Ch 5 and 6 MedTerm

Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself

CHAPTER

THIRD EDITION

Medical Language, Third Edition Susan M. Turley

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Cardiology

5



Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1. Identify the structures of the cardiovascular system.

2. Describe the processes of circulation and a heartbeat.

3. Describe common cardiovascular diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.




4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the cardiovascular system.

5. Build cardiovascular words from word parts and divide and define cardiovascular words.

6. Spell and pronounce cardiovascular words.




7. Analyze the medical content and meaning of a cardiology report.

8. Dive deeper into cardiology by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.



Multimedia DirectoryMultimedia Directory

Slide 43 Atrial Blood Flow AnimationSlide 44 Atrial Contraction AnimationSlide 45 Ventricular Contraction AnimationSlide 46 Systole and Diastole AnimationSlide 54 Angina VideoSlide 55 Heart Attack VideoSlide 56 Myocardial Damage AnimationSlide 58 Pericarditis AnimationSlide 63 Dysrhythmia VideoSlide 64 Shock Video #1




Slide 65 Shock Video #2Slide 68 Aneurysm VideoSlide 71 Coronary Artery Disease VideoSlide 79 Electrocardiogram VideoSlide 85 Ventricular Fibrillation VideoSlide 89 Blood Pressure VideoSlide 104 Cardiac Stress Technologist VideoSlide 105 Cardiac Stress Technology and Medical

Terminology Video



CardiologyCardiology

• The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases.

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Figure 5-1 Cardiovascular system.

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The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System

• A continuous, circular body system that includes the heart and the vascular structures (blood vessels such as arteries, capillaries, and veins)

• Moves blood throughout the body and transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes in the blood

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Anatomy of theAnatomy of theCardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

• Heart A muscular organ that contracts at least

once every second to pump blood through the body

Has an extensive electrical system that initiates and coordinates its contractions

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Figure 5-2 Surface of the heart.

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• Heart Chambers The heart contains four chambers, two

on the top and two on the bottom. Each small upper chamber is an atrium. Each large lower chamber is a ventricle. The septum, a central wall, divides the

heart into right and left sides. The inferior tip of the heart is the apex.

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Figure 5-3 Chambers and valves of the heart.

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• Four valves control the flow of blood through the heart: Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral Aortic

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Figure 5-4 Aortic valve.

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• Heart Muscle - Myocardium Composed of cardiac muscle Responds to electrical impulses

generated by a node within the heart itself

Contracts in a coordinated way to pump blood

Thickest on the left side of the heart

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Table 5-1 Layers and Membranes of the Heart.

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Figure 5-5 Layers and membranes of the heart.

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• Thoracic Cavity Contains the lungs and the

mediastinum, an irregularly shaped central area between the lungs

Mediastinum contains the heart and parts of the great vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, and veins), as well as the thymus, trachea, and the esophagus.

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Figure 5-6 Mediastinum.

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• Blood Vessels Vascular channels through which blood

circulates in the body Have a central opening or lumen

through which the blood flows Lined with endothelium, a smooth inner

layer that promotes the flow of blood

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• There are three kinds of blood vessels in the body, each performing a different function: Arteries Capillaries Vein

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• Arteries Large blood vessels that branch into

smaller arteries called arterioles.

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• Arteries All share important characteristics and

functions:• Carry blood away from the heart to the

body or lungs• Carry bright red blood that has a high

level of oxygen (exception: pulmonary arteries)

• Most lie deep beneath the skin• All have smooth muscle in their walls

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Figure 5-7 Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

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• Capillaries Smallest blood vessels in the body The lumen of a capillary is so small that

blood cells must pass through in single file.

• Veins Capillaries merge to form small veins

known as venules, which then combine to form a large vein.

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• All veins share some important characteristics and functions: Carry blood from the body and lungs

back to the heart Carry dark red-purple blood with a low

level of oxygen (exception: pulmonary veins)

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• All veins share some important characteristics and functions: Largest have valves that keep blood

flowing in one direction—toward the heart

Many are near the surface of the body and can be seen just under the skin as bluish, sometimes bulging lines.

