Digestive system is protected by a chitin-
based barrier and lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls
• The immune system recognizes bacteria and fungi by structures on their cell walls
Pathogen
PHAGOCYTICCELL
VacuoleLysosomecontainingenzymes
Hemocytes - circulate within hemolymph and carry out phagocytosis, the ingestion and digestion of foreign substances including bacteria
- also secrete antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the plasma membranes of fungi and bacteria
Non-specific immunity in Vertebrates
• Include barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides
• Unique to vertebrates: natural killer cells, interferons, inflammatory response
Barrier defenses
• Skin• Mucous membranes• Body secretions: saliva ,mucus, tears • Low pH in skin & membranes
Phagocytosis• “cell eating” – white blood cells ingest
invading pathogens• Neutrophils – short lived white blood cells• Macrophages – largest phagocytes (from
monocytes)– Engulfs microbe & fuses with lysosyme to destroy
it– Found fixed in parts of lymphatic system (spleen,
lymph nodes, thymus)– Some travel throughout body
• Eosinophils – attack larger parasites
• Phagocytes recognize groups of pathogens with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize molecular patterns characteristic of certain pathogens
• This increases efficiency of phagocytes– i.e. double stranded RNA (in viruses)
• Flagellin – protein found in bacteria flagella
• Natural killer cells• Destroy virus-infected body cells• Attack cells membrane, so cell lyses
• Lymphatic system involved in cellular non-specific defense
• Lymph nodes hold many macrophages
Thymus
AdenoidTonsils
Lymphaticvessels
Spleen
Lymphnodes
Lymphnode
Bloodcapillary
Interstitialfluid
Tissuecells
Lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic vessel
Masses ofdefensive cells
Antimicrobial proteins
• Proteins involved in attacking microbes or stopping their reproduction
• Lysozyme- present in tears & saliva, mucous• Complement proteins – 20 serum proteins – carry out
steps to lyse microbes
• Interferons – secreted by virus-infected cells, induce neighboring cells to produce chemicals to inhibit viral reproduction
Inflammatory response
• Response to cut or entry of microorganisms• Area becomes inflamed, red, swollen
• Result of chemical signals-– From invader– Nearby mast cells release histamines – released by
body cells in response to injury– Histamines dilate capillaries and increase permeability,
so fluid & clotting elements leave can enter site
Inflammatory responsePathogen Splinter
Mastcell
Macro-phage
Capillary
Redblood cells
Neutrophil
Signalingmolecules
Movementof fluid
Phagocytosis
• Clotting begins• Other cells release chemokines, which attract
phagocytes to area• Phagocytes consume pathogens & debris• Pus - a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead
pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmbWE3jLUgM&list=UUDwoLF9pXx4RgB7BgmsnY0w
2. Specific Immunity
• Specific immune responses to particular microorganisms
• Found in vertebrates• Lymphocytes – type of white blood cells
– 2 types:– T cells – mature in thymus– B cells – mature in bone marrow
Antigens
• Substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell
• B or T cells have antigen receptors specific for parts of that pathogen – so they can recognize specific antigens
Antigen receptors
Mature B cell Mature T cell
Recognizing antigens
• The specificity of the T & B receptors (and antibodies) is a result of shuffling and recombining several gene segments to produce the protein
• There are more than 1 million different B cells and 10 million different T cells
• Due to random arrangment, some receptors are specific for epitopes on organism’s own molecules, so B & T cells must be tested for self- reactivity.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiOwZsTO02w
• B cells:• Mature in bone marrow• Produce antibodies
• Receptors bind to intact antigens
• T cells:• Mature in thymus• Do not produce
antibodies• Receptors bind to
antigens displayed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) on their MHCs
Both: Activated by cytokines, from helper T cells
– MHC – major histocompatability complex – cell surface glycoproteins that differ among individuals
- aid in recognition of “self” - Class I – found on nearly all body cells
- can present fragments of proteins made by infecting microbes to cytotoxic T cells
- Class II – made by some cells of immune system- macrophages & B cells- molecules collect remnants of microbes and
present them to helper T cells
Clonal selection
• Activation occurs when antigen binds to B or T cell.
• Clones formed in clonal selection – two types produced:– Effector cells – fight the antigen– Memory cells – have receptors for same antigen,
so allow quick response to subsequent infection
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUSDvSknIgI
Responses
• Primary response- when body first exposed to antigen and lymphocyte is activated
• Secondary response – when same antigen is encountered later, faster more efficient response due to memory cells
Primary immune responseto antigen A producesantibodies to A.
Secondary immune response toantigen A produces antibodies to A;primary immune response to antigenB produces antibodies to B.
Exposureto antigen A
Exposure to antigens A and B
Time (days)
An
tib
od
y co
nce
ntr
atio
n(a
rbit
rary
un
its)
104
103
102
101
100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Antibodiesto A
Antibodiesto B
Cell- mediated immunity
• Activation & clonal selection of cytotoxic T- cells
• Macrophages engulf antigens, process them internally, then display parts of them on their surface together with some of their own proteins. This sensitizes the T cells to recognize these antigens.
• T-cells are trained in thymus• T- cells are chosen that have correct receptors to
recognize MHC molecules• T- cells that can recognize MHC molecules
complexed with foreign peptide are allowed to pass out of thymus
• Cytotoxic T cells (Killer T cells) bind to class 1 MHC molecules, display fragments on surface of body cells. Destroy infected cells.
• Helper T-cells: secrete cytokines in response to interaction with class 2 MHC molecules – stimulate & activate both cytotoxic T cells & B cells
• Memory T cells – recognize & respond to antigen once it has already been encountered.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tBOmG0QMbA
Humoral response
• Activation & clonal selection of effector B cells• Fight pathogens in body fluids• Activated B cells produce plasma & memory
cells• Plasma cells –(effector cells) produce
antibodies• Memory cells – for secondary response
• Antibodies – soluble proteins secreted by B cells during an immune response
• Antibodies destroy antigens through:– Neutralization: bind & block activity of antigen– Lysis: caused by activation of complement system-
form a hole in membrane of pathogen– Agglutination: clumping of bacteria or viruses– Opsonization: results in increased phagocytosis of
antigen (attracts macrophages)
• Humoral response:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQmaPwP
0KRI&list=UUDwoLF9pXx4RgB7BgmsnY0w&index=7
• Specific immunity• http://www.dnatube.com/video/194/Specific-
Adaptive-immunity-humoral-and-cell-mediated
• Active immunity – when body is exposed directly to pathogen, body responds
• (infection, vaccination)
• Passive immunity – when an individual receives antibodies
• (to fetus from mother across placenta)
• Allergy reaction animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGDXNHMwcVs