Ch 35 The Immune System (parrot bk) Ch 43 – The Immune System (Adv Bio bk)
Transcript
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Ch 43 The Immune System (Adv Bio bk)
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II. Defenses Against Infection A. Nonspecific Defenses 1. First
Line of Defense a. skin
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b. openings of body are protected by 1) saliva, mucus, and
tears contain lysozyme which breaks down bacterial cell walls 2)
mucus in nose and throat trap pathogens cilia push away from the
lungs 3) stomach secretions destroy many pathogens that are
swallowed
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2. Second Line of Defense a. Inflammatory Response 1) pathogens
stimulate mast cells to release chemicals called histamines a)
histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected
area
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2) Fluid leaking from expanded blood vessels causes the area to
swell
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3) White blood cells (Leukocytes) move from blood vessels into
infected tissues
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4) Phagocytes (ie macrophages) engulf and destroy bacteria
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5) All this activity can increase local temperature
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b. Interferons 1) proteins that inhibit synthesis/production of
viral proteins 2) allow time for specific immune defenses to
respond and fight the infection
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c. Fever 1) immune system releases chemicals that increase body
temperature 2) increased body temperature slows or stops growth of
some pathogens 3) increased body temperature speeds up several
parts of the immune response
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B. Specific Defenses of the Immune System 1. specific defenses
a. distinguish self and others 1) immune system recognizes chemical
markers that act like secret passwords 2) others lack the correct
chemical markers b. inactivates or kills any foreign substance that
enters the body c. responds to a particular pathogen
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2. Antigens a. any foreign substance (protein or
polysaccharide) that can stimulate an immune response b. usually
located on the outer surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or
parasites
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3. Antibodies a. proteins that tag antigens for destruction by
immune cells b. circulate in blood or lymph may be attached to
immune cells or free-floating in plasma c. body can make up to 10
billion different antibodies 1) amino acid sequences differ from
cell to cell d. the shape of each type of antibody allows it to
bind to one specific antigen
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4. Lymphocytes (a type of WBC) B Cells T Cells
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4. Lymphocytes (a type of WBC) a. B Lymphocytes B Cells (B =
bone marrow) 1) produced in and mature in red bone marrow 2)
embedded antibodies are Y shaped a) the shape of the binding sites
enable an antibody to recognize a specific antigen with a
complementary shape 3) discover antigens in body fluids
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b. T Lymphocytes T cells (T = thymus) 1) produced in bone
marrow, but mature in thymus 2) must be presented with an antigen
by infected body cells or immune cells that have encountered
antigens
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c. B Cells and T Cells 1) capable of recognizing only one
specific antigen specific receptor 2) travel to lymph nodes and
spleen where they encounter antigens 3) one B or T cells bears
100,000 antigen receptors they are all the same
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C. The Immune System in Action 1. Humoral Immunity 2.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
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C. The Immune System in Action 1. Humoral Immunity a. involves
the activation and clonal selection of B cells resulting in
production of secreted antibodies or immunoglobulines that
circulate in blood or lymph b. antigens on the surface of pathogens
bond to antibodies on B cells c. then, T cells stimulate the B cell
to grow and divide rapidly
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d. This produces two types of B cells Plasma cells Memory
cells
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d. This produces two types of B cells 1) plasma cells a)
produce and release antibodies that are carried through the
bloodstream b) recognize and bind to free-floating antigens or to
antigens on the surface of pathogens c) this signals other types of
cells and proteins to attack and destroy the invaders d) they die
after infection is gone
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2) Memory B Cells a) stay alive after an infection is gone b)
they react quickly if the same pathogen enters the body again c)
rapidly produce plasma cells d) second response is faster than the
first
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2. Cell-Mediated Immunity a. involves the activation and clonal
selection of cytotoxic T cells which directly destroy certain
target cells b. defends the body against some viruses, fungi, and
single-celled pathogens c. when a cell is infected by a pathogen or
when a macrophage consumes a pathogen, the cell destroys a portion
of the antigen on the outer surface of its membrane d. this signals
helper T cells to divide
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e. Helper T cells activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells and
produce memory T cells 1) cytotoxic T cells a) hunt down infected
body cells and kill them b) puncture cell membranes and initiate
apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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2) Memory T cells a) help the immune system respond quickly the
second time 3) Suppressor T cells a) inhibit the immune system once
an infection is under control b) help prevent autoimmune
diseases
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III. Fighting Infectious Diseases A. Active Immunity 1. natural
exposure to antigen (fighting an infection) or deliberate exposure
to an antigen (through a vaccine) 2. when the immune system is
exposed to antigens a. memory B cells are produced b. memory T
cells are produced 3. this quickens and strengthens the bodys
responses to repeated infections
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B. Passive Immunity 1. externally produced antibodies are
introduced into a persons blood 2. lasts only a short time because
the immune system eventually destroys the foreign antibodies