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Figure 5-8 Valves in a vein.

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• Aorta Largest artery in the body Receives oxygenated blood from the left

ventricle of the heart

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Figure 5-9 Arteries and veins around the heart.

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Figure 5-10 Arteries in the body.

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• Arteries Coronary artery Carotid artery Subclavian artery Axillary artery (armpit) Brachial artery (upper arm)

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• Arteries Radial artery (thumb side of the lower

arm) Ulnar artery (little finger side of the

lower arm)

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• Thoracic Aorta and Arterial Branches Thoracic aorta travels inferiorly through

the thoracic cavity. It branches into arteries that bring blood

to the esophagus, muscles between the ribs, diaphragm, upper spinal cord, and the back.

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• Abdominal Aorta and Arterial Branches Abdominal aorta brings oxygenated

blood to the organs in abdominopelvic cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, testes, and the lower spinal cord.

Abdominal aorta ends where right and left iliac arteries begin.

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• Abdominal Aorta and Arterial Branches Iliac artery Femoral artery (upper leg) Popliteal artery (near the knee joint) Tibial artery (front and back of the lower

leg) Peroneal artery (little toe side of the

lower leg)

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• Pulmonary Arteries Originate from the pulmonary trunk,

which comes from the right ventricle of the heart

• Two major veins of the body: superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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• Other major veins Jugular vein Portal vein Saphenous vein Femoral vein

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• Circulation Circulation of the blood occurs through

two different pathways: systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Systemic circulation includes the arteries, capillaries, and veins everywhere in the body, except in the lungs.

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• Circulation Pulmonary circulation includes the

arteries, capillaries, and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs.

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Figure 5-11 Circulation of the blood.

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Atrial Blood Flow AnimationAtrial Blood Flow Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on atrial blood flow.

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Atrial Contraction AnimationAtrial Contraction Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the contraction of the atria.

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Ventricular Contraction AnimationVentricular Contraction Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on ventricular contraction.

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Systole and Diastole AnimationSystole and Diastole Animation

Click on the screenshot to view an animation on systole and diastole of the heart.

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Physiology of a HeartbeatPhysiology of a Heartbeat

• Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by the conduction system of the heart. Sinoatrial node (SA node) initiates the

electrical impulse that begins each heartbeat.

Atrioventricular node (AV node) receives the impulse to contract from the SA node.

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• Heart contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm coordinated by the conduction system of the heart. Purkinje fibers, a network of nerves,

cause both ventricles to contract simultaneously.

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Figure 5-12 Conduction system of the heart.

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• Two Heartbeat Phases Systole (contraction) Diastole (resting period between

contractions)

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Figure 5-13 Exercise increases the heart rate.John Garrett/Dorling Kindersley

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DiseasesDiseases

• Myocardium Acute coronary syndrome Angina pectoris Cardiomegaly Cardiomyopathy Congestive heart failure (CHF) Myocardial infarction (MI)

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Figure 5-14 Peripheral edema.Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Angina VideoAngina Video

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Heart Attack VideoHeart Attack Video

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Myocardial Damage AnimationMyocardial Damage Animation

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DiseasesDiseases

• Heart Valves and Layers of the Heart Endocarditis Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) Murmur Pericarditis

Rheumatic heart disease

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card/i-

-itis

peri- = around

= heart

= inflammation of; infection of



Pericarditis AnimationPericarditis Animation

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Figure 5-15 Vegetation on the mitral valve.Abrahas/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Conduction System Arrhythmia Bradycardia Fibrillation Flutter Heart block

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DiseasesDiseases

• Conduction System Premature contraction Sick sinus syndrome Tachycardia Asystole Palpitation

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card/i-

-ia

tachy- = fast

= heart

= condition; state; thing



Figure 5-16 Arrhythmias on an ECG tracing.

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Dysrhythmia VideoDysrhythmia Video

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Shock Video #1Shock Video #1

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Shock Video #2Shock Video #2

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DiseasesDiseases

• Blood Vessels Aneurysm Arteriosclerosis Bruit Coronary artery disease (CAD) Hyperlipidemia Hypertension (HTN) Hypotension

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Figure 5-17 Aneurysm.Lester V. Bergman/Corbis Images

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Aneurysm VideoAneurysm Video

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Figure 5-18 Mild atheromatous plaque.SIU BioMed/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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Figure 5-19 Severe atherosclerotic plaque in an artery.C. Abrahams, M.D./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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Coronary Artery Disease VideoCoronary Artery Disease Video

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DiseasesDiseases

• Blood Vessels Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Phlebitis Raynaud’s disease Varicose veins

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Figure 5-20 Severe varicose veins in the leg.

Robinson/Fotolia

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Laboratory and Diagnostic Laboratory and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures

• Blood Tests Cardiac enzymes C-reactive protein (CRP) Homocysteine Lipid profile Troponin

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• Diagnostic Heart Procedures Cardiac catheterization Cardiac exercise stress test Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) Electrophysiologic study (EPS) Holter monitor Pharmacologic stress test Telemetry

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Figure 5-21 Treadmill exercise stress test.Brownie Harris/Corbis

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Figure 5-22 Electrocardiography.Alvis Upitis/Jupiter Images

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Figure 5-23 ECG tracing.

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Electrocardiogram VideoElectrocardiogram Video

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• Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures Angiography Echocardiography Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan Myocardial perfusion scan Single-photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT) scan

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Figure 5-24 Echocardiogram.Martin/ Custom Medical Stock Photo

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Figure 5-25 Doppler ultrasonography.Matt Meadows/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Medical and Surgical ProceduresMedical and Surgical Procedures

• Medical Procedures Auscultation Cardioversion Sclerotherapy Vital signs

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Figure 5-26 Defibrillation.CMPS

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Ventricular Fibrillation VideoVentricular Fibrillation Video

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Figure 5-27 Pulse points.

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Figure 5-28 Carotid pulse.

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Figure 5-29 Measuring the blood pressure.

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Blood Pressure VideoBlood Pressure Video

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• Surgical Procedures Aneurysmectomy Cardiopulmonary bypass Carotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Heart transplantation Pacemaker insertion

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Figure 5-30 Open heart surgery.

F. Schussler/Getty Images, Inc.

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Figure 5-31 Pacemaker.(left) picsfive/Fotolia; (right) Apogee/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures

• Surgical Procedures Percutaneous transluminal coronary

angioplasty_(PTCA) Pericardiocentesis Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Valve replacement Valvoplasty

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valv/o--plasty

= valve= process of

reshaping by surgery



Figure 5-32 Balloon angioplasty.

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Figure 5-33 Stent.

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Figure 5-34 Valve replacement surgery.VAS Comm./Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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Drug CategoriesDrug Categories

• These categories of drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases: ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme)

inhibitor drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs Anticoagulant drugs Antihypertensive drugs Aspirin

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• These categories of drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases: Beta-blocker drugs Calcium channel blocker drugs Digitalis drugs Diuretic drugs

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Figure 5-35 “The Starry Night.”

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• These categories of drugs are used to treat cardiovascular diseases and conditions: Drugs for cardiac arrest Drugs for hyperlipidemia Nitrate drugs Thrombolytic drugs

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AbbreviationsAbbreviations

AAA abdominal aortic aneurysmACE angiotensin-converting enzymeACS acute coronary syndromeAED automatic external defibrillatorAI aortic insufficiencyAICD automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorAMI acute myocardial infarctionAS aortic stenosisASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseaseASD atrial septal defectASHD arteriosclerotic heart diseaseAV atrioventricularBP blood pressure

LVH left ventricular hypertrophyMI myocardial infarctionmm Hg millimeters of mercuryMR mitral regurgitationMUGA multiple-gated acquisition (scan)MVP mitral valve prolapseNSR normal sinus rhythmP pulse (rate)PAC premature atrial contractionPAD peripheral artery diseasePCI percutaneous coronary interventionPDA patent ductus arteriosusPMI point of maximum impulse

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BPM, bpm beats per minuteCABG coronary artery bypass graft (pronounced “cabbage”)CAD coronary artery diseaseCCU coronary care unitCHF congestive heart failureCK-MB creatine kinase-MBCPK-MB creatine phosphokinase-MBCPR cardiopulmonary resuscitationCRP C-reactive proteinCV cardiovascularDSA digital subtraction angiography

PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PVC premature ventricular contractionPVD peripheral vascular diseaseRA right atriumRBBB right bundle branch blockRFA radiofrequency ablationRNV radionuclide ventriculographyRV right ventricleS1 first heart sound

S2 second heart sound

S3 third heart sound

S4 fourth heart sound

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ECG electrocardiographyEKG electrocardiographyHDL high-density lipoproteinHTN hypertensionJVD jugular venous distentionLA left atriumLBBB left bundle branch blockLDH lactic dehydrogenaseLDL low-density lipoproteinLV left ventricleLVAD left ventricular assist device

SA sinoatrialSBE subacute bacterial endocarditisSPECT single-photon emission computerizedtomographySVT supraventricular tachycardiaTEE transesophageal echocardiographyTPR temperature, pulse, and respirationV fib ventricular fibrillation (slang)VLDL very low-density lipoproteinVSD ventricular septal defectV tach ventricular tachycardia (slang)

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Cardiac Stress Technologist VideoCardiac Stress Technologist Video

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Cardiac Stress TechnologyCardiac Stress Technologyand Medical Terminology Videoand Medical Terminology Video

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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up

1. angi/o-2. cardi/o-3. cusp/o-4. fus/o-5. pect/o-

a. pouringb. heartc. pointd. cheste. blood vessel

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Medical LanguageMedical LanguageImmerse YourselfImmerse Yourself

CHAPTER

THIRD EDITION



Hematology and Immunology

6




1. Identify the structures of the blood and lymphatic system.

2. Describe the processes of blood clotting and the immune response.

3. Describe common blood, lymphatic system, and immune response diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drug categories.




4. Give the medical meaning of word parts and abbreviations related to the blood, lymphatic system, and immune response.

5. Build blood, lymphatic system, and immune response words from word parts and divide and define those words.




6. Spell and pronounce blood, lymphatic system, and immune response words.

7. Analyze the medical content and meaning of an immunology report.

8. Dive deeper into hematology and immunology by reviewing the activities at the end of this chapter and online at www.MyMedicalTerminologyLab.com.




Slide 55 Lymphatic System AnimationSlide 66 Sickle Cell Anemia VideoSlide 70 AIDS VideoSlide 72 Leukemia VideoSlide 82 Blood Test Basics VideoSlide 92 Venipuncture VideoSlide 100 Phlebotomy Career Video



Hematology and ImmunologyHematology and Immunology

• Hematology is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat blood diseases.

• Immunology is the medical specialty related to the lymphatic system and the immune response.

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Figure 6-1 Blood and the lymphatic system.

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

• Blood Contains blood cells, blood cell

fragments, water, and other substances (proteins, clotting factors, etc.)

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and the waste products of metabolism

Some blood cells also function as part of the immune response of the lymphatic system.

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• Lymphatic System Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph

fluid, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs

Forms a pathway throughout the body that is separate from that of the cardiovascular system that contains the blood

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• Lymphatic System Defends the body against

microorganisms, foreign particles, and cancerous cells

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Anatomy of the BloodAnatomy of the Blood

• Plasma Clear, straw-colored liquid (about 90%

water) that makes up 55% of the blood The formed elements of the blood

(erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) are suspended in the plasma.

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• Plasma Contains amino acids, cholesterol,

triglycerides, electrolytes, glucose, minerals, and vitamins

Contains substances produced by the liver or glands such as: albumin, bilirubin, hormones, complement proteins, and clotting factors

Contains creatinine and urea, which are waste products of cellular metabolism

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Figure 6-2 Plasma.

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• Hematopoiesis Process by which all formed elements in

the blood are produced Occurs in the red marrow of long bones

and flat bones Every type of blood cell and blood cell

fragment begins in the bone marrow as a very immature cell called a stem cell.

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Figure 6-3 Hematopoiesis.

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• Erythrocytes Most numerous of the formed elements

in the plasma Red blood cells are round, somewhat

flattened, red disks. Unique because, unlike other body cells,

they have no cell nucleus when they are mature

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Figure 6-4 Erythrocytes.Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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• Erythrocytes Contain hemoglobin, a red, iron-

containing molecule that binds to oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body, and carries carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.

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• Erythrocytes Erythrocyte stem cells mature to

become erythroblasts and then normoblasts.

Reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes that are released into the blood.

Hormone erythropoietin from the kidneys increases erythrocyte production.

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• Erythrocytes Do not have a nucleus, so they cannot

divide or repair themselves Last 120 days before they begin to

deteriorate The spleen removes old erythrocytes

from the blood, breaking down their hemoglobin into heme and globins.

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• Erythrocytes Iron stripped from heme molecules is

stored in the liver and the spleen; the remainder of heme molecules is converted to bilirubin.

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• Leukocytes White blood cells include five types of

cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes).

Can be identified by the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of their nucleus

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• Leukocytes Leukocytes with many large granules in

their cytoplasm are categorized as granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

Leukocytes with few or no granules in their cytoplasm are categorized as agranulocytes, which include lymphocytes and monocytes.

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• Neutrophils Most common leukocyte, making up 54

to 62% of leukocytes in blood Categorized as granulocytes Nucleus has many segments or lobes, so

they are also known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMNs), polys, segs, or segmenters.

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• Neutrophils Develop in the red marrow from stem

cells that become myeloblasts, then myelocytes, then bands (also known as stabs), then mature neutrophils

Engulf and destroy bacteria (phagocytosis)

Live only a few days or even just a few hours if they are actively destroying bacteria

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Figure 6-5 Neutrophil.

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• Eosinophils Make up just 1 to 3% of leukocytes Categorized as granulocytes; also

known as eos Nucleus has two lobes. Develop in the red marrow from stem

cells

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• Eosinophils Release chemicals to destroy foreign

cells (pollen, animal dander, dust, etc.) Release chemicals that kill parasites

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Figure 6-6 Eosinophil.

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• Basophils Least common leukocyte, making up 0.5

to 1% of leukocytes Categorized as granulocytes; also

known as basos Nucleus has more than one lobe. Develop in the red marrow from stem

cells

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• Basophils Release histamine at the site of tissue

injury Release heparin, an anticoagulant to

limit the size of blood clots

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Figure 6-7 Basophil.

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• Lymphocytes Make up 25 to 33% of leukocytes Categorized as agranulocytes and are

the smallest leukocytes; they are also known as lymphs.

Nucleus is round and nearly fills the cell. Some lymphocytes live for just a few

days, while others live for many years.

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• Lymphocytes Begin development in red marrow; some

become B cells or natural killer cells; others migrate to the thymus to become T cells.

B lymphocytes produce antibodies (immunoglobins).

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Figure 6-8 Lymphocyte.

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• Monocytes Make up 3 to 7% of leukocytes Categorized as agranulocytes and are the

largest leukocytes; also known as monos Have a large amount of cytoplasm, and

nucleus is large and kidney bean shaped. Develop in the red marrow from stem

cells

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• Monocytes Are phagocytes that engulf and destroy

microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris.

Monocytes in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver, pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, and skin are known as macrophages.

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Figure 6-9 Monocyte.

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Table 6-1 Leukocyte Types and Characteristics.

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Table 6-1 (continued) Leukocyte Types and Characteristics.

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• Thrombocytes (platelets) Different from other blood cells because

they are only cell fragments. Active in the blood-clotting process Begin in red marrow as stem cells that

then become megakaryoblasts, and then mature into megakaryocytes, very large cells

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• Thrombocytes (platelets) Cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte breaks

away at the edges to form cell fragments (thrombocytes) that are released into the blood.

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• Blood Type Most important blood types are the ABO

and Rh blood groups. ABO blood group contains A, B, AB, and

O antigens.

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Table 6-2 ABO Blood Group

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• Blood Type Rh blood group has 47 different

antigens. Rh is positive when antigens are present

on erythrocytes. Rh is negative when antigens are not

present on erythrocytes.

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Figure 6-10 Unit of blood.Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Physiology of Blood ClottingPhysiology of Blood Clotting

• Platelet aggregation: Thrombocytes form clumps to decrease blood loss.

• Coagulation: Blood clot forms.• Hemostasis: Cessation of bleeding.• When clotting factors in the plasma are

activated to form a blood clot, the fluid portion of plasma that remains is known as serum.

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Figure 6-11 Blood clot.Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Table 6-3 Blood Clotting Factors.

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Anatomy of the Lymphatic SystemAnatomy of the Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes Lymphatic vessels are similar in

structure to blood vessels, but with several important differences.

Begin as tiny lymphatic capillaries in the tissues

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• Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes End at lymphatic ducts that empty into

large veins in the neck Tissue fluid enters a lymphatic capillary

and becomes lymph, the fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system.

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• Lymphatic capillaries have large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter.

• Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes.

• Valves keep the lymph flowing in one direction.

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• Lymph nodes Filter the lymph Contain macrophages that destroy

microorganisms or cancer cells Grouped in chains in areas invaded by

microorganisms or cancerous cells

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Figure 6-12 Lymphatic system.

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Lymphatic System AnimationLymphatic System Animation

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• Lymphoid Tissues Contain lymphocytes and macrophages

that are active in the immune response• Tonsils and adenoids in the oral cavity• Appendix and Peyer's patches in the

small intestine

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• Lymphoid Organs Thymus is located within the

mediastinum and helps lymphoblasts mature into T lymphocytes.

Spleen is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and is the largest organ in the lymphatic system.

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• Lymphoid Organs Spleen removes and recycles old

erythrocytes from the blood. Spleen also acts as storage area for

whole blood, which is released into the circulatory system during times of danger or injury.

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Physiology of the Immune Physiology of the Immune ResponseResponse

• Detects and destroys invading microorganisms (pathogens) and cancerous cells that arise internally: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes

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Physiology of the Immune Physiology of the Immune ResponseResponse

• Detects and destroys invading microorganisms (pathogens) and cancerous cells that arise internally: Monocytes Lymphocytes Antibodies Complement proteins

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DiseasesDiseases

• Blood Blood dyscrasia Hemorrhage Pancytopenia Septicemia

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DiseasesDiseases

• Erythrocytes Abnormal red blood cell morphology Anemia

• Aplastic anemia• Folic acid deficiency anemia• Iron deficiency anemia• Pernicious anemia• Sickle cell anemia

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Figure 6-13 Microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes.Joaquin Carillo Farga/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Figure 6-14 Sickle cell.Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Figure 6-15 Sickle cells in a capillary.

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Sickle Cell Anemia VideoSickle Cell Anemia Video

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6-3



DiseasesDiseases

• Erythrocytes Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis Polycythemia vera Thalassemia Transfusion reaction

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DiseasesDiseases

• Leukocytes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS) Leukemia Mononucleosis Multiple myeloma

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Figure 6-16 Human immunodeficiency virus.Chris Bjornberg/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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AIDS VideoAIDS Video

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6-3



Figure 6-17 Acute lymphocytic leukemia.Peres/Custom Medical Stock

6-3



Leukemia VideoLeukemia Video

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6-3



DiseasesDiseases

• Thrombocytes Coagulopathy Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) Disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC) Hemophilia

Thrombocytopenia

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cyt/o-

-penia

thromb/o- = thrombus (blood clot)

= cell

= condition of deficiency



Figure 6-18 Deep venous thrombosis.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Lymphatic System Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) Lymphadenopathy Lymphedema Lymphoma

• Hodgkin's lymphoma• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Splenomegaly Thymoma

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Figure 6-19 Lymphadenopathy.Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

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DiseasesDiseases

• Autoimmune Disorders Diabetes mellitus, type 1 Gluten sensitivity enteropathy Graves' disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis Inflammatory bowel disease Multiple sclerosis

6-3



DiseasesDiseases

• Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis Psoriasis Rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus

6-3




• Blood Cell Tests Blood type Complete blood count (CBC) with

differential Peripheral blood smear

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Table 6-4 Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential.

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Table 6-4 (continued) Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential.

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Blood Test Basics VideoBlood Test Basics Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of blood test basics.

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• Coagulation Tests Activated clotting time (ACT) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT)

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• Other Blood Tests Blood chemistries Ferritin

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Figure 6-20 Blood chemistry analyzer.Alvis Upitis/Jupiter Images

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• Other Blood Tests Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

tests• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

(ELISA): First screening test done for HIV.• Western blot: Used to confirm a positive

ELISA and make a diagnosis of HIV infection.

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tests• Viral RNA load test: Measures tiny

amounts of HIV RNA and monitors progression of the disease and response to antiretroviral drugs.

• p24 antigen test: Detects the protein p24 in HIV.

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tests• CD4 count: Used to monitor the

progression of the disease and response to antiretroviral drugs.

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• Serum Tests Monospot Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)

• Urine Tests Bence Jones protein Schilling test

• Radiologic Procedures Lymphangiography

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• Medical Procedures Bone marrow aspiration Phlebotomy Vaccination

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Figure 6-21 Phlebotomy.Keith Brofsky/Getty Images

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Venipuncture VideoVenipuncture Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of venipuncture.

Venipuncture

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• Blood Donation and Transfusion Procedures Blood donation Blood transfusion Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) Plasmapheresis Stem cell transplantation

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Figure 6-22 Stem cell.Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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• Surgical Procedures Lymph node biopsy Lymph node dissection Splenectomy Thymectomy

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thym/o-

-ectomy

= thymus; rage

= surgical removal




• Drugs used to treat blood and lymphatic diseases: Anticoagulant drugs Corticosteroid drugs Erythropoietin Immunosuppressant drugs Nucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitor drugs Platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs

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• Drugs used to treat blood and lymphatic diseases: Protease inhibitor drugs Thrombolytic enzyme drugs Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

drugs Vitamin B12 drugs

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6.4


A blood type in the ABO blood groupAB blood type in the ABO blood groupAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeALL acute lymphocytic leukemiaAML acute myelogenous leukemiaB blood type in the ABO blood groupbasos basophilsBMT bone marrow transplantationCBC complete blood countCLL chronic lymphocytic leukemiaCML chronic myelogenous leukemiacmm cubic millimeterDIC disseminated intravascular coagulation

IgE immunoglobulin EIgG immunoglobulin GIgM immunoglobulin Mlymphs lymphocytesMCH mean cell hemoglobinMCHC mean cell hemoglobin concentrationMCV mean cell volumemm3 cubic millimetermono mononucleosis (slang)monos monocytesO blood type in the ABO blood groupPMN polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)polys polymorphonuclear leukocytes



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DVT deep venous thrombosisEBV Epstein-Barr virusELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayeos eosinophilsGVHD graft-versus-host diseaseHCT hematocritHgb hemoglobinH&H hemoglobin and hematocritHIV human immunodeficiency virusHLA human leukocyte antigenIgA immunoglobulin AIgD immunoglobulin D

PRBCs packed red blood cellspro time prothrombin time (slang)PT prothrombin timePTT partial thromboplastin timeRBC red blood cellsegs segmented neutrophilsSPEP serum protein electrophoresis (pronounced “S-pep”)TNF tumor necrosis factorTPA tissue plasminogen activator (drug)UPEP urine protein electrophoresis (pronounced “U-pep”)WBC white blood cell



Phlebotomy Career VideoPhlebotomy Career Video

Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of careers in phlebotomy.

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Combining Forms Match UpCombining Forms Match Up

1. eryth/o-2. leuk/o-3. path/o-4. splen/o-5. tox/o-

a. diseaseb. spleenc. poisond. whitee. red

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Date post:	12-Nov-2014
Category:	Health & Medicine
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Ch 5 and 6 MedTerm

Health & Medicine